August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 1

Outline
NEWTONS LAWS

4.4
ROPES AND

NET FORCE
4.3 4.5 PULLEYS

GRAVITIONAL Chapter
FORCE (4) 4.6
4.2
VECTOR

TYPES OF APPLYING
4.1 NEWTONS LAWS
FORCES
4.7

FRICTION FORCE
AND APPLICATION
 ! Contact force:
! Tension
! Compression
! Normal force (perpendicular)
! Friction force
! Spring force:
! A force is needed to stretch or
compress a spring.
! It has the special property that it
depends linearly on the
change in length of the spring.

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 3

 ! All the forces on the previous slide are manifestations of the
four fundamental forces.
! Gravitational force:
! When you hold an object in the air and release it, it falls to the ground.
! Electromagnetic force:
! Repulsion of like electric charges
! Attraction of opposite magnetic poles
! Strong nuclear force:
! Holds atomic nuclei together
⎧⎪⎪Don't affect our
⎨
! Weak nuclear force: ⎪⎪⎩everyday lives
! Responsible for the decay of the neutron

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 4

 ! Forces have a direction.
! If you hold a
laptop in your
hand, you can
tell that the
gravitational
force points
downward
(-y direction):

Fg = − Fg ŷ
Fg = mg

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 5

 ! Magnitude of gravitational force on an object = weight.
! Gravitational force on an object, Fg, is always proportional
to its mass.
! Near the surface of Earth (altitude of 10 km or less):
Weight is constant and is the product of object’s mass and
the Earth’s gravitational acceleration:

Fg = mg

g = 9.81 m/s 2

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 6

 ! Example:
! Object with mass m = 5.00 kg
! Gravitational force
! Fg = mg = (5.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 49.05 kg m/s2
! Force Unit:
! 1 kg m/s2 = 1 N
! Named after British physicist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727),
father of modern mechanics and perhaps the most influential
scientist who ever lived.
! Summary:
! Mass, m, is measured in units of kg, whereas
weight (a force!), mg, is measured in units of N.

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 7

 Force of Force of Sun’s
Force to Force of air Earth’s gravity on
stretch DNA on eardrum atmosphere Earth

Force to hold Human body Weight of

a single weight water behind
electron in a dam
hydrogen
atom
August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 8
 ! Definition: Net force is the vector sum of all forces acting
on a given object.
 n    
Fnet = ∑ Fi = F1 + F2 + ...+ Fn
i=1

! Cartesian components of net force are given by:

n
Fnet,x = ∑ Fi,x = F1,x + F2,x + ...+ Fn,x
i=1
n
Fnet,y = ∑ Fi,y = F1,y + F2,y + ...+ Fn,y
i=1
n
Fnet,z = ∑ Fi,z = F1,z + F2,z + ...+ Fn,z
i=1

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 9

  
Only two forces Fa and Fb are acting on a block.
Which of the following can be the magnitude

of the net force F acting on the block?
1) F > Fa + Fb 2) F = Fa + Fb 3) F < Fa + Fb

A. 1) and 3) only
B. 2) only
C. 2) and 3) only
D. None of the answers are correct.

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 10

 ! Hand exerts a force on computer: N (normal force)
! This force points in opposite direction to weight, and has
same magnitude:
 
N = −Fg

! Calculate net force:

 n 
Fnet = ∑ Fi
i=1
 
= Fg + N
 
= −N + N
=0

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 11

 ! First observation: We do not really need the hand in the
picture. It’s entire effect is represented by the normal force
arrow:

! Second observation: We don’t really need an exact

representation of the notebook computer either:
! A sketch is sufficient.
! Free-body diagram!
August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 12
 Force direction

Perpendicular
(ϴ =90°)

Parallel
(ϴ =0°)

Anti-parallel
(ϴ =180°)
Newton’s First Law Newton’s Second Law Newton’s Third Law
An object at rest
will remain at rest
and an object in
motion will remain
in motion, with the
same speed and in
the same direction.
So long as the net
force acting on the
object is zero.

Newton’s First Law

is sometimes called
the law of inertia
 Static equilibrium Dynamic equilibrium
(At rest) (Moving with constant
velocity)

Consider a car at rest

The weight of the car
is balanced by the
normal force.
 ! When a bus makes a sudden stop, passengers tend to jerk
forward. Which of Newton’s laws can explain this?
A. Newton’s First Law
B. Newton’s Second Law
C. Newton’s Third Law
D. It cannot be explained by Newton’s laws.

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 16

" The second law relates acceleration to force.

"The magnitude of the acceleration of an object is proportional to the magnitude of

the net external force acting on it

"For a given external force, more massive objects are harder to accelerate than less
massive ones:

" Newton’s Second Law hold for each component: The acceleration vector
is in the same direction
as the net external force
vector that is acting on
the object to cause this
acceleration
Solution:

X
Solution:

30°
X
 When two bodies interact by exerting forces on each other, the
forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

The force on the book from the crate denoted by

The force on the crate from the book denoted by

Why the action and reaction force do not cancel each

other?

Action and reaction are called third-law force pair

 How to apply Newton’s Laws for a single particle?

1. Identify all the forces that act on the system. Label them on the diagram and
the direction of motion of the object if it is moving.
2. Draw a free-body diagram for the object.
3. Check if there is any force needs to be resolved.
4. Write Newton's second law.
5. Decide how many equations do you need, if its 1D, need one equation, 2D,
you need two equations.
6. If the object is stationary (At rest) or moving with constant velocity, then the
acceleration is zero along that axis, otherwise it has a value.
7. Add all the components of the forces along the axis.
8. Solve the equation to find the unknown.
August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 23
Tension has the following characteristics:
1. It is always directed along the rope.
2. It is always pulling the object.
3. It has the same value along the rope.
4. If a rope is guided over a pulley, the direction of the tension force is
changed but the magnitude is still the same everywhere
 ! Gymnast of mass 55 kg hangs vertically from still rings.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

PROBLEM 1: © Ryan McVay/Getty Images RF

! What is the tension in each rope?

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 25

 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display

SOLUTION 1:
! Start with a free body diagram.
! There are no forces in the x-direction.
! In the y-direction we have:
∑Fi
y,i
= T1 + T2 − mg = 0
! Both ropes support the gymnast equally: © Ryan McVay/Getty Images RF

T1 = T2 ≡ T
! Combining these equations gives:
T + T − mg = 0
⇒ T = 12 mg
= 12 (55 kg)⋅(9.81 m/s 2 )
= 270 N
August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 26
 PROBLEM 2:
! What is the tension in each rope if the rings do not hang
straight down, but at an angle θ = 45° relative to the ceiling?
SOLUTION 2: Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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! Start with a free body diagram.

! In the x-direction:
∑F i
x,i
= T1 cosθ −T2 cosθ = 0 ⇒ T1 = T2 = T

! In the y-direction:
∑F i
y,i
= T1 sinθ + T2 sinθ − mg = 0

! Combining these two equations gives us:

mg (55 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )
2T sinθ − mg = 0 ⇒ T = = = 380 N
2sinθ 2sin 45°
August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 27
 PROBLEM 3:
! How does the tension on the ropes change as θ goes to zero?
SOLUTION 3: Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

! As the angle between the rope and Permission required for reproduction or display

the ceiling becomes smaller and

smaller, the tension becomes
infinitely larger:
mg
T=
2sinθ
! In reality, the gymnast cannot hold
his position with small angles.

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 28

 ! Choose the set of three coplanar vectors that sum to a net
force of zero.

Nope Nope Nope Nope

Yep

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 29

 ! Newton’s Laws allow to solve various kinds of problems
involving force, mass, and acceleration.
! Newton’s Second Law enables us to solve a wide range of
calculations involving motion and acceleration.
! Let’s consider an object of mass m located on a plane that is
inclined by an angle θ with respect to the horizontal.
! Assume no friction.
! What can Newton’s Second Law tell us?

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 30

 A snowboarder (mass 72.9 kg, height 1.79 m) glides down a slope
with an angle 22° with respect to the horizontal. If we can neglect
friction, what is his acceleration?

Solution:
 How to apply Newton’s Laws for a system of particles?

1. Identify all the forces that act on the system. Label them on the diagram and
the direction of motion of each object if they are moving.
2. Remember that the system of two objects moves with the same acceleration.
3. Choose one object to start with and follow the steps below:
a) Draw a free-body diagram for the object.
b) Check if there is any force need to be resolved.
c) Write Newton second law.
d) decide how many equations do you need, if its one-dimension, need one
equation, two-dimension ,you need two equations.
e) If the object at rest or moving with constant velocity, then (a=0) the
acceleration is zero along that axis, otherwise it has a value.
f) simplify the equation you get and label it (1)
4. Now Apply step( 3) to the other object till you get another equation and label (2).
5. Solve the two Equations to find the unknown.
 ! A hanging mass generates an acceleration for a second mass
on a horizontal surface.
! One block, of mass m1 =3.00 kg, lies on a frictionless
horizontal surface and is connected via a massless rope over
a massless pulley to another block, with mass m2 = 1.30 kg,
hanging from the rope.
PROBLEM:
! What is the acceleration of
block m1 and block m2?

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 Permission required for reproduction or display 33
 SOLUTION:
! Free body diagram for block 1:
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display

! Free body diagram for block 2:

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 34

 Research
! Block 1:
x : T = m1a
y : N1 − F1 = N1 − m1g = 0
! Block 2:
!
y : T − F2 = T − m2 g = −m2 a
T = m2 g − m2 a
Simplify
! Take our two results for T and equate them:
m1a = m2 g − m2 a
m2
a=g
m1 + m2
August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 35
 Calculate
! Inserting our masses:

m2 1.30 kg
a=g = (9.81 m/s2 ) = 2.96581 m/s2
m1 + m2 3.00 kg +1.30 kg

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 36

 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

! The Atwood machine consists of two Permission required for reproduction or display

hanging masses m1 and m2 connected

by a massless rope running over a
frictionless pulley.
! Here we assume that m1 > m2.
! What is the acceleration of the
two masses?
! We start with the free body diagrams
of the two masses.

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 37

 ! Free body diagram for block 1:

y : T − m1g = −m1a
! Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display

T = m1g − m1a = m1 ( g − a)

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Permission required for reproduction or display

! Free body diagram for block 2:

y : T − m2 g = m2 a
T = m2 ( g + a)
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 38

 ! Equate our two results for T: Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display

T = m1 ( g − a)
T = m2 ( g + a)
m1 ( g − a) = m2 ( g + a)
( m1 − m2 ) g = ( m1 + m2 ) a
m1 − m2
a=g
m1 + m2
! Both blocks have the same magnitude of
acceleration:
! Block 1 accelerates downward.
! Block 2 accelerates upward.

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 39

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 40
 ! There are two types of friction:
! Kinetic friction
! Object in motion
! Static friction
! Object at rest; static friction force has a maximum value
! Both types of friction are proportional to the normal force:
f = µN

! The coefficient µ is always greater than zero and usually

smaller than 1.
! The coefficient is different for kinetic friction and
for static friction.

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 41

 ! Kinetic friction deals with objects in motion.
! The magnitude of kinetic friction is given by:
f = µk N

! N is the magnitude of the normal force.

! µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction (see Table 4.1).
! The direction of the kinetic friction force on an object is
always opposite to the direction of the motion of the object.
! If we push on an object to keep it sliding at a constant
speed, the magnitude of the friction force is equal to the
magnitude of the force with which we are pushing.
! Only two forces are acting, friction force and pushing force.
! Newton’s First Law: net force must be zero, because object moves
with constant velocity.
! Friction force in this case is exactly opposite to the pushing force.
August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 42
 ! If an object is at rest, it takes a threshold amount of force to
make it move.
! If you push on a stationary object with a force below the
threshold, it will not move.
! If you push on the stationary object hard enough, it will
begin to move.
! The static friction force is always equal to and opposite the
force exerted on the stationary object.
! We can write the static friction force as:
fs ≤ µs N = fs,max

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 43

 ! Anti-lock brake systems in cars (ABS) work by not
allowing the tire to “lock-up” and slide without turning.
Which of the following statements is true?

A) The coefficient of rolling friction is less than the

coefficient of sliding friction.
B) The coefficient of sliding friction is less than the
coefficient of rolling friction.
C) The coefficient of rolling friction and the coefficient of
sliding friction are the same.

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 44

 ! Dependence of the friction coefficient on an external force:

Red path:
increase external
force from 0.

Blue path:
Decrease external
force back down
to 0.

! Note that: µs > µk

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 45
 PROBLEM:
! A snowboarder (mass 72.9 kg, height 1.79 m) glides down a
slope with an angle of 22° with Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display

respect to the horizontal:

µk = 0.21
! What is his acceleration?

© W. Bauer and G.D. Westfall

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 46

 SOLUTION:
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

© W. Bauer and G.D. Westfall

August 26, 2023 Chapter 4 47

 Research
! The x- and y-components of the forces are:
Fx = Fg sinθ − fk = mg sinθ − fk
Fy = N − Fg cosθ = N − mg cosθ
! The force of kinetic friction is:
fk = µk N
Simplify
! First the y-direction (perpendicular to the surface):
Fy = 0 = N − mg cosθ ⇒ N = mg cosθ
! The sum of the forces in the y-direction sum to zero because
the snowboarder does not leave the surface of the snow.
! The normal force is needed for the friction force.
August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 48
 ! Now the x-direction (parallel to the surface):
Fx = mg sinθ − fk = mg sinθ −µk N = mg sinθ −µk mg cosθ = max
ax = a = g sinθ −µk g cosθ = g (sinθ −µk cosθ)
! Note that m drops out again.
Calculate

a = (9.81 m/s2 )(sin 22°−(0.21)cos 22°) = 1.7647992 m/s2

August 25, 2023 Chapter 4 49

 Example
A block of mass m = 3 kg slides along a floor while a force F of magnitude
12.0 N is applied with an angle of θ = 30ο . The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block and the floor is µk = 0.4. What is the block's acceleration
magnitude a.

Along y-direction

Along x-direction

Substituting for FN

a = 0.344 m/s2
Extra Sample Problem

(a) The figure shows a system of a block

stand still on a horizontal table. The
block is attached to weighing pan of
mass 53 g, by a cord. If we put 3 lead
balls (mass of each 100 g) on weighing pan
and the block remains stationary, What is
the magnitude of the static friction?

Solution (a)

⃗ − 𝑓𝑠 = 0  𝑓𝑠 = 𝑇
We know that the block is stationary, then 𝑇 ⃗

The magnitudes of the two forces are equal, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑇

53 +3×100
But 𝑇 = 𝑀𝑔 = 9.8 = 3.46 N
1000

Then the magnitude of the static friction 𝑓𝑠 = 3.46 N

(b) What is the maximum number of balls can placed on the weighing pan without causing
the block motion if the coefficient of static friction 𝜇𝑠 = 0.64 , and the mass of the block
is 2.5 kg?

Solution (b)

I will calculate the maximum friction force

between the block and the table then
compare it with the weight of the hanging
masses. As it is shown in equation 1, we
need to know the normal force first.
Analyzing the components in vertical
direction (up is +y) we find.

𝐹𝑁 − 𝐹𝑔 = 0

𝐹𝑁 = 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑔

Now from equation 1

𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑚𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑔 = 0.64 × 2.5 × 9.8 = 15.68 N

I will assume that when I put n balls, the system starts moving, hence,

𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇 = (𝑚0 + 𝑛 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 )𝑔

53 + 𝑛 100
15.68 = ( ) 9.8
1000

Solve this equation we get 𝑛 = 15.47

The maximum number of balls that can placed on the weighing pan without causing the
block motion is 15 balls. If we I add one ball the system will start to move.