Homogenization
Homogenization
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Mean field models
3. Eshelby-based estimations
4. More mean field models
Homogenization
1. Introduction
All materials are heterogeneous
Concrete Steel Al/SiC
Wood Al2O3 Ti/SiC
Homogenization
1. Introduction
Homogenization
1. Introduction
Is it possible to optimize/improve macroscopic properties by controlling the microstructure?
We need to develop constitutive equations with micromechanical basis.
Homogenization
1. Introduction
Definition of the localization and homogenization problems
Homogenization
1. Introduction
Definition of macro-fields
Volumetric averages (homogenized)
1
𝑇ത = න 𝑇 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 TRACTION (FORCE)
𝑉
𝑉
1
𝜎ത = න 𝜎 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 STRESS
𝑉
𝑉
1
𝜀 ҧ = න 𝜀 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 STRAIN
𝑉
𝑉
Homogenization
1. Introduction
Definition of micro-fields
Constitutive relations (micro-constituents)
Elastic inclusions (N): 𝜎 𝛼 = 𝑳𝜶 𝜀 𝛼
𝜀 𝛼 = 𝑴𝜶 𝜎 𝛼
𝜎 𝑚 = 𝑳𝒎 𝜀 𝑚
Elastic matrix:
𝜀 𝑚 = 𝑴𝒎 𝜎 𝑚
𝑳𝒊 is the stiffness matrix 𝑪𝒊
𝑴𝒊 is the compliance matrix 𝑺𝒊
Homogenization
2. Mean field models
Mean strain as function of phases stresses
න 𝜀 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝑀𝑚 𝜎 𝑚 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑀𝑚 𝜎 𝑚 𝑉 𝑚 𝑁
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝜀 ҧ = 𝑴𝒎 𝜎ത 𝑚 𝑓 𝑚 + 𝑴𝜶 𝜎ത 𝛼 𝑓 𝛼
𝛼=1
න 𝜀 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝑀𝛼 𝜎 𝛼 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑀𝛼 𝜎 𝛼 𝑉 𝛼
𝑉𝛼 𝑉𝛼
Volume fraction of 𝑖: 𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑉 𝑖 /𝑉
Mean stress as function of phases strains
න 𝜎 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝐿𝑚 𝜀 𝑚 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝐿𝑚 𝜀 𝑚
ҧ 𝑉𝑚 𝑁
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝜎ത = 𝑳𝒎 𝜀 𝑚
ҧ 𝑓 𝑚 + 𝑳𝜶 𝜀 𝛼ҧ 𝑓 𝛼
𝛼=1
න 𝜎 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝐿𝛼 𝜀 𝛼 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝐿𝛼 𝜀 𝛼ҧ 𝑉 𝛼
𝑉𝛼 𝑉𝛼
Homogenization
2. Mean field models
Homogenization problem: Find 𝑴 or 𝑳
𝜀 ҧ = 𝑴𝜎ത 𝜎ത = 𝑳𝜀 ҧ
𝑴 = 𝑴 𝑓 𝑚 , 𝑓 𝛼 , 𝑴𝒎 , 𝑴𝜶 𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑓 𝑚 , 𝑓 𝛼 , 𝑳𝒎 , 𝑳𝜶
Relation between overall 𝑁
stress (𝜎 𝑜 ) and phase stress:
𝜎ത 𝛼 = 𝑩𝜶 𝜎 𝑜
𝑴 = 𝑴𝒎 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑴𝜶 − 𝑴𝒎 ⋅ 𝑩𝜶
Stress partitioning tensor, 𝑩𝒊 𝜎ത 𝑚 = 𝑩𝒎 𝜎 𝑜
𝛼=1
𝑁
Relation between overall
𝜀 𝛼ҧ = 𝑨𝜶 𝜀 𝑜
strain (𝜀 𝑜 ) and phase strain: 𝑳 = 𝑳𝒎 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑳𝜶 − 𝑳𝒎 ⋅ 𝑨𝜶
𝜀𝑚
ҧ = 𝑨𝒎 𝜀 𝑜
Strain partitioning tensor, 𝑨𝒊 𝛼=1
Homogenization
2. Mean field models
1) Reuss (iso-stress)
Uniform stress in all phases 𝜎ത 𝛼 = 𝜎ത 𝑚 = 𝜎 𝑜 𝑩𝜶 = 𝑩𝒎 = 𝟏
𝑁 𝑵
𝑴 = 𝑴𝒎 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑴𝜶 − 𝑴 𝒎 ⋅ 𝑩𝜶 𝑴 = 𝑴𝒎 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑴𝜶 − 𝑴 𝒎
𝛼=1 𝜶=𝟏
2) Voigt (iso-strain)
Uniform strain in all phases 𝜀 𝛼ҧ = 𝜀 𝑚
ҧ = 𝜀𝑜 𝑨𝜶 = 𝑨𝒎 = 𝟏
𝑁 𝑵
𝑳 = 𝑳𝒎 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑳𝜶 − 𝑳𝒎 ⋅ 𝐴𝛼 𝑳 = 𝑳𝒎 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑳𝜶 − 𝑳𝒎
𝛼=1 𝜶=𝟏
Homogenization
2. Mean field models Remember…
𝜎 𝛼 = 𝐿𝛼 𝜀 𝛼 𝐿
e.g. 𝛼
𝛼 = 𝐺𝛼
𝜀 𝛼 = 𝑀𝛼 𝜎 𝛼 𝑀 = 1/𝐺 𝛼
1) Reuss (iso-stress)
5
𝜎ത 𝛼 = 𝜎ത 𝑚 = 𝜎𝑜
𝑵
Shear modulus, 𝐺 [GPa]
4 𝐺 = 𝐺𝑚 + 𝑓𝑖 ⋅ 𝐺𝑖 − 𝐺𝑚
𝑴 = 𝑴𝒎 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑴𝜶 − 𝑴𝒎
𝜶=𝟏 3
2) Voight (iso-strain) 2
𝜀 𝛼ҧ = 𝜀 𝑚
ҧ = 𝜀𝑜
1
𝑵
1 1 1 1
= 𝑚 + 𝑓𝑖 ⋅ 𝑖 − 𝑚
𝑳 = 𝑳𝒎 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑳𝜶 − 𝑳𝒎 0
𝐺 𝐺 𝐺 𝐺
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
𝜶=𝟏
𝑓𝑖
Homogenization
3. Eshelby-based estimations
Eshelby’s problem: elastic inclusion in an infinite elastic medium (diluted inclusion)
Homogenization
3. Eshelby-based estimations
Numerical solution of Eshelby’s problem for different inclusions with 𝜀 ҧ = 0, 1,0,0,0,0
Homogenization
3. Eshelby-based estimations
Eshelby’s hypothesis: Mechanical fields are uniform in the inclusion
Eshelby tensor
𝜺=𝟎
𝜺 = 𝜺𝑻
𝐶 𝑇 (b)
𝜀 =𝑺𝜀 (a) (c)
𝜺 = 𝜺𝑪
J.D. Eshelby (1957), “The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion and related problems”.
Proc. Roy. Soc. A241, 376-396.
Homogenization
3. Eshelby-based estimations
Eshelby tensor (𝑺) for an ellipsoid inclusion in an isotropic linear elastic matrix (𝜈 𝑚 )
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 0 0 0
𝑆21 𝑆22 𝑆23 0 0 0
𝑆31 𝑆32 𝑆33 0 0 0
𝑺 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝜈 𝑚 =
0 0 0 𝑆44 0 0
matrix 0 0 0 0 𝑆55 0
inclusion 0 0 0 0 0 𝑆66
12 terms
Homogenization
3. Eshelby-based estimations
Eshelby tensor (𝑺) for a spherical inclusion in an isotropic matrix (𝜈 𝑚 )
𝑆𝐴 𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐵 0 0 0 7 − 5𝜈 𝑚
𝑆𝐴 =
15 1 − 𝜈 𝑚
𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐴 𝑆𝐵 0 0 0
𝑆 𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐴 0 0 0 5𝜈 𝑚 − 1
𝑺 𝜈𝑚 = 𝐵 𝑆𝐵 =
0 0 0 𝑆𝐶 0 0 15 1 − 𝜈 𝑚
0 0 0 0 𝑆𝐶 0
matrix 4 − 5𝜈 𝑚
0 0 0 0 0 𝑆𝐶 𝑆𝐶 =
15 1 − 𝜈 𝑚
3 terms
Homogenization
3. Eshelby-based estimations
Eshelby (dilute model)
Calculation of the strain partition tensor (𝑨𝜶 ) as a function of Eshelby’s tensor (𝑆).
𝑨𝜶𝒆𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒃𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝑺𝜶 𝑴𝒎 𝑳𝜶 − 𝑳𝒎 −1
𝑁
Assumptions of Eshelby’s model: 𝑳 = 𝑳𝒎 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑳𝜶 − 𝑳𝒎 ⋅ 𝑨𝜶𝒆𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒃𝒚
• Infinite linear elastic isotropic medium 𝛼=1
• Ellipsoid inclusions (from sphere to cylinder)
• Isolated inclusions (neglects any interactions)
• Valid for low volume fractions (𝑓 𝑖 < 10%)
Homogenization
4. More mean field models
Mori-Tanaka model
Interpolation of the strain partition tensor (𝑨𝜶 ) between Eshelby’s and 1.
−1 𝐴𝛼𝑀𝑇 = 1
𝑨𝜶𝑴𝑻 = 𝑨𝜶𝒆𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒃𝒚 1− 𝑓𝛼 𝟏+ 𝛼 𝜶
𝑓 𝑨𝒆𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒃𝒚 𝐴𝛼𝑀𝑇
𝑁
𝐴𝛼𝑀𝑇 = 𝐴𝛼𝐸𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑦
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑚 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝐿𝛼 − 𝐿𝑚 ⋅ 𝑨𝜶𝑴𝑻
𝛼=1 0 𝑓𝛼 1
Homogenization
4. More mean field models
Self-Consistent Scheme
Iterative procedure to ensure that the average strain experienced by each phase is equal to the
overall strain.
This method assumes strain is partitioned between the phases of the composite material.
1) Initial guess (unknown a priori) 𝑨𝜶𝑺𝑪 = 1 + 𝑆 𝛼 𝑀 𝐿𝛼 − 𝐿 −1
2) Implicit equilibrium equation 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑚 + 𝑓 𝛼 ⋅ 𝐿𝛼 − 𝐿𝑚 ⋅ 𝑨𝜶𝑺𝑪
𝛼=1
3) Numerical solution and convergence 𝐿𝑛+1 = 𝐿𝑛+1 𝐿𝑚 , 𝐿𝛼 , 𝑓 𝛼 , 𝐿𝑛
𝐿𝑛+1 − 𝐿𝑛 < tolerance
Homogenization
4. More mean field models
𝐺 = 𝐺 𝑖 = 4.54 𝐺𝑃𝑎
Comparison of results
Composite reinforced with spherical inclusions.
Shear modulus, 𝐺 [GPa]
Material Elastic modulus Poisson ratio
Matrix 𝐸 𝑚 = 1 𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝜈 𝑚 = 0.3
Inclusions 𝐸 𝑖 = 10 𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝜈 𝑖 = 0.1
𝐺 = 𝐺 𝑚 = 0.38 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑖