AIM
To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of
incidence using a hallow prism filled, one by one with different transparent liquid
APPARATUS
A drawing board
A white sheet
A hollow prism
Drawing pins
Pins and sharp pencil
INTRODUCTION
In optics, it is transparent optical elements with flat, polished
surface that refract light, the exact angle between the surfaces
depend on the application. The traditional geometrical shape is
that of a triangular prism with a triangular base and rectangular
side, and in colloquial use “prism” usually refers to this type.
Some type of optical prism is not in fact in shape of geometrical
prism. Prism can be made from any material that is transparent
to the to the wavelength for which they are designed. Typical
material include glass plastic and fluorite prism can be used to break light up into
its constituent spectral color(the color of the rainbow) prisms can also be used to
reflect light or to split into component with different polarization. Scientist also
use prism in experiment that help them to study the reaction of the human eye to
light.
Prism- a prism is a portion of a transparent medium bounded by two plane
face inclined to each other at a suitable angle.
THEROY:
When a ray of light incident on prism of denser medium at a certain medium of
incidence i, it is refracted along MN towards the normal the normal at point of
incident .this ray is than incident on the second face. Since it travel dense rarer to
medium, it bends away from the normal and emerges along NQ Angle of
deviation D is the angle between the incident ray produced backwards.
When the angle of incident is changed e and D also change but the above
equation continues to hold.
REFLECTION THROUGH PRISM
A ray of light suffers two refraction on passing through a prism and hence
deviates through a certain angle from its original path.
Angle of deviation- The of deviation is the angle between the incident ray
produced forward and the emergent ray produced backward
Calculation of angle of deviation
In figure, ABC is principal section of a prism with
angle of prism = A
prism ay ∠i1. It is refracted along LM is incident at
A ray of light KL is incident on the face AB of the
∠r1 bending towards the normal N1O.
The refracted ray LM is incident al ∠r2
on the face AC of the prism. It bends
away from the normal N2O and emerges
along MN at ∠i2. In passing through the prism, ray KL suffers
two refraction and has turned through an ∠ QPN=δ, which is the
angle of deviation.
At the face AB, the angle of incident is i1 and the angle of
incident is i1 and angle of refraction is r1. So the deviation at this
surface is
δ1 = i1 – r1 (clockwise)
At the second face AC, the angle of incidence is r2 and angle of
refraction is i2. So the deviation at this surface is
δ 2 = i2 – r 2 (clockwise)
Therefore, total produced in the ray in passing through the prism is
δ = δ1 - δ2 = (i2-r1) + (i2+r2)
= (i1-r2)-(r1+r2) ---------- (1)
In figure, sum of angle of triangle ALM is 180 degree, that
is
A + (90º - r1) + (90º -r2) = 180º
A = (r1+r2) ---------- (2)
From (1) δ= (i1 + i2) –A ---------- (3)
Appling Snell’s law at L and M, we get
1 sin i 1= µ sin r1 and µ sin r2 =1 sin i2
Here, µ is the refracting index of prism.
hence using equation (2). Therefore, δ is calculated from equation (3).
From known value of i1 and i2, we can calculate the value of r 1 and r2 and
The graph of angle of deviation δ again the angle of incident (i 1)
is plotted as shown in figure.
We observe that the graph is not symmetrical about the minimum. Further, the
same deviation occurs from two angles of incident i 1 and i2. Here, i2 often called
the angle of emergent. From the principal of optical reversibility, we know that a
ray incident from i2 we emerge at angle i1 and the angle of deviation would remain
same.
Angle of minimum deviation and prism formula
In above graph we find that at the minimum derivation,
δ= δmin; i1=i2. Snell’s law would gives as 1sin
there is only one angle of incident. We may say that when
i1 = µ sin r2 and µ sin r2 = 1 sin r2
As i1 = i2 =I, therefore, r1=r2=r, say
From (2), A= r + r =2r, r =A/2
And from (3), δmin =2i-A
Or, i = A+ δmin. /2
As µ= sin i/sin r
µ = (A sin + δmin.)/2
2 ------- (4)
This is called formula. It is used for accurate determination of
reflected index of transparent medium, which of prism is made.
In position of minimum deviation, as i1 = i2, therefore, the
incident ray passes symmetrically with respect faces of the
prism, and the reflected ray in the prism is parallel to the base of
the prism.
Angle of maximum deviation
We draw the graph between angle of deviation and angle of
incidence. From the graph, we fine the angle of deviation is
maximum (=δ max.) for two angle of incidence, i min. and i max. As i
max. = 90º is the angle of incidence, angle of emergent will be i min.
And vice –versa. For i<imin, the angle of incidence r2 on second
face AC of the prism will be greater than critical angle for prism
air interface. The ray will undergo total internal reflection and
will not emerge from the prism. Thus angle deviation is obtained
from graph.
Angle of deviation- the angle of deviation is the angle
between the incident ray produced forward and the emergent
ray produced backward.
Dispersion of light
Dispersion is the phenomena of splitting of a beam
of the white light into its constituent color on
passing through prism. The band of seven color so
obtained is called the (visible) spectrum.
red color deviate the least and the violet color
deviate the most .
PROCEDURE
a) Fix a sheet of white paper on the drawing board.
b) Place the hallow prism near the upper side of the paper and draw it
boundary as shown.
c) Remove the prism a draw a normal MN to AB at the point M.
d) Draw a line MN make an 30 degree with the normal MN. This line serves as
incidence ray.
e) Fix two points P1 and P2 on this line at least 10cm apart.
f) Place the prism in its position and fill it with water.
g) Look through the face Ac for the image of the pins P1 and P2.
h) Fix two more point p3 and P 4 so that they appear in line with the image of
pins P1 and P2 and at least 10cm apart.
i) Remove the prism and join P3 and P4 to get the emergent ray.
j) Produced line P3P4 to meet AC at N and LM produced at p.
k) Measure the angle of incidence, angle of deviation D and the angle of
emergent e, and the angle of prism.
l) Change the angle of incident and repeat all the above steps take at least six
observations with one liquid.
m) Find the angle of deviation for different value of angle of incidence.
n) Repeat the whole experiment with another transparent liquid
OBSERVATION
Angle of the prism A=
FOR WATER
[Link]. Angle of incidence i Angle of deviation D
1
2
3
4
5
FOR LIQUID
[Link]. Angle of incidence i Angle of deviation D
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATION
Plot a graph between I and D, taking I along X axis and D along the Y-axis for both
the liquid on the same graph paper.
The shape of the graph as shown
CONCLUSION
it is clear from the graph that as the angle of incidence is increases, the angle of
deviation first decreases and become minimum and again increases.
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