Unit 5 Review
Name___________________________________
A large manufacturer of batteries knows that, historically, 10% of its batteries come off the production line defective, and
the remaining 90% of batteries come off the production line in working condition. Conduct a simulation to estimate how
many batteries the company needs to pull off the production line in order to be sure of ending up with 10 working
batteries.
1) Describe how you will use a random number table to conduct this simulation.
2) Show three trials by clearly labeling the random number table given below. Specify the
outcome of each trial.
Trial 1:
10242 50692 18977 28370 82669 83236 77479 90618 43707 78695
Trial 2:
81183 48554 60809 39996 81915 25404 33366 92082 04822 79866
Trial 3:
06765 67041 20479 54612 13411 36837 69983 53082 43589 27865
3) State your conclusion.
As a 4-H project, Billy is raising chickens. He feeds and waters them every day, and collects the eggs every other day,
selling them to people in the neighborhood. He has found that each hen's nest will contain from 0 to 2 eggs. Based on past
experience he estimates that there will be no eggs in 10% of the nests, one egg in 30% of the nests, and 2 eggs in the other
60%. Conduct a simulation to estimate how many nests Billy will have to visit to collect a dozen eggs.
4) Describe how you will use a random number table to conduct this simulation.
5) Show three trials by clearly labeling the random number table given below. Specify the outcome for each trial.
57528 78305 63508 29418
90676 31993 54636 17877
31574 28042 72621 84818
6) State your conclusion.
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7) A statistics teacher wants to know how her students feel about an introductory statistics course. She decides to
administer a survey to a random sample of students taking the course. She has several sampling plans to choose
from. Name the sampling strategy in each.
a. There are four ranks of students taking the class: freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Randomly select
15 students from each class rank.
b. Randomly select ten math class sections and survey every student in each of those sections.
c. Each student has a nine-digit student number. Randomly choose 60 different nine-digit numbers and survey
the students that correspond to those numbers.
d. Randomly select a number from 1 to 5. Using the class roster, start at that number, then select every fifth
student from the list after that.
8) If the teacher in question 1 simply surveyed all of her students, what kind of sampling would that be? Explain why
this method is biased. Be sure to name the kind(s) of bias you describe and link it to the variable of interest.
9) Listed below are the names of 20 students who are juniors. Use the random numbers listed below to select five of
them to be in your sample. Clearly explain your method.
Adam Chris Dave Deirdre Dick
Ellen Eric Joan John Judi
Joy Kenny Laura Mary Paul
Peter Rachel Rob Sara Staceyn
04028 55259 81183 40754 60209 06765 27306
28370 82669 83236 77479 90618 43707 78695
10) Name and describe the kind of bias that might be present if the statistics teacher decides that instead of randomly
selecting students to survey on how they feel about the course she just...
a. asks students to volunteer for the survey.
b. gives the survey during class one day.
11) Administrators at a hospital are concerned about the possibility of drug abuse by people who work there. They
decide to check on the extent of the problem by having a random sample of the employees undergo a
drug test. Several plans for choosing the sample are proposed. Name the sampling strategy in each.
a. There are four employee classifications: doctors, medical staff (nurses, technicians, etc.) office staff,
and support staff (custodians, maintenance, etc.). Randomly select ten people from each category.
b. Each employee has a 4-digit ID number. Randomly choose 40 numbers.
c. At the start of each shift, choose every tenth person who arrives for work.
d. Randomly select a five departments and test all the people who work in those departments — doctors,
nurses, technicians, clerks, custodians, etc.
12) One administrator suggested walking into the break room and testing the people in there. What type of sampling
would this be? Explain why this method is biased. Be sure to name the kind(s) of bias you describe and link it to
the variable of interest.
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13) Listed below are the names of the 20 pharmacists on the hospital staff. Use the random numbers listed
below to select three of them to be in the sample. Clearly explain your method.
Pastore Back
Spiridinov Ahl
Hedge MacDowell
Schissel Novelli
Lavine Kaplan
Highland Roundy
Grubb Markowitz
Glass Davies
Golkowski Reeves
Janis Yen
04905 83852 29350 91397
19994 65142 05087 11232
14) Name and describe the kind of bias that might be present if the administration decides that instead of
subjecting people to random testing they'll just…
a. interview employees about possible drug abuse.
b. ask people to volunteer to be tested.
An article in a local newspaper reported that dogs kept as pets tend to be overweight. Veterinarians say that diet and
exercise will help these chubby dogs get in shape. The veterinarians propose two different diets (Diet A and Diet B) and
two different exercise programs (Plan 1 and Plan 2). Diet A: owners control the portions of dog food and dog treats; Diet
B: a mixture of fresh vegetables with the dog food and substitute regular dog treats with baby carrots. Plan 1: three
30-minute walks a week; Plan 2: 20-minute walks daily. Sixty dog owners volunteer to take part in an experiment to help
their chubby dogs lose weight.
15) Identify the following:
a. the subjects:
b. the factor(s) and the number of level(s) for each:
c. the number of treatments:
d. whether or not the experiment is blind (or double-blind):
e. the response variable:
16) Design an experiment to determine whether the diet and exercise programs are effective in helping dogs to lose
weight.
Researchers plan to investigate a new medication that may reduce blood pressure for individuals with higher than
average blood pressure. 90 volunteers with higher than average blood pressure are solicited. Volunteers are randomly
assigned 100 mg of the medicine, 200 mg of the medicine, or a placebo. Blood pressure will be measured at the beginning
and at the conclusion of the study.
17) Identify the subjects.
18) Identify the treatments.
19) Identify the response variable.
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20) Describe an advantage to random assignment of treatment.
21) Describe an advantage of the placebo.
22) Describe a disadvantage of using volunteers in this study.
23) Is this study blind?
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Answer Key
Testname: UNIT 5 REVIEW
1) Since 10% of the batteries come off of the production line defective and 90% of the batteries come off of the line in
working condition, we can look at one digit at a time. Assign the digits: 0 = defective; 1-9 = working. Start at the first
digit in the first row, go across one digit at a time, looking for the digits 1-9, which are indicative of working batteries.
Count the number of times the digits 1-9 come up until you have 10. Count the number of digits that the trial took to
obtain 10 of the desired digits.
2) Trial 1:
10242 50692 18977 28370 82669 83236 77479 90618 43707 78695
+X+++ +X+++ ++| end of Trial 1: 12 needed to get 10 OK
Trial 2:
81183 48554 60809 39996 81915 25404 33366 92082 04822 79866
+++++ +++++| end of Trial 2: 10 needed to get 10 OK
Trial 3:
06765 67041 20479 54612 13411 36837 69983 53082 43589 27865
X++++ ++X++ +X+| end of Trial 3: 13 needed to get 10 OK
3) It required 12 batteries in Trial 1, 10 batteries in Trial 2, and 13 batteries in Trial 3 to obtain 10 working batteries. The
average of these is 11.3. Our estimate of the number of batteries required is 11.3 batteries.
4) Look at one digit at a time. Let 0 = no eggs; 1, 2, 3 = one egg; 4 - 9 = two eggs. Go across the row of digits one at a time,
adding up the number of eggs until there are 12 or more. Repeated digits are allowed.
Count the number of nests visited. Repeat three times and report the average number of nests.
5) 5 7 5 2 8 7 8 3 0 5 6 3 5 0 8 2 9 4 1 8
2 2 2 1 2 2 2| 13 eggs, 7 nests
90676 31993 54636 17877
20222 1 1 2| 12 eggs, 8 nests
31574 28042 72621 84818
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 2| 13 eggs, 9 nests
6) According to this simulation, Billy will have to visit an average of 8 nests to collect a dozen eggs.
7) a. stratified
b. cluster
c. simple random sample
d. systematic
8) This would be a convenience sample. Undercoverage might occur. This teacher may teach only higher level courses,
which would mean lower performing students would be underrepresented. In that case she'd probably conclude that
students are more satisfied with math courses than they are.
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Answer Key
Testname: UNIT 5 REVIEW
9)
01 - Adam 02 - Chris 03 - Dave 04 - Deirdre 05 - Dick
06 - Ellen 07 - Eric 08 - Joan 09 - John 10 - Judi
11 - Joy 12 - Kenny 13 - Laura 14 - Mary 15 - Paul
16 - Peter 17 - Rachel 18 - Rob 19 - Sara 20 - Stacey
04028 55259 81183 40754 60209 06765 27306
28370 82669 83236 77479 90618 43707 78695
Assign two digit numbers to each of the juniors, as noted in the table. Use the random digits, in groups of 2, to select
the first five people in the sample. Ignore any digits 21-99 and 00, because there are no corresponding people, and
ignore repeated numbers.
04 — Deirdre, 02 — Chris, 85 — ignore, 52 — ignore, 59 — ignore, 81 — ignore, 18 — Rob, 34 — ignore, 07 — Eric, 54
— ignore, 60 — ignore, 20 — Stacey
People selected: Deirdre, Chris, Rob, Eric, and Stacey
10) a. Voluntary response sample–the bias would probably be toward those students who enjoy the course, and these
students would rate the course more favorably.
b. Convenience sample–the bias would probably be toward students who happen to attend class that day. They may
enjoy the course more than students who are skipping class!
11) a. stratified
b. simple
c. systematic
d. cluster
12) This is a convenience sample. Undercoverage might result. Those in the breakroom might not represent the full range
of employee types, experiences, stress levels, or access to the hospital's drug supply. Pharmacy workers, for example,
have greater access to drugs, and may have higher proportions of drug use than other workers, causing too high an
estimate of the drug problem.
13)
00 Pastore 10 Back
01 Spiridinov 11 Ahl
02 Hedge 12 MacDowell
03 Schissel 13 Novelli
04 Lavine 14 Kaplan
05 Highland 15 Roundy
06 Grubb 16 Markowitz
07 Glass 17 Davies
08 Golkowski 18 Reeves
09 Janis 19 Yen
04905 83852 29350 91397
19994 65142 05087 11232
Number the people 00 — 19 (by columns). Go across the random digits two at a time,
ignoring 20-99 and any repeats, until three are chosen: 04 — Schissel, (ignore 90, 58, 38, etc),
09 — Golkowski, 13 — MacDowell
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Answer Key
Testname: UNIT 5 REVIEW
14) a. Response bias; people will feel threatened so they won't answer truthfully. This would likely result in
underestimating the proportion of drug users.
b. Voluntary response bias; only those who are "clean" would volunteer. It is likely that the proportion of drug users
would be underestimated.
15) a. 60 chubby dogs
b. diet (two levels) and exercise (two levels)
c. four treatments (Diet A and Plan 1, Diet A and Plan 2, Diet B and Plan 1, Diet B and Plan 2)
d. This design is at best single-blind, since the owners know which diet and exercise plan their
dogs are on, but the evaluators do not have to be given this information.
e. weight loss
16)
17) The subjects are the 90 volunteers with higher than average blood pressure.
18) There are 3 treatments, 100 mg, 200 mg, and the placebo.
19) The response variable is the change in blood pressure.
20) Randomization will equalize variability for which we cannot control, helping to ensure comparable, homogenous
treatment groups. We may be able to establish causation as opposed to association.
21) We have an extra comparison with a control group. Blood pressure may change due to other variables.
22) We are not able to generalize the results to a larger population
23) The subjects are blind, assuming the 100 mg, 200 mg and placebo appear to be the same.