CPU BUSINESS AND

INFORMATION COLLEGE

English assignment

Name:Murad Mohammed

Department: Computer science

Id number: RCS/437/17

Section 2

Submitted to M.r Simachew

Submittion date : Jan 16,2025

1.1 We use present tense to talk about something that is currently going on, something
that is habitually performed, or a state that generally or currently exists.

Structural formula:

Subject + verb (s/es) + object.

1.2 The present continuous tense is used to talk about the ongoing actions, events, or
conditions that are still not finished.

Structural formula:

Subject + helping verb (is / am/ are) + main verb (ing) + object.

1.3 here are some adverbs that go with simple present :-

now, today,tomorrow, yesterday,later,soon

* immediately...

And these are adverbs that go with present continuous:-

Just still,already, yet,ever since,recently,lately.......

1.4 Subject + am/is/are + past participle (V3)

Rules:

1. Use the appropriate form of the verb "to be" (am, is, are) depending on the subject.

2. The main verb is always in its past participle form (V3).

3. The action happens regularly, generally, or as a fact.

Present Continuous Passive

Structure:

Subject + am/is/are + being + past participle (V3)

Rules:

1. Use the correct form of "to be" (am, is, are) to match the subject.
2. Always add "being" before the past participle to indicate the continuous aspect.

3. The action is ongoing at the moment of speaking.

[Link] past tense

1.1 structure of simple past tense

Subject + Verb (past form) + Object

1.2 uses

. The simple past tense is used to describe actions or events that were completed in the past.
Here’s the basic structure:

Here are some common time adverbs that are frequently used with the simple past tense:

Yesterday

Last night

Last week/month/year

Two days/weeks/months/years ago

In 1999 (or any specific year)

On Monday (or any specific day)

This morning

1.3 The simple past continuous (also called the past progressive) is used to describe actions or
events that were ongoing or in progress at a specific time in the past.

Structure

Subject + was/were + Verb (-ing form) + Object

1.4 Here are time adverbs commonly used with the past continuous tense to indicate when or
for how long the action was in progress:

At that time

At that moment
At 8 p.m. (or any specific time)

Yesterday at noon

1.5 Here is the structure and rules for the passive voice of the simple past tense and past
continuous tense, along with their usage.

1. Simple Past Passive

Structure

Object + was/were + past participle (V3) + [by + subject (optional)]

Rules for Simple Past Passive

1. Focus on the action or the receiver of the action, not the doer.

2. Use the past participle of the verb (V3).

3. The "doer" (agent) can be omitted if it's unnecessary or unknown.

2. Past Continuous Passive

Structure

Object + was/were + being + past participle (V3) + [by + subject (optional)

Rules for Past Continuous Passive

1. Use was/were followed by being and the past participle of the verb.

2. The structure highlights that the action was in progress at a specific moment in the past.

Structure

Subject + have/has + past participle (V3) + Object

When to Use the Present Perfect Tense

1. Unfinished Time Period

2. Life Experiences

3. Recent Actions or Events with a Present Impact

4. Repeated Actions in the Past Up to Now

Structure of the Present Perfect Tense:

When Do We Use the Present Perfect?

1. Unfinished Actions Up to Now

2. Completed Actions with Present Relevance

3. Life Experiences

4. Recent Actions

5. With Time Expressions (Indefinite Past)

Here are some adverbsthat can be used with the present perfect tense:

Ever, never,just,already, yet,still,lately

Present Perfect Passive

Structure:

Subject + has/have + been + past participle (V3) of the verb

Usage of Present Perfect Passive:

Used when we want to emphasize the action or the recipient of the action rather than who
performed it.

Present Perfect Continuous Passive

Structure:

Subject + has/have + been + being + past participle (V3) of the verb

Usage of Present Perfect Continuous Passive:

Used when the focus is on an ongoing action that has been happening up until the present,
where the action is directed towards the subject
3.4 Time Adverbs:
Already, yet, since, for.
3.5 Passive Structure and Rules:
Present Perfect: Subject + has/have + been + past participle.
Present Perfect Continuous: Rarely used in passive form.
4. Past Perfect Tense
4.1 Structure:
Past Perfect: Subject + had + past participle.
Past Perfect Continuous: Subject + had + been + verb (-ing).
4.2 Usage:
Actions completed before another past action.
4.3 Time Adverbs:
By then, before, after.
4.4 Passive Structure:
Past Perfect: Subject + had + been + past participle.
5. Differences: Simple Past vs. Past Perfect
5.1 Differences:
Simple Past: Single past action.
Past Perfect: Past action before another past action.
5.2 Similarities:
Both describe past events.
5.3 Adverbs:
Both use "before, after, when."
5.4 Sequences and Meaning:
Past Perfect clarifies the sequence of events
6. Modal Verbs
6.1 Types:
can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, ought to.
6.2 Day-to-Day Use:
To express ability, permission, necessity, or probability.
6.3 Purposes:
Advice, obligation, possibility.
6.4 Passive Formation:
Modal + be + past participle.
7. Verbs
7.1 Types:
Action, linking, auxiliary.
7.2 Usage:
Indicate action, state, or being.
7.3 Classification:
Regular, irregular, transitive, intransitive.
7.4 Parts of Speech:
Can function as nouns (gerunds) or adjectives (participles).

8. Adjectives
8.1 Type8.1m
Descriptive, quantitative, demonstrative.
8.2 Formation:
From nouns (hope → hopeful), verbs (read → readable).
8.3 Usage:
Modify nouns or pronouns.
8.4 Parts of Speech:
Serve as predicates or modifiers.
9 & 10. Relative Clauses and Pronouns
10.1-10.3 Cases:
Subjective: Who, which.
Objective: Whom, that.
Possessive: Whose.
11. Contrasting Clauses
11.1 Classification:
Contrast (but, although), concession (even though).
11.2 Usage:
To highlight differences.
11.3 Structure:
Main clause + contrasting clause.
12. Conditional Sentences
12.1 Meaning:
Express a condition and result.
12.2 Classification:
Zero, first, second, third conditionals.
12.3 Zero Conditional:
General truths, "If + present tense, present tense."
12.4 Clause Roles:
"If" clause sets condition; main clause gives result.

13. Passive Voice

References : my exercise book, [Link] and chat gbt