Question 1 .
a) unstacked
b) Age of # of Pets 2 + pets
owning
person
19 G O
17 O O
14 O O
22 O O
S4 ⑧ O
24 1 O
20 1 O
29 1 O
16 I O
47 I O
2) 2 I
38 2 I
44 2 I
73 2 I
30 2 I
St 3t I
22 3t I
76 3t 1
38 3t 1
20 3t 1
2) (in purple)
d) Frequency : It +1 + 1 +1 + 1 + 1 + 1 +1 + 1 =
10
I
Proportion :
10/20 =
Percentage Z 5 50 %
: = 0 .
. 100 =
Question 2 .
There simply information to determine teaches students better
No , driving school" ABC"
not
you
cannot . is
enough if
than driving school" XYZ" .
Potential confounding variables include : the
quality of the instructors, Student motivation /Skill Level
,
as well as the test-taking
conditions.
In addition, the correlation of higher passing rates at ABC does not necessarily imply causality There could be .
unobserved factors the higher pass rate at ABC that aren't directly related to the quality of instruction
causing .
Question 3
.
a) It is important for the study to be double-blinded to prevent bias The double-blind format helps
prevent the bias
a .
that can result if one acts differently from the other because
they know they are beingtreated
group
differently, or because the researchers treat the
groups differently or evaluate them differently because
of what
they expect In order for the
.
pill to work placebo effectively ,
it is crucial that neither the researchers
nor the participants know which took which pill.
group
b) Randomizing is imperative because it ensures that the participants in the 2
groups are as similar as
possible in all
aspects except for the treatment This .
helps minimize the influence of potential confounding variables which in-turn, reduces bias.
,
3 potential confounders include :
1 The severity of
Allergies which some patients have stronger than others , potentially affecting their
may
.
tolerance to allergens .
2 The .
age
of the patients with older patients potentially having different reactions to the medication and lor
,
the allergen .
. Some of the
3 patients might have been accustomed to previous allergy treatments potentially influencing
,
their boding's to the new medication or placebo
response .
Question .
4
a) 6/25 = 0 24
.
.
100 = 24 %
b)
10 0 .
90 .
-
8 0
F
.
70
.
-
6 .
0
5
e 3 0 -
E
.
20
.
IO .
O 11-20 21-3031-40 41-50
51-60 61-10 71-80 81-9091-100
1-10
Grade (percentage)
2) It's easier to see the data distribution with the dotplot .
With the dotplot ,
you
can see the exact percentage grade the students received, however with the histogram ,
.
you
can
only see how
many
students got percentage within range of 10 percentile points
a a
Question S
.
a) The Treatment Variable is the different sorbet flavours given to the customers for tasting .
The outcome variable is the customers ratings of each flavour .
b) I disagree with the shop's claim that customer's are blinded.
While He
shop may not tell the customers which specific flavour corresponds to each
spoon ,
Thus the customers
customers can
likely identify the flavours based on their taste colour , ,
or even the smell .
likely infer of blinding
can the flavour , contradicting the concept .
Question 6 .
largest observed value
al not greater than 247 5.
·
(244) Potential
min
,
a
outlier
Mee S
· Is 30 45 60 /S 90 10s 120 135 /So 165180195210225 24025521020s 300
Sorted data : 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 15 30, 30 , 45 , 45 , 55 60 15 90 96 99 00 110 150 200 202 244
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
210
Five number
summary:
minimum : O
Q1 : 10 (10 + 10 = 2012 = 10)
median : SS (13th variable)
Q3 : 10S (100 + 110 210/2 10s)
= =
Maximum : 270
Outliers :
IQR = 105-10 = 95
1 . S . IQR =
142 ·
5
Right limit =
10s + 142 5 .
=
247 5 .
Left limit = 10 -142 5 = .
-132 S
.
b) The data is
right-skewed ,
indicated by a
long right whisker .
The median much lower than the concentration of lower students .
is maximum ,
indicating a
usage among
There is one outtier at 270
,
which suggests that this student , and a few other use social
media much more than the others.
Question 7
.
Yes the data from
, question I would be well visualized in a stem-and-leaf plot.
The stem plot would keep the actual data
points allowing for
,
a
simple reference ·
It would also
provide a clear visual of the data
, especially if well-organized.
Question 8
.
al
Sorted data : 0
,
0 3, 4 6, 7 11 12
, , , ,
4 +It
means -
+ 0+ 3 + +
mediano = Y+ 6 = 10/2 = 5
Standard deviation : (0-6)" = 36
(0 -
6)2 = 36
(3-6)2 =
9
(4 6)2 = 4
-
(6 6)2-
= 0
( 6)2-
= 1
(11-6)2 =
25
(17 6) 2121
-
36 + 36 + 9 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 2S + 12) = 232
= 33 .
14
5374 =
5 76
.
b)
2-scores 17-6 11
=
si = 1 91
.
% 3 -
6 = -
=
- 0 .2