AGRIC 112
General Physiology and
Toxicology
2nd Semester 2024-2025
Course
Course Code : AGRIC 112
Course Title : General Physiology and Toxicology
Course Description : Comparative physiology and biology of pest
groups, classification of pesticides, chemical and physical properties of
pesticides and its appropriate use and management
Period covered : 2nd Semester 2024-2025
Pre-requisite : AGRIC 111
Credit : 3 units
Lecture : 2 hours a week
Laboratory : 3 hours a week
2nd Semester 2024-2025
Course
1. Quizzes
2. Midterm and Final Examination
3. Laboratory exercises
4. Assignments
5. Class attendance
2nd Semester 2024-2025
Class 3 Consecutive Absences
Shall report the matter to the chief of the
Guidance Office for proper action and formal
notification to the parents or guardians
20% absences of the total
number of hours
• automatically dropped from the course
• a grade of “5”
2nd Semester 2024-2025
Course 1. Be punctual in attending the class.
2. Students who have missed any activity (i.e.,
Policies, quizzes, examinations) due to unexcused
absence will not be given make-up activities.
Attendance & 3. Submit and perform all activities on time. Five (5)
points will be deducted each day, including
weekends and holidays, for activities not
Deadlines: submitted on time.
4. No using of phones or other gadgets and wearing
of headphones during classes and examinations
5. Cheating, or providing the means, or accessing
the means, will be subjected to the corrective
measures stated in the BSU Student Handbook
6. No smoking, vaping, drinking of alcoholic
beverages, or chewing of momma during classes
7. Always be respectful to everyone
2nd Semester 2024-2025
Grading
System
Lecture: 50%; Laboratory: 50%
Term grades for lecture and laboratory will
be computed using the following formula:
Topics
I. Insecticides and Insect
Physiology
II. Insect Growth and
Development
III. Insect Nutrition and
Excretion, and Immunity
2nd Semester 2024-2025
Topics
IV. Insect Respiration
V. Insect Movement
VI. The Insect Nervous System
2nd Semester 2024-2025
Topics
VII. Insecticide Excretion and
Resistance in Insects
VIII. Pesticide Research,
Development, and Bioassay
Techniques
2nd Semester 2024-2025
Introduction
General Physiology and
Toxicology
2nd Semester 2024-2025
•40% of global crop
production is lost to pests
annually (FAO, 2022)
INTRODUCTION
Loss to Pests
$220 Billion Plant diseases
(FAO, 2023)
$70 Billion Invasive insects
(FAO, 2023)
$32 Billion Weeds (Kubiak et al., 2022)
INTRODUCTION
~3 Billion Kg of
Pesticide Annually
INTRODUCTION
Pesticide Utilization
Worldwide
47.5% Herbicides
29.5% Insecticides
17.5% Fungicides
5.5%
INTRODUCTION
Other Insecticides
Types of Pesticides
By Target Species
Fungicide Herbicide Rodenticide Nematicide
Fungi Weeds Rodents Nematodes
INTRODUCTION
Types of Pesticides
By Target Species
Acaricide Bactericide Molluscicide Insecticide
Ticks and Bacteria Snails and Insects
Slugs
Mites
INTRODUCTION
Insecticides
Pesticides that are formulated to kill,
harm, repel or mitigate one or more
species of insect.
Asia had the highest shares of
insecticides in total pesticides used
(38 %). FAO, 2023
FAO, 2022
INTRODUCTION
Benefits from Using
Insecticides
Increased yields of crops Prevention of much Avoidance of certain
spoilage and destruction of diseases
About one-third of
stored food
agricultural products are
produced depending on the
application of pesticides
INTRODUCTION
Hazards of Using
Insecticides
Impact to Human and Impact Through Food Impact on Environment
Non-target Organisms
INTRODUCTION