1 Physics Easy Notes for ([Link] & I.
Cs – II)
Chapter#15 Electromagnetic Induction
Imp Definitions & Short Questions
Electromagnetic Induction:If the magnetic field through a circuit changes, an emf and current are
induced in the circuit. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.
Applications:
This phenomenon is used in power generating system.
Transformer also uses this principle to produces emfs.
A credit / ATM card also uses this principle.
Any appliance ( refrigerator, computer etc ) that you plug into wall socket uses of induced emf.
In what three ways can a voltage be induced in a wire?
By moving the wire in magnetic field.
By changing the current through a circuit nearly by it.
By moving the magnet near the wire.
Motional emf: The emf induced by the motion of a conductor across the magnetic field is called
motional emf.
Mathematically Ԑ = - v B L sin
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic induction: The average emf in a conducting coil of N loops is
equal to the negative of time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the coil.
∆
Ԑ = -N
Lenz’s Law: It states that the direction of the induced current is always so as to oppose the change
which causes the current.
Lenz’s is exactly in accordance to the law of conservation of energy: When we pull the wire across the
magnetic field of the magnet, we do work against the magnetic force arising from interaction of the
original magnetic field and that of the induced current. We use some energy in doing this work. This
energy is the source of induced current, Thus electromagnetic induction is exactly according to the law
of conservation of energy.
Mutual Induction: The phenomenon in which changing of current in one coil induces an emf in other
coil is called mutual induction.
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2 Physics Easy Notes for ([Link] & [Link] – II)
Mutual Inductance: The ratio of average emf induced in the secondary coil to the time rate of
change current in the primary coil.
Ԑ
Mathematically M=
/
The SI unit of mutual inductance is VsA-1 known as henry (H).
What are the factors upon which Mutual inductance depends?
[Link] turns of coils
Area of cross section of coils
Closeness of coils
Nature of core of material
Self-Induction: The phenomenon in which changing current in one coil induces an emf in itself is
called self induction.
Self-Inductance : The ratio of average emf in the coil to the rate of change of current in the same
coil. It is denoted by L.
Ԑ
Mathematically L=
/
The SI unit of self-inductance is VsA-1 which is called one henry (H).
Name the factors upon which self-inductance depends:
Area of cross section of coil
[Link] turns of coil
The rate of change of current
The material of the coil
Define Henry (H)?
Ans: It can be defined in two ways
(i)-For self-inductance: The self-inductance of the coil is said to be one henry if current changes at the
rate of one ampere second through it which cause an induced emf one volt in the same coil.
(ii)-For mutual-inductance: If rate of change of current of one ampere per second in the primary
produces the emf of one volt in secondary, then mutual inductance of pair of coils is said to be one
henry.
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3 Physics Easy Notes for ([Link] & [Link] – II)
Similarities between Motor and Generator:
Both have armature
Both have split rings or commutator segments
Both require magnetic field by permanent magnet
Both have carbon brushes touching the split rings.
Differences between Motor and Generator:
Electric generator convert mechanical energy into electrical energy while motor converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
In case of generator, the coil is rotated by some mechanical means to produce the current. But
in the case of motor, the current is supplied to the coil from the main for its rotation.
Difference between A.C and D.C currents.
A.C changes its direction several times in one second while D.C does not change its direction.
A.C consist of both positive and negative half cycles of current while D.C consist of only either
positive or negative half cycle of current.
A.C can travel a long distance while D.C cannot travel long distance.
How armature are rotated in commercial generators?
Ans: In commercial generators armature can be rotated by following means
By fuel engine using diesel, gasoline petrol etc.
By rotating huge turbine machines through water fall such as Terbella and Mangla dams.
By rotating the fans of turbine through wind.
Does the voltage output of a generator change if its speed of rotation is increased?
Ans: The induced emf of a generator is given as
Ԑ = NBA sin
Where is the speed of rotation of the coil. If is increased, then the output voltage will also increase
in the same proportion.
Transformer: A device which is used to increase or decrease the value of alternating voltage. It works
on the principle of Mutual induction.
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4 Physics Easy Notes for ([Link] & [Link] – II)
Step up and step down transformer:
Step-up transformer: The transformer in which voltage across the secondary is greater than primary
voltage. [Link] turns in secondary coil is also greater than [Link] turns in primary coil.
Ns > NP and VS > Vp
Step-down transformer: The transformer in which voltage across the secondary is less than primary
voltage. The [Link] turns in secondary coil is also less than [Link] turns in primary coil.
Ns < NP and VS < Vp
Can an efficient transformer step-up energy? Explain.
Ans: No, a transformer cannot step-up energy nut energy is conserved. In an efficient transformer, if
we ignore power loss
Input power = Out power
VpIp = VsIs
It means power remains constant so it cannot step-up energy.
How can power loss be minimized in transformer?
Ans:Power loss can be minimized by following steps
Selecting laminated sheets of material whose hysteresis loop area is very small.
The sheets should be properly laminated to stop the flow of eddy currents.
The resistance of wires must be minimum.
The coils must be so designed and coupled as to produce maximum change of flux between the
Pair of coils.
How is the efficiency of transformer increased?
Ans: The efficiency of transformer cab be increased by reducing power losses which can be done by
following steps
(i)- Loop area: Core is assembled from the laminated sheets of a material whose hysteresis loop area is
very small.
(ii)- Insulation: The insulation between the sheets of core should be perfect to stop eddy currents.
(iii)-Resistance of the coils: The material of wire of coils must be such that their electrical resistance is
very small as may be possible.
(iv)-Flux coupling: Coils should be wound in such a way that flux coupling between them is maximum.
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What are the main causes of power loss in the transformer?
Ans: There are two main causes of power loss in the transformer
(i)-Eddy Currents: Due to change of flux through a solid conductor, the induced currents set up within
the body of conductor in a direction perpendicular to the flux are known as eddy currents.
(ii)-Magnetic Hysteresis: The energy spent in magnetization and demagnetization of core is called
hysteresis loss.
Relation between [Link] turns and current.
For an ideal transformer
Input power of primary = Output power of secondary
VpIp = VsIs
Or Ip/Is = Vs/VP ________(i)
But for transfer
Ns/Np = Vs/Vp ______(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
Ip/Is = Ns/Np ________(iii)
Eq (iii) shows the relation between [Link] turns and currents.
Short questions of the Exercise
[Link]#01 :Does the induced emf in the circuit depend on the resistance of the circuit? Does the
induced current depend on the resistance of the circuit?
Ans:
(a)-No, it does not depend upon the resistance of the circuit.
According to Faraday’s law
∆
Ԑ = -N
It depends upon the rate of change of flux through the circuit.
(b)- Yes, induced current depends upon the resistance of the circuit.
Induced current is given as
Ԑ
I=
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This shows that induced current varies inversely with resistance.
[Link]#02: A square loop of wire is moving through a uniform magnetic field. The normal to the loop is
oriented parallel to the magnetic field. Is emf induced in the loop? Give reason.
Ans: No, emf will not induce in the loop.
In this case magnetic flux through the loop will be constant.
Φ = Constant ; Φ=0
∆
By Faraday’s law Ԑ = -N
Ԑ=0
[Link]#03: Does the induced emf always act to decrease the magnetic flux through the circuit?
Ans: no, it always oppose the change in magnetic flux through the circuit.
According to Lenz’s law, the induced emf always oppose the cause that produces it. So, if magnetic flux
is decreasing through a circuit induced emf acts to increase the magnetic flux and vice versa.
[Link]#04: How would you position a flat loop of wire in changing magnetic field so that there is no
emf induced in the loop?
Ans: If the flat loop of wire is placed parallel to the changing magnetic field, there will be no emf induce
in the loop. In this case no magnetic flux changes through loop ( Φ = 0 ).
∆
By Faraday’s law Ԑ = -N
Ԑ=0
[Link]#05: In the certain region the earth’s magnetic field points vertically down. When a plane flies
due to north, which wingtip is positively charged?
Ans: The magnetic force on a charged particle is given as
⃗ =q( ⃗× ⃗)
According to the right hand rule this force is directed toward west on the positive charged particles. So
west wing is positively charged.
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7 Physics Easy Notes for ([Link] & [Link] – II)
∆
[Link]#06: Show that Ԑ and have the same units.
∆ ∆ .
Unit of Ԑ : Ԑ= Unit of : =
Ԑ= =
Ԑ = Volt _________(i) .
= = = Volt ______(ii)
.
[Link]#07: When an electric motor, such an electric drill is being used, does it also act as generator? If
so what is the consequence of this?
Ans: Yes, it acts like a generator.
When the coil of motor rotates in magnetic field, the magnetic flux through coil changes. So emf is
induced in it which oppose the applied emf. Due to this reason the induced emf is called back emf of the
motor.
[Link]#08: Can a D.C motor be turned into D.C generator? What changes are required to be done?
Ans: Yes, D.C motor can be turned into D.C generator.
Changes required;
Electromagnet is replaced by permanent magnet.
Battery or D.C supply replaced by load.
Rotate the armature mechanically.
[Link]#09: Is it possible to change both the area of loop and magnetic field passing through the loop
and still not have an induced emf in the loop?
Ans: Yes, it is possible.
Magnetic flux is given as
ΦB = ⃗. ⃗
If we change both area and magnetic field in such a way that the product of both remains constant,
then ΦB = Constant
ΦB = 0
∆
By Faraday’s law Ԑ = -N
Ԑ=0
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[Link]#10: Can an electric motor be used to derive an electric generator with the output from the
generator being used to operate the motor?
Ans: No, it is not possible.
Because it will become a self-perpetual system which needs no energy from an external source and this
is against the law of conservation of energy.
[Link]#11: A suspended magnet is oscillating freely in the horizontal plane. The oscillations are
strongly damped when a metal is placed under the magnet. Explain why this occur?
Ans: When a metal is placed under the magnet, a changing magnetic flux passes through the plate
which produces an emf in it. According to Lenz’s law, these eddy currents oppose the free oscillations of
the magnet .Hence the oscillations of the magnet are damped strongly.
[Link]#12: Four unmarked wires emerge from the transformer. What step would you take to
determine the turns ratio?
Ans: Steps to determine the turns ratio
Primary and secondary coils are separated by using oh-meter.
An A.C voltage Vp is supplied to primary coil and induced emf is measured by volt-meter.
Turns ratio can be determined by following relation
Ns / NP = Vs / Vp
[Link]#13: (a)- Can a step-up transformer increase the power level?
(b)- In transformer, there is no transfer of charge from primary to secondary. How is then power
transferred?
Ans: (a)- No, it cannot increase the power. It can only increase the voltage level. For ideal transformer
Input power of primary = Output power of secondary
(b)- In transformer, the electric power is transferred by magnetic flux. There is no direct connection
between primary and secondary coils.
[Link]#14: When the primary of transformer is connected to A.C mains the current in it
(a)- Is very small if the secondary circuit is open
(b)- increase when the secondary circuir is close. Explain these facts.
Ans: (a)- In transformer,
Input power of primary = Output power of secondary
VpIp = VsIs
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9 Physics Easy Notes for ([Link] & [Link] – II)
If secondary circuit is open then Is = 0
VpIp = 0
Since Vp ≠ 0 therefore Ip = 0
(b)-When the secondary circuit is closed the output power is increased. Since in transformer input
power is nearly equal to output power. Therefore input power is also increased.
Power input = VpIp
Since Vp is constant, So to increase the input power Ip should be increased.
Imp Long Questions
Define motional emf. Derive an expression for it.
State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
Explain the phenonmena of mutual induction and mutual inductance and define its unit.
Explain the phenonmena of self induction. Define self inductance. Give its unit.
Derive an expression for energy stored in an inductor.
Discuss the principle, construction and working of an alternating current generator. Also find the
expression for the induced emf and current.
What is transformer? Describe its principle, construction and working in detail.
Prepared by:Mr Mohsin Gulzar [Link] (Physics), M.A (Education) Ph: 0341-7746559