Communication of research findings

 1. PRESENTED BY: Mrs. DEVA PON PUSHPAM.I, ASSISTANT

PROFESSOR.
 2. “Research not published is research not done” Research is not
complete unless it is written up and the findings have been
communicated to others. Communication of research findings is the
final and one of the most important steps of research process.
 3. Research communication is defined as the process of interpreting
or translating complex research findings into a language, format and
context that non expert can understand.
 4.  Select the audience.  Select method of communication.  Avoid
technical jargons.  Do not overload presentation.  Prepare
systematically.  Effective writing.
 5. COMMUNICATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS WRITTEN THESIS
JOURNAL ARTICLE VERBAL / ORAL PLATFORM PRESENTATION POSTER
PRESENTATION
 6. FEATURES CLEAR EASY TO READ CONCISE BASED ON THE
STEPS FIGURES AND DIAGRAM COMPLETE RELIABLE SELF
EXPLANATORY AVOID PLAGIARISM
 7. • It is a formal written account of a study from its inception to its
conclusions and recommendations. • These findings can be utilized for
replication, for review of literature or for planning a new study. • The
thesis is read by limited number of people who are interested in a
particular topic.
 8. SECTIONS OF THESIS PRELIMINARY PAGES BODY
SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS
 9. It includes:  The title / cover page  Certificate from the guides
and principal  Dedication page (optional)  Acknowledgement page
(optional)  Table of contents  List of tables and figures  Abbreviation
page  Abstract including keywords
 10. It includes chapters on (IMRaD)  Introduction  Review of
literature  Methodology  Results  Discussion  Summary, conclusion,
implications and recommendations.
 11. It includes:  The references  The appendices The length of the
thesis varies as per the program and university policy. o Master’s
degree – 25,000 words o Doctoral thesis – 100,000 words
 12.  FONT: Times New Roman  FONT SIZE:  Title of chapter : 18 –
24, bold  Main section headings : 14, bold  Second headings : 12,
bold  Subheadings : 12, regular  Second subheadings : 12, italics 
Text : 12
 13.  SPACING: one and a half spacing for the text. Table and figure
captions may be single spaced.  MARGINS: Left 4cm; top, bottom and
right 2.5cm (binding and trimming)  PAGE NUMBERING:  Preliminary
pages to be numbered in Roman numerals.  Chapters to be numbered
 in arabic numbers.  Page numbers should be placed in the lower right
corner or centre of the page. Only numbers should be mentioned.
 14.  TABLES AND FIGURES: Tables and figures should be inserted at
the appropriate places in the text. Figures must have numbers and
captions under the figures. Tables have their titles and numbers above
the table.  CDs and DVDs (if any): These should be identified with
title, name of student and date.
 15.  One of the main vehicles by which research findings are
communicated is through articles published in professional journals. 
A scientific paper is a written report describing original research
results.  Through publication, the findings can guide policy makers
and program planners to see where modifications are required.  It
increases the researcher’s own confidence of writing.
 17. It shall contain title, abstract, introduction, methods, results,
discussion, conclusion and references (usually IMRaD). TITLE It must
have five components such as title, author’s name, institutional
affiliation, running head and author’s note. Title: It is a clear, concise
statement of the main topic. It should be self explanatory with 10 – 15
words and without abbreviations.
 18. Author and institutional affiliation: Author’s name and the
highlights of when and where the author conducted the research.
Running head: Abbreviated form of title printed at top of all pages and
shall have 50 characters or less including letters, punctuation and
spaces. Author notes: Additional information about affiliation,
acknowledgements, disclaimers, etc.
 19. ABSTRACT: - It is a brief and comprehensive summary of the
contents of the research work with 150 – 250 words. - The components
are introduction, background of study, research objectives, methods,
results and conclusion. - Keywords (3 – 5) must be mentioned in italics.
 20. INTRODUCTION: - It should be logical, coherent and descriptive
with 300 – 500 words. - It should include statement of problem with the
objectives and hypothesis. - Some journals may require the depiction
of conceptual framework. - The introduction should begin broadly and
progressing to specific problems.
 21. METHODS: - This section describes in detail about material and
methods used to complete the research study. - This includes design,
population, setting, duration, sampling technique, sample size,
variables in the study and analytical and statistical procedures. - This
helps the reader to evaluate credibility and worth of the study.
 22. RESULT: - This section is considered as heart of the research
report. - This summarizes the results of the statistical or qualitative
analysis performed on the data. - This can include tables and figures
that depict the research findings.
 23. DISCUSSION: - It is a core aspect of report writing where the
researcher should summarize the main findings with the objectives,
hypothesis, review of literature and conceptual framework. - The
 hypothesis and its acceptance or rejection should be discussed based
on the statistical value. - The summary of findings should be brief as
the main focus of discussion is on inferring the findings.
 24. CONCLUSION: - It must be clear, comprehensive, concise,
written in informative and interesting way to sum up the total work of
research. REFERENCES: - A list of sources must appear in the reference
list. - Most of the journals require the references to be written in
Vancouver style and numbered in superscript at the end of the
completion of sentence.
 25. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: - The people who helped in research
process but does not fulfil the criteria of authorship should be
recognized in acknowledgement list. - These may be people like
authority who gave permission for study, statistician and data
collectors.
 26. CHECKLIST: - A few journals require the completion of an author
checklist. - The checklist may contain information regarding copyright
form, keywords, ethical permission, instruments permission letter, etc.
 27.  The research results are communicated to peers and others
through oral (platform or poster) presentation by the researcher.  The
presentation is commonly done in Faculty Development Program,
Seminar, Workshop, Symposium, etc.  Most conferences require
presenter to submit abstract (250 – 300 words) of research report
containing purposes, research questions, hypothesis, design,
methodology, major findings and conclusion.
 28. o During oral presentation, presenter is asked to present the
report within stipulated time period (10 – 15 minutes including
discussion). o The discussion can be a good opportunity for presenter
and audiences to improve the depth understanding regarding certain
aspects of research report.
 29.  A poster is a static, visual medium containing text, graphics,
tables and photos that synoptically present each phase of the research
in storyboard layout.  The poster are prepared aesthetically to attract
the audience to view it.  Usually it is allowed to be presented
informally to the interested observers.
 30.  The instructions regarding the size of the poster (usual size is
4x8), type of display area provided and other specific criteria regarding
the contents of the display, etc are given by the organizers of the
conferences.  It is better to have the background of light colour and
coloured boxes to emphasize the text and graphics.  There should be
self explanatory graphics and tables.
 31.  The text should be minimum.  Use short sentences and avoid
jargons, acronyms and unusual abbreviations.  There should be 30%
text, 50% graphics and 20% empty space.  Empty space should be
between different parts of the poster to differentiate and to put
emphasize on these parts.  The graphic materials and written portion
should be visible from at least 6 feet distance.
 32.  It is a poster in power point format and the presenters share
their respective topic of presentation in 3-4 slides.  These posters are
displayed digitally in the conferences.  We can use multiple audio,
video, enlarged graphics, hyperlinks while presenting e-poster.
 33. 1. 9 P’s (Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Performance of the
Person Putting on presentation). 2. Know the room and audience. 3.
Relax and give attention to the presentation and audience. 4. Vary the
tone of voice and avoid speaking hurriedly. 5. Avoid doing distracting
things like mannerism. 6. Be mobile with smile and eye contact with
audience.
 34. CRITICAL REVIEW OF PUBLISHED RESEARCH
 35. INTRODUCTION Critical appraisal is a systematic process used
to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a research in order to
assess the usefulness and validity of research findings. A good critique
identifies areas of adequacy and inadequacy in an unbiased manner.
Research critique should not confuse with criticism which only looks for
limitations. It is an intellectual critique to evaluate limitations and
strengths of a research work.
 36. DEFINITION Critiquing is a systematic method of appraising the
strengths and limitations of a piece of research in order to determine
its credibility and its applicability to practice. - Valente, 2003
 37. PURPOSES  To identify the flaws and limitations and therefore
expand the own body of knowledge about the topic, area and process
of research.  Gives an idea about the level of research understanding
of the person who completed the work.  Helps the investigator to
improve upon the deficit areas of a research.  Recommend
appropriate suggestions to improve the research.  Enhance the
novice nurse researcher’s critical thinking skills.  Explore the
alternative approaches to solve the problems.
 38. PRINCIPLES PRINCIPLES Be objective Be constructive
Be balanced Be a good advisor Be specific Critique whole report
Principle of uncertainty
 39. DIMENSIONS DIMENSIONS SUBSTANTIVE AND THEORETICAL
METHODOLOGIC ETHICALINTERPRETIVE PRESENTATION AND
STYLISTIC
 40. RESEARCH CRITIQUE TITLE: It must be self explanatory,
concise and short (10 – 15 words) and must answer what, when, where
(key variables and study population) and key words. AUTHORS: Authors
must mention their qualification, affiliation and details about the
principal investigator and co investigator.
 41. CONTD., ABSTRACT: - Should clearly and concisely summarize
the main features of the report such as introduction, objectives,
material and methods, results, conclusion, and key words. - Abstract
must be precise and must have 150 – 250 words. INTRODUCTION: -
Must include statement of problem, background of study, objectives,
 hypothesis, significance of study with recent references as well as
conceptual and theoretical framework.
 42. CONTD., OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES: - Objectives should
be written clearly following the SMART criteria. - Hypotheses should be
appropriately worded with clear specification of key variables and
study population. LITERATURE REVIEW: - Review should be organized
systematically and up-to-date.
 43. CONTD., CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICALFRAMEWORK: - The
key concepts should be adequately defined and the framework should
be appropriate. PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: - The procedures
should safeguard the rights of study participants and should be
externally reviewed by ethics review board.
 44. CONTD., RESEARCH DESIGN: - The design should minimize the
biases and threats to the internal and external validity of the study.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE: - The sampling design and sample size
should be adequate to enhance the sample’s representativeness.
 45. CONTD., DATA COLLECTION AND MEASUREMENT: - The
instrument should be specific and measure the variables using
appropriate method. DATAANALYSIS: - Appropriate statistical methods
should be used. - Errors should be minimized. - Information about
statistical significance should be presented.
 46. CONTD., DISCUSSION: - The major findings should be
interpreted and discussed within the context of prior research. - The
report should address the issue of the generalizability of the findings.
IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: - Reasonable and complete
implications should be discussed.
 47. CONTD., CONCLUSION: - Clear and concise conclusion should
be written in informative, interesting manner and a new perspective
should be demonstrated. REFERENCES: - References should be written
in vancouver style and numbered superscript at the end of completion
of sentence.
 49. One of the important goals of research is to generate new
knowledge and establish an evidence base within the profession. The
need for quality patient outcomes and cost effective care has made it
essential that nurses base their practice on research evidence.
However, despite an increase in research output, utilizing research
evidence by nurses in clinical setting remains a challenge.
 50. Research utilization refers to the review and critique of
scientific research and then the application of the findings to the
clinical practice. - ESTABROOKS, 1998 The process of synthesizing,
disseminating and using research generated knowledge to make an
impact on or a change in the existing practices in the society. - BURNS
and GROVE, 2005
 51.  Development of specialized research department / wing. 
Design educational program before implementing research utilization
concept.  Develop reward system for nurses.  Organize continuing
 education events.  Administrative support.  Open communication
channels.  Change the attitude to welcome research in practice.
 52. BARRIERS RELATED TO NURSES ORGANIZATION RESEARCH
COMMUNICATION
 53.  Lack of knowledge about the scientific research process.  Lack
of interest of higher authority to change or adopt new practices.  Lack
of supportive colleagues.  Lack of knowledge of technical language. 
Overwhelming patient load.  Lack of time to do quality research.
 54.  Lack of recognition in terms of salary, incentive and promotion.
 Lack of resources.  Apathy of nurse administrator towards novel
ideas.  Lack of decentralization and formalization in an organization.
 55.  Lack of knowledge about scientific research process.  Lack of
knowledge on statistical analysis and tests.  Lack of knowledge in
writing research report.  Inability to organize voluminous amount of
information.  Lack of resources related to publication and literature.
 56.  Lack of communication skills to higher authorities like
administrator, research committee, funding agencies, etc.  Long
standing time for acceptance of manuscript.  Inadequate knowledge
about method of research communication.