esi, yes or moons membrane Sh 38 thse gra ‘vagina or penis. About 3000 ofthe more than 12 million known che fee more accidental and deliberate poisonings. Howes "ios any substance ingested in large quantities can he tone Gam sours f pons inclie dries hoes F foultural products, plants, industrial chemical ae poisons that eam | poisoning ean oocur but cannot be identified. Probably, the "tos poisonous substance in existence is plutonium, Rin, a eT cant ol sce i loo x very pa Poisoning is most commonly a ora ‘ ériminal attempt to commit murder, or suicide ora “Sticdal gesture, Children, under the age of 3. are particularly “Wulherable to poisoning, as are the elderly. fom confusion their medications, hospitalized patients from ion errors, and industrial workers froin exposure to ‘hemicals. Suicidal poisoning is now the most common of killing oneself in advanced countries due to the ease taining these toxic drugs. Paracetamol has now replaced and aspirin as favorite methods of suicide tal products such as paraquat, parathion and aceti Re Ribber preparation are common sources of poisons 280 | proteins that cause wat are delivered, Pern venomous and poisonous. The de “poisonous” are synonymous, 2c) voxtion, for example by bindiig to a & Jeen known to be symbolized by the skull Biological poisoning Contact or absorption of} Impairment. Agents that act om Paralyze in seconds or less,starves the body of energy the synthesis of ATP. esas i high concentration. of potassium 1p ‘execution of prisoners in parts of the wot, stops the heart by eliminating the cell poy td ser mc contraction. Such rapid reactions. ttl fey Most (but not all) pesticides are created to act ag to target organisms, although acute or ess observable « ean alo occur to non-target organism. inchad Thiumans who apply the pesticides and other pi “organist. 7A prison may ako act lowly. ‘This is known as chron deoning and is most common for poisons that bioaccumulate ofthese types of poisons are mercury and lead, Many Substances regarded as poisons are toxic only inditwetly, Ay {eatmple is “wood alcoho” or methanol, which is not poisonous itself, but is chemically converted to toxic formaldehyde in the liver. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, and the {gee variability of certain liver enzymes makes the tony of ‘many compounds difer between one individual ad the next. ‘The study of the symptoms, mechanisms, treatment and Aiggnosis of biological poisoning is known as toxicology Exposure to radioactive substances can procuce radiation ‘Poisoning, an unrelated phenomenon, For some reason, a poison has an enduring, fascination. Most People vem to be both repelled and attracted by it B) Pesibly beeatie itis deadly and, at the same time, discreet. Its Make those Of more obvious weapons, are not messy and eral. is capable of fanctions, or of placing ate a 0 prevent the ont ‘the Revised Penal Code in ya without intent to kil shal oe a oe A any injurious substances oe by miantage of his weaknestes of mind 9 Se penalty provided for in Arle 268 ftisthe INTENT to kill or injure another If the intention is <0) Hila because of the administered poison, then orhomicide, depending upon the presence or qualifying circumstance SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF POISONING _ ‘There are specific symptoms and; of poison. The following are general Nausea, sudden vomiting, seinures and hypotension Vague abdominal dis ‘vomiting, constipation pain, Symptoms appear apparently in4 Map onset of « neurological oF gastroinag nz in perons known to be occupa exposed to chemicals. Y More often when a poison is suspected, th doa toxicological examination with the taking ofa sample from the deceased or in case ofa non fatal poisoning, from the first step tp Teing vietim, Samples from the latter are usually much eageg factor of ney Before any actual analyag the complicating, ‘decomposition products is absent ‘ean be made, the sample must be treated in various ways in ‘onder to extract and purify the poison in it Poisons ean be extracted using organic ‘ther or chloroform, or by the use of solid silica absorbents vents such as TOXICOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES USED TO IDENTIFY ‘THE PARTICULAR POISON 1, Chromatography. —This technique ‘arious compounds in a sample to identify a specific feompound, Diflerent compounds pass on an absorbent Medium at different rates depending on their different ral compositions. In gas chromatography, wherein the isheated to make it volatile, the molecule from the compounds move through a long narrow tube of gst toward a detection devise that recognizes the specific separates. the rn aoe anc aspect which ia hon according to its tome fe getrometry ate the opether vot a certain method of matography’ is a crude sorting mel iy improved with the concomitant: Gretrometer. Actual identification ofthe secnparing the results obtained with the oon coc 3, Immunoassay.—This te used, but the principle is that whem a Hoo! circulation, this foreign body will cause the body to produce a d antibody will arrest the antigen and antigen-antibody complex. The complex is then consumed by the 1 be identified by im antigen then c ADMINISTERING THE POISON How the poison has been because it will determine whether the]Tn aid of the determination of the ems during Is. the pong ‘and the moral circumstances maybe cons tive embed wis Betas the dan had partake.” Whar tinal Evidence, 11th edition, pp 233-234) -—Gyanile and arse are usually ingested through the ~ gnouth, while substances like heroin are often injected into the flood. Some poisons such as snake venoms, are not poisonoys “unless they enter the body through the bloodstream. Tha. ‘venoms, being proteins are simply digested in the mouth, if ‘taken by mouth, 410 this route of entry into the body ix the inhalation of ‘Substances which reach the hangs and pass from there into the ss Tnjecting drugs such as heroin directly into the ‘very effective way of introducing drug taken that bioavailability on ae sero bioavel feet. Heroin has 2e ve bioavailability of the d oe ae ia which is poorly absorbed, didn ‘Fp viet. then these points would be sig line The forensic toxicologst therefore quantity or dosage of the poison METABOLITES Metabolic activity usally aa exereted poisons and their exeretion, ‘The: Metabolites. They’ are substances p or transformation of the ingested out of the body, usually in the uring, easily, that it is detected as a m than the drug itsel Some poisons are however immediately but are retained for the body, like the Cannabis ‘examined in the blood by ions are excreted simply by! fingernails where they can do lilke opiates, ease therapeutic problems doses need to be given to give an analgesie Fiks of respiratory failure and death, Darbiturates, Berwodiazepines and ye group alll exhibit ge | Aneyneracy is the opposite situation of Tolerance, 4 ‘unall dose ofa substance or poison which may not be fatal 4 person without Idisyneracy can however be fatal in the of the idiosyncracy phenomenon. The Peniciing Heroin are examples of drugs which ‘TOXIC DOSE VERSUS FATAL DOSE “Toxie dose means that smallest dose which is known to ‘Proice symptoms or disability. while the fatal dose is the ‘tallest amount or dose, known to produce death. There iso exact dose that ean certainly cause symptoms of toxicity oF death. The vulnerability of people to a toxic or fatal dose ® ‘leatly variable, One person may not react at all to one dose af 450mg Ampiciin, while another person with the same dose _ ayshow sign of toxic ty or hypersensitivity reactions. 1LD50 or the minimum lethal Dased on animal experi ee dose is merely ments being fh the heart, great vessels or Visceral 2 ke capabilities of the difeen t vaepation time from the body i ao von calculations oF extrapolations pr nisleacing and should not be the only the appropriate dose, Experience and sound) important in the calculation of the inonler to avoid a toxic o lethal dose, SAMPLE COLLECTION AND STORAGE of a criminal or court action, the samples labeled and identified. The responsible: ood samples from the veins, urine uth, the esophagus, the ete, must place the vated tube or flasks, the vietim’s name, address, date Storage, the particular type of Sc. the place or venue whereathe abel, nd mach a ofthe samples must also be “of the person to whom the samples Were gj to the laboratory must be entered ig das to establish continuity of the evidence, samples must be taken only fm py femoral veins or axillary veins. Blood sample {ikem from the heart and great vessels or the jugiige system maybe contaminated or may contain abnorm, “false higher concentrations of the poison, compared tg "the other areas of the veinous circulation. For mog ‘examination, 15 ml of blood is removed and placed in g tube with a 5-10 ml of anticoagulant, such as EDTA, jam oxalate or heparin. If alcohol intake iy suspected. 5 ml of blood is placed in a sodium fluoride tube to inhibit production or destruction of alcohol by URINE—About 25.30 mi of urine is collected by “aspirating the urinary bladder or inserting a uxinary | catheter: No preservative is required. but if there is any | delay in bringing the urine to the laboratory, a small | amount of sodium azide can be aed YOMITUS AND STOMACH CONTENTS —Vomitus and ‘other stomach contents, should be placed in a clean glast HOF & plastic tube with a tight fitting lid. The stomach Be opened at the lesser curvature in a and allow the contents to gravitate towank —" pti . laced into a a nd oo resting LUNGS AND OTHER 0 eels, og ld try inpeviod ST roid the escape of veins Theta telvent abuse can sls be Raina vom, che Iver aaa Se when utine ot a Te whole iver i eet HAIR AND NAIL CLIPPI cut or pulled from the roots eam Neutron Activation Analysis eat be when the poison was administered keratin, and the most recent roots, . INTERPRETING THE= ‘will depend upon the correctness op fon. which 10 anchor his decixign the ‘therefore of the toxicological results ma “Ina criminal act, the importance of an intention 4 injure matters mos: This canbe lite inthe King ill oaage of the poison used eau which the perpetrator of the crime intended it yy What f the dosage that results to injury or death? tye nove ix that there is really no fixed dosage, because «aig Denon of ight build will succumb to much lower doses gf order to achieve that ov poison or drug that would have little or no effect on a lage ‘and healthier person. Alw the concentration of the poison gp fhe metabolite can vary according to where in the citculatory ‘stem a blood sample was taken Ifthe dead body is already infested with maggors, itis tho wise to compare the concentration of the poison taken foun the maggots and that from the dead body. Samples fom © he urine can alo vary depending upon the state of hydration (Of the vie, Recent intake of coffee or tea increases the Nolume of urine since they are diuretics, Products of decomposition from a dead body can also confi Because they are alo poisons which can either neutralize Weaken orstregthen th effets ofthe original poison Mogphine ia stable compound that does not decompose afer death. Morphine and diamorphine, te main active of heroin have been given intentionally in ovet vith two effets of pain ree and respiratory depresion e the issue Ampletamines, tke “Speed” and feat examples of these = patemic poisons. Speed Sea eidence making the user mone Methamphetamine is the most in the USA and in the rferes with the reuptake: an is toxic to the Bs with other drugs and or mix Amphetamines, fatal heart attacks presure so high that a blood vessel causing stroke with paralysisand death, — Hallucinogens include ISD, rushroom). mescaline _(peyate) mmethylamphetamine (DOM, STP) Acid Diethylamide (LSD) is a very a synthetic drug obtained from ISD is very dangerous, ea ‘Schizophrenia, panie attacks:‘ingested by children and aduys tho have a special fondness for gait fof these wild berries. Symptoms of tt Jhoarseness and drying of the skin. Thery. opine Pad ultimate respiratory falure, 8 yoni, a drug found in the deadly nightshade (dara stramonium) and Henbane (Hyoy. gy causes delium and renders the user incapable of ig tnd rewoning. Hyoweine under the more comme ‘Cocaine from the dried leaves of Erythiroxylim coca, igg ‘nerve stimulant and can kill by over stinualating the It is similar to heroin and other narcotics. Cocaine ie the cocaine with bal positive for use, though he had not actually used cocaine. TRYCHNINE is a ant and convulsant drug, which comes from an Indian € called Strychnos nux vomica. The symptoms from ne poisoning are almost that of tetanus with stiffening Hrigilty of the muscles in the chest, while that of tetanus paw muscles stiffen most noticeably, with a risus fin of the facial contracted muscles. Paralysis of oblongata causes death. It causes excruciating Me the vietim dies, The fatal dose is 30-60 mg althougl 48 variation in the fat ao al dose in a particular viet fun! ope) ‘of the poison in the, Aeonite is another jaitum napellus ct Aah the Greeks called the “Queen, de: tingling ensation inthe ” ‘The limbs become weak, with and hy’ mushroom species are also. poisonous timetting and death. The death eap isthe mushroom, which is the frequent cause off Palocybe semilanceata is a hallucinogenis cighty species of this genus prods, hallucination. 3. TRANQUILIZERS—The analgei narcotic drugs are among the eommonest suicides and they are the tranquilizers doses can cause death after two to thre falure and renal tubular necrosis: overdoses of 20 paracetamol is combined with D Simultaneous presence of bi spileptics or the presence of eh ‘worsens the situation. Blood tugliter are likely to produce ees 41. eee~ Among the tranquilizers, the hypnotic Barbitaratey ‘most dangerous. Barbiturates are often mixed ‘mixed in milk, are reddish like red skin berries. fhe short acting barbiturates can also cause death with ‘about thirty minutes, The blod levels found in fatal poisoning vary between about 5 and 50 mgfiter, mgflter The intermediate acting barbiturates include amylobarbitone (Amstal) pentobarbitone, allobarbi tone and butobarbitone where the mean fatal evel is around 25 mg/liter, or ranging fiom 10-Tmgliter. The long acting barbiturates, ike Phensbarhitone, phenytoin and barbitone require higher Bod levels of 120 mgfter to cause death. In autopsies of fatal barbiturate poisoning, there are p ‘ofthe gastric mucosa, Bee Black ngs and cyanotic lividity due to central 9M pstor fare which isthe mode of dash Setbibitale blisters develop in 6% of patients receiving esol batbiturates in areas where two ekin surface Beer Nother, like the inner thighs ‘The han average of positive signs of erosion al signs of marked congestion with wit oil the later enhancing the effect of the barbtaat i lose needed for a fatal greatly reducing the total di Fesult. One fgam of barbiturates can kiln soconds or minutes, Sosa short ting barbiturate, has been wsed to poison babie org take then skap. The throat of babies poisoned with sco ‘The antidepressant, rs causing great agitation i : ae Oe teal ‘othms, polyuria, coma and d ood of 2 mmoVliter and above ean Narcotics ar conciousness. Opium is the dried juice {Papaver Somniferum), where codeine extracted. Heroine is derived from substances which are found in the opium the plant’s seeds are Thebaine, Nareoting The symptoms of opium poisoning ar tocoma and heavy sweating, Thebaine very quickly. Opium poisoning eases thew temperature, but its most dstintive “pinpoint” contraction of ‘Uke pupil “pinpoint pupils” positively shows donna drops placed in the eyes ean p Pinpoint pupils A “cutting agen barbiturate, used to dilute opium OF emeral, the fatal dose of morphine:die with doses of only 10 mg, from the plant Cannabis Sativa is oo (Mary Jane). Cannabis is commonly tly a igaretes joints) made from the tem al tops of the dried plant cannabis sativa. 1 ingredient of marijuana is tetrahydrocan | THC occurs in many variations the hai Aelia 9-THC, Dronabinol is, Deta-9-THC. Dronabing in research and sometimes used to treat the nauseg wl ‘vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. Tt eg ismeicnal and les addictive than alcohol Paralytic poisons include the toxin Contine found in the Teaves of Hemlock (Conium Maculatum) the poison which ‘was used to execute the philosopher Socrates. Coniine Dparalyzes first the legs, then the rest of the body and ‘ultimately leads to respiratory failure and death, Nicotine i not widely used as a poison, th fatalities have ‘courted due to its use. ‘The purified toxin is used in various inseticides and pesticides. Three or four drops of pure nicotine Killin a short time. The poison can be absorbed by mouth, by inhalation, or through the skin. Around the body during smugeling effects as has the tar and stoking. 4. HYPOGLYCEMICS—This potent hypoglycemic drug Aosin, has been used repeatedly in, homicide and in suicide AES HI suspected, itis an effective murder, homicide oF method. Normally the body maintains the level of A sugar within 70 t0 110 n ‘sugar levels, gh ma obacco leaves wrapped ave caused serious taxi mnants of pipe and cigarette per deciliter of blood. Law NE pees on 2 the hod 5, CORROSIVE AND METALLIC yoo are used in suicides, homicide, Tents of torture, Caustic substanes i ‘well as the salts of heavy metals action on the tissues, mouth, esophagus, and stomach, Some pives containing cause sisi [eal cleaners and dishwater deta imay eat through the wall of the « ‘The damaged stomach oF esophagus werk or more after the poisoning, posi events as vomiting or severe eougl disinfectants and antisepties inllocal orearbolic acid and related compounds} Sicide poisons. a ‘wallowing phenol results mouth and the digestive trate ‘weet smell, There are burns Death is due to. Central Ne reralized destruction of theslike Epeom salts and have been streaked with hemorrhagic neerosig ‘contains black altered blood acid hematin, fonalate crystals adherent to the ulcerated mug eT att faves, reruking into hypocalet sulting calcium oxalate precipitated crystals are feat fi the Kidney proximal convoluted tubules causing neergg ‘of the cells therein, UAmenie substances are now most often used as poison in Mesias a popular poison for wiih g agnostic ton wos devised called the MARSH TEST. Thang BP ive tate, which can be easily masked by the fend BRMMEEN ff eciinitered. Areenic isn't poisonous a the metal itself, but only its compounc et iets arseniies like copper, sodium About 200mg-30mg. of arsenious oxide is needed for acute fatal toxicity. They interfere with cellular respiration by Pombining with sulphydryls in the mitochondrial enzyme, ‘The vascular endothelium isa specific target that accounts for Wt lesions of increased permeability, tissue edema and Hemorrhage. The signs and symptoms of arsenic poisoning Have ofien been mistaken as a natural intestinal disease. In Ase Pobning vomiting, often blood speckled, i one ofthe ‘of symptoms, followed by intense stomach pai thirst, nausea, cramps, lose of weight. a feeling of ‘and constriction in the throat. There is dehydration like arsenious oxide eaning metalang | a leaching fot onthe a0 f thea (erythromelalgia) are ost abundant element. ee eae Feed sol mo The eal forseveral years after its administration, cul ompound cat oa wl ground water, as homicide and accident called “tartar emetic.” Antimony found ofcooking utensils have resulted int poi of 150 mg can prove fatal, Antimony. the treatment of Bilharzia, Mereury, in the form of met hospitals and clinics as antisepties ‘industrial poison that has resulted mercurial poisoning, there is @ Gastrointestinal manifesta tions and arsenic poisoning. Renal F han i marks of chronic mereurialor plumbism is usually 4 Fes chides and a dn adults maybe permanent. The risk or pes though unpredictable, i great at high blood loygh fildren, symptoms start with several yoga : fand decreased play activity. More soe mptom abruptly oeeur and worsen Over 1-5 dayy, Pele forceful persistent vomiting. uncoordinated walk eimures, confusion, sleepiness and finally uncontrolahie tczurs and coma. The symptoms of brain damage are eatua Fnainky by swelling of the brain. Stopping the exposure doo, fot remove all the risks of brain damage and feded. In adults, a characteristic sequence of sy mptorns may Gevelop over several weeks or longer: personality. changes, Theadaches, a metallic taste in the mouth. poor appetite and Wague abdominal discomfort ending with vomiting, Gxetipation and crampy alvlorinal pain. Brain damage i rare in adults. Thallium is used as a rat poison and is widely used in the ae In acute thallium poisoning, symptoms fabominal pain and vorniting. Hair loss is a major sign after fortwo weeks fom thallium intake. nthe succeeding days ests fon and pyc symptoms appear: At there are widespread non-specific degeneration in the lives, Kidey, brain anther sans Poisoning, causes diarshea, vomiting, high white ‘count and high blood glucose level. The symptom cur in the following stages serious. 4 Stage 2—Oceurs within 10-14 ‘misleading improvement to 24 hours Occurs between 12 and “and shock develops. Blood; land test indicates liver drowsiness, convulsions and; Stage 4—Oceurs after 2 to 5 weeks. ‘as intestinal obstruetion, Stage 6 AGRO- s Insecticides have been used widely in eon destructive pests, vermins andl in kilers have greatly inereased Pesticides and Tnseoticides, fompounds kill insects and pest by enzymes and the most toxie i like, Malathion, Dithion, D TEPP are also very poisonous seidentally or by suicide. ‘The Organo-Phosphates“Dieldrin and Deophane (nit xtemive povoning 10 people and wid ny mista body fat but are not a8 toxic as the phos HERBICIDES (WEED-KILLERS)—Paraqust (Gran, ery poisonous when swallowed. This concentrated mistaken asa drink and taken accidentally. Tt has ge sed in aiid caves. Weedol andl Diquat are herbicides thy ils been causes of serious poisoning. ‘They are oo the mucosa of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and ei, Inthe liver, centrilobular necrosis and tubular damage resulting hepatorenal failure have ensued in the frst few day the intake, In the hmgs, manifestations of the Adult i Distress Syndrome occur with Hyaline membrane The alveoli are filed with pneumocytes leading to 8. GASEOLS POISONS—Accidental deaths have oocuned suppl with gas produced from coal. Car engines emit Garhon Monoxide (CO). Diesel engines produce: kes 00. Monoxide has also been used by suicide victims while their ar, with the engine on, from the car exhaust inserted into the car window. 46% applanees and heating systems can procuce CO Ba eeiny Kill whole families as they sleep in @ Saravan. A buming house or a building with buring Aumitures and fabrics are good sources of CO. Strong from a Yeak in a laboratory cvlinde ie se co may dic even a Saturation. Tt must be ‘variable depending upon the age, sibility of the victim. The during life are surprisingly similar to, its known that drivers are overcomed tkakng into the interior of the ear because Drives accused of drunkenness il poisoning as a cause of their condition, but pence of carboxy-hemogloin in the bod truth. Internally all the organs ane pink carboxyhemoglobin and myoglobin, common. In the brain there is bilateral eystie the basal ganglia with parkinsonian cerebral hypoxia of €O- poisoning damage ‘ CO poisoning can be detected | In optical deteeti the spectrum of earboxy geen segment, The measure of CO saturation in opti by the distance by which the aia: oa wr the liberation of CO by Cy . Mowe mor ely han Ca DIOXIDE isa natural gas, relatively ine ‘concentration in the atmosphere {C02 has no poisonous or accumulative can kil, with mininsum fatal concentration, gp and the high concentrations of 64.99 ding sudden death, When death is rapid with no vaso it ean be due to vaso vagal reflex, triggered by q stimulus, C02 is often present in industrial sites and in places ‘where explosions or fires have just occurred. Its high ‘concentration inthe langs prevents the expulsion of CO2 fom ‘the body, so that respiration is hindered. Three (3) percent in "the atmosphere will eause headache, drowsiness. giddiness and “general weakness. In anesthesia, deaths have occurred from ‘oxygen cylinder becoming empty whilst commonly eted toa still functioning carbon dioxide cylinder given jon oceurs and can be fatal. AMMONIA gas poisoning though uncommon, results in eouphing pulmonary edema and bronchopneunon = Permissible concentration is only 100 parts pet Te has been used in assaults, homicide, murder, and iby throwing the gas directly into the eyes and face #@ iti, she efor ke 20 mites to kill and may Gyanide by inh fearon oxide, Mocks the up atthe blood Hence an unstable ‘eetater has bright sare color Pe xin of those who die of eyanide vy organs sone ike bitter almond, fit or dark red. If eyanide igs anach lining will be deep red o black femorshage in the rugal folds, 9, HALOGENATED atoms in these Hydrocarbons have in the aliphatic chain of the resulting substances have been sed de dustry and medicine, anesthetics have been inhaled int anexthesiologists, with its pernicious resulting to hepatic cell damage strong fat solvent injuring the body intocontact with through ingestion, METHYLENE ‘wftigeration has caused many: from a defective pipe system, Pro fan result to a staggering disturbances,vm skin contact, it causes skin blistey, ‘the body. muscular incoordination, Ataris gand renal tubular necrosis may develop > N TETRACHLORIDE is also used ‘ ecient eel ners and iver faire by inhalant a aneti ‘of possible enor or more controversial ex TETRACHLORETHANE is @ plasticizer used in fig, ‘and artical pearls ete. It is more toxic than ¢ “Tetrachloride, being nine times more dangerous. Liver neerg and extremity polyneuritis have resulted in the vietims, > ee 10, GASOLINE AND KEROSINE—Every year, many FDA believes aspartame elildren age five (5) years and below are poisoned by dietary doses Swallowing petroleum distillates, such as gasoline and Kerosene, Small quantities of these liquid can flow easly getting into the lungs and damage them directly. The symptoms affect chiefly the hungs, intestines and brain, Lang {inflammation or Pneumonia can cause death in twenty four hours, A chest X-ray isthe sin test. Phe Within 68 hours in 90% of the people who develop [pneumonia asa result of gasoline and kerosene poisoning. | Ti. ETHYLENE GLYCOL—is the most toxic and most | widely available of the Glycols. Drinking more than about | ve 100-200 mil is fatal, resulting to acute renal failure. Glyeol i= in 5 fastroenteritis caused. by fonvered to oxalic acid, with the presence of fan shaped | Graney caused BY A Sree of calcium oxalate in the kidney tubules aM] nausea and vomiting, mild interstitial tissues. Liver damage also occurs abdominal discomfort. Body Alectrolyte losses results into ‘Saccharin) have been neurotoxic (however these # Asbestos—a widely used ‘causes mesothelioma and other the respiratory tract. Be reactions). Carbon tetrachloride (J extinguishers). develops in two (2) hours in severe ca 12, MCOTINE—The poison is absorbed by inhalatiom IPRs patristic, ov vce sve cxin. 0g:5 OF COMMON FOOD POISONING, infection of the small intestine, ‘brio Cholerae. It is spread by i pple, ‘The small inteatines recrete aunts of fide rich in minerals and salts, Out I dering the warm months, though epidens . nyreeanon affecting all ages. Natural immunigy a Geel in endemic ares, Fewer than one percent of gn Arh recive prompt adequate Did replacement i than 50% of those untreated die of severe chole B. Campylobacter poisoning —This is caused by dri contaminated water, eating undercooked poultry and meat, be contact with infected animals. Mostly the bacteremia foaum in people with existing disease such a diabe canoe. Diarrhea maybe bloody with fever of 100 10. . severe abdominal cramps and pain. , Staphylococcal food poisoning —Poisoning. from eating food contaminated with the into diarhea and vomiting, Food handlers with any aphylococeal infection, such as boils or impetigo, skia infections should refrain from distributing or selling food and Adrinks. Usually other people who ate the same kind of food from the same food handler or restaurant are also afflicted. Severe fluid and electrolyte loss can cause hypovolemic shock Symptoms last for about 12 hours or less and recovery # Usually complete. By phylococeal toxin, resulting com pave been responsible in rar of the Botulinum i gant to eat and can survive bo weerect_ problem in botulism ix ‘eepiratory failure and death, FE, Clostridium Perfingens Food most common cause foe fre or mill, with tun shock. Diagnosis i eonfiemed by: foe dostridiuun perfringens F, Travelers's Diarthea Calle Trista itis characterized by dian cccurring frequently among travelers toxins and. viruses like the Norwalk causing Traveler's diarrhea, Allfo0d carbonated beverages or boiled cubes from boiled water is ‘uncooked vegetables should be G. Mushroom or Toadstoal of Inocybe and Clitoeybe, eatHH. Sid poioning—Poivoning AWC 10 one of ay thre fh toxine- Ciguatera, Tetraodon, or Histamge J. Contaminant , poisoning occurs after eating any of the more thay | wed or sprayed with arsenic, 4dapecies offs from the tropical refs of the Pac | aa quid served in lead glazed he West Indies and Florida USA. The fish accunnlates she seium-lined containers may tonins produced by dinoflagellates and other micro organiany ergs Jptho sea, Larger fishes are more toxie than the smaller one Tine een ‘Mos fish processing do not destroy the accumulated toxingin ode oa ithe body constitution ofthe fish. Abdominal cramps, nausea, es atti ‘Yomiting and diarrhea oceur two to eight hours after eating of pana 1 ae he symptoms last for 6 to 17 hours, Later ee a prvduces facial pressure, ehest Symptoms, may include itchiness, pins and needles sensation, Fe tout hee Treadache, muscle aches, a reversal of hot and cold sensations, _ ‘and facial pain. In Tetraodon poisoning, death may result Ey sta pene loarinc posing PHILIPPINE LAWS ON POTS Mackerel, tuna and blue dolphin, occurs when the tissues of Section 755, of the Revised: the fish break down due to improper handling oF that: “Every person who fllowing violent poisons to Wits Aeterioration, producing high levels of Histamine toxins Histamine causes nausea and vomiting, stomach pain and phosphorus, corrosive sublinmatey “uiticaria a few minutes after ingestion. There is ako other eyanide, atropine, cocaine, immediate facial us oftheir salts and all other po IT Red Tide poisoning —From June to October in the oi ia i ‘ocean and the New England coast, the waters contail = containing hydro fantial number of dinoflagellates producing a red ct bane (nitro benzene).‘sich others a8 containing leas sugans of pium per ane hung Soy to the ounce) shall make op vt Sty (ovo aig ns rpok kept for the purpose of recording the tt mimentey stating the date of each gale «Shot yurehaser, the name and Pe address of the pure! rd uant if poten la she prone for which Ht as ae a I before delivering it to the purchaser, 14 prions, but no prescription oles auch poion 10 any person without saree fontaine a daneuns Tea ar that such person is aware ofits poisonous chant consulting the Preciee tia thatthe poison isto be used for a legitimate Purpose Teall ffx to every box, bottle or other package contig dangerous or poisonous drug, a label of red paper ch hall be printed in large black letters the word “poign wet preceding sections shall be kept in a Ted a vignette representing a skull and hones, elgg proved in every pharmaey carrying ch Gaivering it to any penon. Books kept for the purpoe of re retail trade: and the same shall be kept froonding the sale of poisons shall be open at all times tothe when not in ws inspectors of the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners, and of Ihealth offices or officers of the law, and every’ book shal be reserved fr at least five years after the last entry in ity hae been made.” Section 756 of the same Revised Administrative Cade fal provides that; “Every person who dispenses, sll or dalvers any aconite, belladonna, cantharides, colehicum, onium, cotton root, digitalis, ergot, hellebore, henbants Phytalaca, strophanthus, oil of tansy. veratrum viride, or their pharmaceutical preparations, carbolic acid (phenol | shloral hydrate, chloroform, creosote, croton oil, mineral ened ids oxalic acid, paris green, salts of lead, salts of zinc, tart matic, white hellebore, or any drug, chemical or preparation PWlich according to standard works of medicine or materi Iatica is lable 10 he lie Further, Section 757 of the same! de provides that: “The poisonous Confirmed poisonings: * Bhopal Disaster—An aoei | a from 2 penta | 2.000 people and injured destructive to human adultavetie homewer, ac + Georgi Markor— Assassinated in London with yin memoir ais ‘eSoerates—Acconfing to Plato, iled by dings poisones Heallck (water hemlock, not hemlock the even tree) © *lan Turing—Apparently committed suicide by painting an apple with Cyanide and taking a bite, Viktor Yushchenko —poisoned with dioxin the Ukrainan elections Ta ‘Suspected or rumored poisonings Yasser Arafat—Arafat reputedly died from liver Ginhosis, which may be a consequence of chronic | aleohol use or poisoning. Some Arafat supportersfeel | itis extremely unlikely that Arafat habitually used aleohol (forbidden by Islam), and so suspect Poisoning, possibly by the Mossad. (Note that cimthoss is not necessarily indeed any poison.) aused by aleohol use, oF . *Napoleon Bonaparte—some claim. he was killed by Petesie on his staff with arsenic. ‘inconclusive, Evidence i |