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SCHOO NAME
L

SESSION:2023-2024)

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
(Transformer

Submitte to: Submitte by:

d d
NAME NAME
TEACHER STUDENT
Class:XII
Roll No;

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CERTIFICAT E
This is to certify tha

Student Name
has successfully completed his/her
Physics project titled

Transformer
under the supervision and guidance of
TEACHER NAME

in the partial fulfillment of the Physics

practical
assessment conducted during the
cacademic year
2023-2024.

EXAMINER TEACHE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my immense gratitude to

my physics teacher Teacher Name for the help and
guidance he/she provided for completing this
project.

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas

and inputs in making this [Link] of all I
thank
our school management,for providing us the
facilities and opportunity to do this project.

Lastly,I would like to thanks my classmates who

have helped me in this [Link] support made
this project fruitful.C Y C L E

- Student Name

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INDEX
CONTENT PAGE NO

Certificate 02
Acknowledgement 03

Topic 05

Introduction 06
Principle 07

Construction 08

Theory 9-11

Working 12

Material Required 14

Procedure 15

Observation 16
Application 18

Conclusion 19

Precaution 20

Rcfcrcncc 21

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TOPIC

Investigatory project on
Transformer
Transformer
Ip Is
Vp
Vs Secondary

Primary Circuit Np Circuit

turns

turns

KNOWLEDGE
C Y C L E

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INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage
into a low alternating [Link] is a static electrical device that
transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units
weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to
interconnect
portions of the power [Link] operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is [Link] new technologies
have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic
circuits,
transformers are still found in many electronic
[Link] are essential for high-voltage electric power
transmission,which
makes long-distance transmission economically practical.A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current
[Link] a transformer,the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving
parts.A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer.A transformer which decreases the [Link] is
called a step-down [Link] is,therefore,an essential
piece of apparatus both for hig and low current circuits.
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PRINCIPLE

The electric transformer works on the fundamental principle

of electromagnetic induction,a concept first discovered by
Michael Faraday in the 19th [Link] transformer consists of two
coils of wire,known as the primary and secondary windings,which
are usually wound around a common magnetic [Link] an
alternating current (AC)flows through the primary winding,it
generates a changing magnetic field around the [Link]
to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,this changing
magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF)or voltage in
the secondary [Link] key principle here is that the transformer
relies on the mutual induction between the primary and secondary
windings through the magnetic flux linkage

Coil 1 Coil 2

F
Y
材
B
l₁changing
E₂induc

Galvanometer

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CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of

laminated sheets,well insulated from one [Link] coils
P₁&P₂andS₁&S₂are wound on the same core,but are well insulated
with each [Link] that the both the coils are insulated from the core,

the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to P₁Pz,the primary coil

and a load resistance R is connected to S₁Sz,the secondary coil through
an open switch [Link] there can be no current through the [Link] so
long as the switch is [Link] an ideal transformer,we assume that the
resistance of the primary &secondary winding is [Link],
the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also [Link]
operation at low frequency,we may have a soft [Link] soft iron core
is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate
them to reduce energy losses by eddy [Link] input circuit is

called [Link] the output circuit is called secondary

Primary Secondary
winding winding
N,turns
Ns turns
Prima Magnetic
ry Flux φ
Curre secondary
n LCufren
p
十

Pri ary
ic voltage
oHa
S

Transforme
Cor6

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THEORY

When an altering [Link] supplied to the primary coil p₁Pz,an

alternating current starts falling in [Link] altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the [Link] a good-
transformer,whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary,and then the induced [Link] in
each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
[Link],if E,and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f's
induced in the primary and the secondary coil and Np and Ns are the
[Link] turns of the primary and secondary coils of the transformer
and,

of change of flux in each turn of the coil at this

dpp/dt=rate instant,
we have,

Ep=-NpdPb /dt -----(1)and

Since the above relations are true at every instant,
so by dividing 2 by 1 we get,
Es/Ep=-Ns/N₉ ------ -------------(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

primary coil pl,so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the
difference(E-Ep)in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back [Link] if R,is the resistance of piPz,coil,then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by:
Ip=E-Ep/R

E-Ep=IpRp

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When the resistance of the primary is small,IpR,can be neglected

so therefore,

E-Ep=0 orE =Ep

Thus,Back e.m.f =Input e.m.f

Hence equation (3)can be written as,

Where K is constant,called turn or transformation ratio.

Es>EsoK>1,hence Ns>N₉

In a step-down transformer

Es<Eso K<1,hence Ns<N,

KNOWLEDGE

If lp=Value of primary current at the same instant t

and

ls=Value of secondary current at this instant,then

Input power at the instant t =Eplp and

Output power at the same instant =EsIs

If there are no losses of power in the transformer,then

Input power=output power or

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Eplp=Esls or Es/Ep=Ip/ls=K

In a step-up transformer
As K>1,solp>ls orls<lp
[Link] in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher. Hence,whatever we gain in voltage,we lose in current in the
same
[Link],it can be shown,that in a step-down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage,we gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus,a step-up transformer in reality steps down the current &a

step- down transformer steps up the current.

Step Up Transformer
Prlm Secondary

100 V 4 V
35 turns 20 turns 0 A
10

Core
1000 W
uuYwLSL
1000 W

Step Down Transformer

Secondary
Primary
1000V
2 A
200v
Core 50 turns 10 turns 10 A
2000 W

2000 W

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WORKING

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction

according to this principle,the amount of magnetic flux linked with
a coil
changing,an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil that is if a
varying current is set-up in a circuit induced [Link] produced in the
neighbouring [Link] varying current in a circuit produce
varying magnetic flux which induces [Link] the neighbouring
circuit.
The transformer consists of two [Link] are insulated with
each other by insulated material and wound on a common
[Link]
operation at low frequency,we may have a soft [Link] soft iron
core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to
insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy [Link] input
circuit is called [Link] the output circuit is called
secondary.

KNOWLEDGE
CYCLE
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EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power

to the input power i.e.

n =Output Power/Input Power =E₅Is/Eplp

Thus,in an ideal transformer,where there is no power losses,η

=1. But in actual practice,there are many power
losses;therefore,the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.

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Material Required

√Ammeter
√ Iron Rod
√Copper wire
√Voltmeter

奴 双人
208
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

core
00
i₁
U₁

U₂

primary circuit secondary circuit

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PROCEDURE

[Link] thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind
a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say
60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

[Link] the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 20)of thick copper
wire on [Link] constitutes the secondary [Link] is a step-down
transformer

[Link] p₁,p₂to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

[Link],measure the output voltage and current through

S₁and S₂.

[Link] connect Si and S₂to A.C main and again measure

voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step
up
transformer.

[Link] all steps for other self-made transformers by changing

number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

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OBSERVATION

[Link] will find that ratio of V and Vs across the two coils is equal
to the ratio of number of turns in the coil P to that in the coil S.
i.e.,V₉/V₃=Np/Ns--------------( 1)

[Link] coil P(to which AC voltage is applied)is called the

primary and coil S (in which AC is induced)is called
the secondary.

[Link] coil S is placed very close to the coil P,the power in

the primary is transferred into the secondary through mutual
induction.

[Link] is clear from equation 1,that by appropriate choice of the

turn ratio i.e.,Np/Ns,we can obtain a higher voltage or lower
voltage in S compared to that in P.

KNOWLEDGE
CYCLE

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ENERGY LOSS

In practice,the output energy of a transformer is always less than the

input energy,because energy losses occur due to a number of
reasons as explained below.

◎ Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is

seldom [Link],whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
◎ Iron Loss:In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,Eddy
currents are [Link] magnitude of eddy current may,
however be [Link] a part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.

◎ Copper Loss: In practice,the coils of the transformer possess

[Link],a part of the energy is lost due to the heat
produced in the resistance of the coil.

◎ Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the

iron core through complete cycle of
[Link],Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
C L E
◎ Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be [Link] is called [Link],a part of energy
may be lost due to humming

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APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMER

[Link] Power Transmission: Transformers are crucial in power

transmission networks to step up voltage for efficient long-
distance transmission and step-down voltage for distribution to
end-users.

[Link] Regulation: Transformers help maintain a stable

voltage level by adjusting the voltage as needed,ensuring
consistent and reliable electrical supply.

[Link] Distribution:They are used in power distribution

systems to provide various voltage levels suitable for residential,
commercial,and industrial applications.

[Link] Supply Units: Transformers are employed in power

supply units of electronic devices,converting AC power from
outlets to
the DC power needed by devices like computers and chargers.

[Link] Transformation: Transformers change the voltage

levels, allowing electricity to be transmitted at high voltages to
reduce
energy losses and then be distributed at lower voltages for
use. E
[Link] Applications: Transformers power various
industrial machinery and equipment by adapting electrical
voltage to meet specific operational requirements.

[Link] Appliances: Many electronic devices and appliances

use transformers to convert electricity to the required voltage
for their operation.

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CONCLUSION

◎ The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np)with respect to the input
voltage

◎ The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p)with respect to the input
voltage

◎ There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.

KNOWLEDGE
CYCLE

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PRECAUTION

[Link] proper insulation between primary and secondary

coils to prevent short circuits

[Link] taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should
remain constant

[Link] appropriate safety measures when working with AC

mains, including insulated tools and gloves

[Link] fasten all connections to prevent

accidental disconnections during the experiment.

[Link] the insulation on the iron rod to avoid electrical shocks

and ensure a safe working environment

[Link]-check the circuit connections before applying

AC mains to avoid potential hazards.

[Link] the experimental setup well-ventilated to dissipate

any heat generated during the experiment.E

[Link] firefighting equipment nearby and follow

emergency procedures in case of unexpected events.

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REFERENCE

· NCERT textbook class 12

·[Link]
·[Link]
·NCERT physics lab Manuel
·[Link]

KNOWLEDGE
CY CLE

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IMPORTANT NOTICE

If You Want a Copy of This Project

Without Any Watermark Which Is
Chargeable,Scan Below QR for
more details

P Cost:?

For any Queries Contact us on:

+917355621860

Contact@[Link]

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