ME F211 / MF F211

Mechanics of Solids
Dr. Sharad Shrivastava
BITS Pilani Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pilani Campus

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TYPES OF LOADING

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Hand out / Course Plan

Module Number Lecture session/Tutorial Reference Learning Outcome

Session.

[Link] principles of L1.1. Introduction, principles of TB Chapter 1 Fundamental

mechanics mechanics, concept of force & principles of
moment, equilibrium conditions mechanics and to an
exposition of the
requirements of
equilibrium

L 1.2. concept of two & three TB Chapter 1

force members, free body
diagram, friction, trusses

T1.1. Practice Problems TB/RB

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 Trusses

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Analysis of Determinate Trusses
Characteristics
• Pinned/BoltedJoint
Connections
• Gusset Plates
Analysis of Determinate Trusses
• Loads at Joints
• Members in
Tension/Compression
Hand out / Course Plan

[Link] to mechanics of L2.1. Analysis of deformable TB Chapter 2 To attack

deformable bodies bodies, uniaxial loading & problems of
deformation applied
mechanics by
L2.2. Statical Determinate Truss TB Chapter 2 applying three
steps . The
L2.3. Problems on trusses TB Chapter 2 analysis of truss
for both statically
L2.4. hoop stresses in thin TB Chapter 2 indeterminate
cylindrical shells and determinate
conditions will
L2.5. Castigliano’s Theorem TB Chapter 2
be understood
[Link] TB Chapter 2

T2. Problems on truss strcuture TB/RB

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Hand out / Course Plan

3. Forces & moments transmitted L3.1. Introduction of forces & TB Chapter 3 In this the study of
by slender members moments acting on a section of a forces and
member equilibrium
[Link] force and BM diagram TB Chapter 3 requirements will
be applied to
slender members.
L3.3 Problems TB Chapter 3 The importance of
L3.4 Distributed loads & resultant TB Chapter 3 shear force and
of distributed loads, Differential bending moment
equilibrium approach, Singularity variation along the
functions length of slender
members will be
L3.5. Differential equilibrium TB Chapter 3 understood
approach, Singularity functions

T3. Problems TB/RB

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 Type of Beams
Statically Determinate
Hinged support Roller support

Simply Supported Beam

Overhanging Beam

Cantilever Beam

Fixed or built- insupport

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Hand out / Course Plan
4. Stress & Strain L4.1. Introduction, stress, plane TB Chapter 4 The investigation
stress, equilibrium of an element of three basic
in plane stress, principles will be
L4.2. Mohr circle representation TB Chapter 4 applied to the
of a plane stress, general state of localized behavior
stress of the materials
at a point within
L4.3 Problems TB Chapter 4 a deformable
body. Concept of
L4.4 Analysis of deformations, TB Chapter 4 stress and strain
strain components, relation and its variation
between strain & displacement at a point in
L4.5. Strain component TB Chapter 4 different planes
associated with arbitrary set of will be
axis, Mohr circle representation understood.
of plane strain, general state of
strain
[Link] TB Chapter 4

T4 Problems TB/RB

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Hand out / Course Plan
5. Stress-Strain-Temperature L5.1. Introduction, tensile test, TB Chapter 5 The relation
relations idealization of stress strain between stress
curve, and strain will be
studied. Also
L5.2. elastic stress strain relation, TB Chapter 5 their relation
Thermal strain, with temperature
will be analysed.
L5.3. complete equations of TB Chapter 5 Different
elasticity, strain energy in a material
elastic body properties and
yielding criterian
for ductile
L5.4. criteria of initial yielding TB Chapter 5 materials will be
understood.
L5.5 Problems TB Chapter 5

[Link] TB/RB

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LIBERTY SHIP FAILURE (1942-46)

• Over 5000 ships and T-2 tankers were mass produced

during world war –II

• of these 1000 suffered significant failures (some of

these broke in to two) between 1942-1946, while 200
suffered serious fractures between 1942-1952.
• The observation was that the failure rate of welded ships
was statistically astronomical in the north atlantic while
literally non-existent in the warm waters of south pacific.

during first half of 20th

century for typically
high grade ship steel
ductile to brittle
transition was 100C.
Below this temp the
ship broke like glass
Hand out / Course Plan

6. Torsion L6.1. Introduction, geometry of TB Chapter 6 In this chapter

deformation of a twisted circular student will apply
shaft, stress strain relations, , the fundamental
principles to
consider the
L6.2 equilibrium requirements, TB Chapter 6 problem of
stresses & deformations in twisted twisting. The
elastic circular shaft stress developed
due to torsion will
L6.3. torsion of elastic hollow TB Chapter 6 be analysed and
circular shaft, corresponding
L6.4, combined stresses, strain TB Chapter 6 deformation will
energy due to torsion, yielding in also be
torsion understood.

[Link] TB Chapter 6

T6. Problems TB/RB

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Hand out / Course Plan

[Link] due to bending [Link], deformation TB Chapter 7 Here the slender

in pure bending, stress-strain member
relations, equilibrium subjected to
requirements, transverse
loading would be
analysed. The
L7.2 stresses & deformations in TB Chapter 7 stresses and
pure bending. deformation
would be
L7.3. Stresses due to shear force TB Chapter 7 analysed .
and bending moment,

L7.4. combined stresses, strain TB Chapter 7

energy due to bending, yielding
in bending

[Link] TB Chapter 7

[Link] TB/RB

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Hand out / Course Plan

8. Deflections due to bending [Link], moment- The deflection of

curvature-relations, integration of TB Chapter 8 slender members
moment-curvature relations, which transmit
Numerical problems bending moments
would be
analysed, which
would be helpful
L8.2. superposition, Load-deflection TB Chapter 8
while designing
hifh speed
L8.3 differential equation, Energy TB Chapter 8 machinery with
Methods, Problems close tolerances,
leaf springs etc.
[Link] TB/RB

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Hand out / Course Plan
9. Buckling OF Columns L9.1 Introduction, elastic TB Chapter 9 In this chapter
stability, examples of instability, student will
analyse the body
when it is
L9.2 elastic stability of flexible TB Chapter 9 deviated from
columns equilibrium
[Link]
L9.3Problems TB Chapter 9 analysis of
columns would
be done to
predict the
stability of
structure.

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Evaluation Scheme
EC Evaluation Duration Weightage Date, Time &Venue Nature of
No. Component Component

1. MID SEM 90min 30% CB

(60marks)

3 TUTORIAL 50 min 20% (40 OB

marks)

4 QUIZ 50min 10% CB

(20marks)

3. Compre. Exam. 180min 40% CB/OB

(80marks)

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1. Tutorial : Will be announced in the lecture class. There will be no
makeup in any circumstances for evaluative tutorials/quizes. There
will be total of 3 evaluative tutorial out of which best 2 would be
considered. There will be a quiz (multiple choice question) held in
second/Third week of November (before the compre exam).
2. Online Consultation Hour: Will be announced by instructors individually
during the tutorial class.
3. Make up Policy: Make-up will be granted only to genuine cases.
4. Notices: Notice, if any, concerning the course will be communicated via
email .
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Mechanics Mechanics of solids

Study of forces & motion Applied mechanics (to

system of particular
interest)
w/4
w w/4 What comes under
mech. of solids ?

w/4 w/4 We apply law of mechanics on structural

elements for analysing & designing various
machines and load bearing structure
We used principle of mechanics to find support reactions
In transfering these forces from their point of application to supports,
materials of structure (wood/steel) develops: resisting forces, generates
stresses, undergoes deformation (all these are studied in mech sol.)
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 Generalized Procedure in applied mechanics

Step1: Select system of interest.

Step2: Idealization of the system( simplification)
Step3: Apply principle of mechanics (predictions)
Step4: Compare these predictions with the actual system
(tests and experiments)
Step5: If results not satisfactory construct a different
idealized model and repeat the steps

In Research investigations step 1 and 2 are the most difficult

ones

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Step 3- needs understanding of forces and motions

Two different types of motions are possible in mechsol.

Overall change in position

Local distortions in shape:
with time
deformation

We will be considering static

dynamics
and rigid body ( small
deformation)

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 Rigid Bodies
No deformation (distance between two points of the body does not
change under the action of applied force)

No Engg. structure practically is absolute rigid

W W
W W
L L
As bending deformation is very small, the distance b/w each weight and fulcrum
remains L/2. Hence it can be assumed rigid and straight. (if equlibrium of lever is
to be studied then these assumptions are appropriate.

But if strength of lever is to be studied then the small deformation has to be

considered

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 Principle of mechanics (law of transmissibility)

The point of application of a force may be transmitted along

its line of action, without changing the effect of the force on
any rigid body to which it may be applied.
The use of theorem is limited to those problems of statics in
which we are interested only in condition of equilibrium of a
rigid body and not with the internal forces to which it is
applied
• Moving the point of application of
the force F to the rear bumper
does not affect the motion or the
other forces acting on the truck.

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 Constraints,action and reaction
Constraint: Restriction to the free motion of body in any
direction.

Based on the nature of constraints the supports are

classified as:

• Roller support
• Hinged support
• Built in support, clamped or fixed

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Fixed support

Roller support Hinged support

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Free body diagram
To draw the free body diagram of a body we remove all
the supports and replace them by reactions which these
supports exerts on the body.
Equations of Equilibrium
 For equilibrium of a rigid body in 2D,
∑Fx = 0; ∑Fy = 0; ∑MO = 0

 ∑Fx and ∑Fy represent sums of x and y components of

all the forces
 ∑MO represents the sum of the couple moments and
moments of the force components
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Problem2
Draw the free-body diagram of the uniform beam. The
beam has a mass of 100kg.

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 Equilibrium of a body subjected to two
forces
Two forces can be in equilibrium only if they are equal in
magnitude, opposite in direction and have the same line of
action

Equilibrium of a body subjected to three forces

The line of action of all the forces should meet at a point.

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Problem3
A force of 5000N is applied at the centre C of the beam AB of length
5m. Find the reactions at the supports.

5000N

C
A B

5m

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Problem1

P
C

A 450

B
Two similar cylinders P&Q each of weight 900N rests inside a box. Draw FBD of:
a) Both the cylinders taken together
b) The cylinder P
c) The cylinder Q
d) Find the reactions at A,B and C
Neglect frictions between the cylinders and the box

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Problem 1.13 TB)

Compare the force F required to just start the 900N lawn roller over a
75mm step when
a) The roller is pushed Ans: a) 1866.05N b) 607.28N
b) The roller is pulled
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The masses of the person and the diving board are 54kg and 36kg
respectively. Assume that they are in equilibrium.
a) Draw the Free body diagram of the diving board.
b) Determine the reactions at support A and B

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The person exerts 20-N forces on the pliers. The free-
body diagram of one part of the pliers is shown. Notice
that the pin at C connecting the two parts of the pliers
behaves like a pin support. Determine the reactions at C
and the force FB exerted on the pliers by the bolt.

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Problem
A force P of 70 N is applied by a rider to the front hand
brake of a bicycle (P is the resultant of an evenly
distributed pressure). As the hand brake pivots at A, a
tension T develops in the 460-mm long brake cable. Find
tension T in the brake cable.

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 Friction
 Very important forces of mechanics
 Comes into action whenever a tangential force is applied
to a body normally pressed against the surface of the
other.
Main properties of friction force acting on A:
 No relative motion between A and B
 Static friction force, FS
 Body A slides on body B
 Kinetic friction force, Fk

Limiting case of friction: FS = µS N

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 The coefficients of friction fs are:
– Nearly independent of the area of the interface

– Nearly independent of the roughness's of the two surfaces

– fs is independent of the time of contact of the surfaces at rest.

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Friction and the Normal Force

The maximum frictional force is proportional to the

normal contact force.

An increase in the normal force results in an increase in

the maximum friction.

This is because the molecules on the two surfaces are

pushed together more, thus increasing their interactions.

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Friction and Surface Area

Friction is not affected by the size of the surface area

in contact.

If the normal force remains constant, but the

contacting surface area is increased, then the normal
force is spread out over more molecules, thus the
force on each molecule is reduced.

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Find the range of values of W which will hold this block in
equilibrium on the inclined plane.
– Assume cable is weightless, pulley is frictionless.
– fs = 0.5

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PROBLEM 1.45

A longshore man can barely start pushing a trunk up a 300 concrete ramp. He
can barely hold it from sliding back when the slope is 600 . What is the
coefficient of static friction between the trunk and concrete.

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 60o
W2

P
W1

A block of weight W1 = 1000 N rests on a horizontal plane and supports

on top of it another block of weight W2 = 250 N as shown in Fig. The
block W2 is attached to a vertical wall by an inclined string which makes
an angle of 60° with the wall. What should be the value of horizontal
force ‘P’ to cause motion of the lower block to impend? Also find the
corresponding tension in the string. Take µ = 0.3 for all surfaces.

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PROBLEM 1.37

A circular cylinder A rests on top of two-circular cylinders B and C, all

having the same radius r. The weight of A is W and that of B and C is W/2
each. Assume that coefficient of friction between the flat surfaces of the
half cylinders and the horizontal table top is f. Determine the maximum
distance d between the centres of the half cylinders to maintain
equilibrium.
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Trusses
Trusses: Engineering structures that are composed only of two-force
members. e.g., bridges, roof supports

Actual trusses: Airy structures composed of slender members (I-beams,

channels, angles, bars etc) joined together at their ends by welding, riveted
connections or large bolts and pins.

A typical truss structure

Gusset plate

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 Ideal trusses:
Assumptions
• Ideal truss members are connected only at their ends.
• Ideal truss members are connected by frictionless
pins
• The truss structure is loaded only at the pins(joints)
• Weights of the members are neglected

Frictionless pin
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These assumptions allow us to idealize each
truss member as a two-force member (members
loaded only at their extremities by equal opposite
and collinear forces)
member in
compression

member in
tension

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 Stability Criteria

m=2j-3 (rigid and perfect truss)

j- number of joints.
m- number of members.
3- number of support reaction

m<2j-3 Truss unstable (under rigid and

collapsible)

m>2j-3 Over rigid and Statically indeterminate

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Example

m=2j-3

m (Number of members) = 13
j (Number of joints) = 8
Number of supports reactions= 3

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 Zero Force Members
These members are used to increase the stability of the truss
during construction and to provide support if the applied
loading is changed. There are two conditions:
1. when 2 members meeting at a joint are not collinear and
there is no external load or support reaction acting at the
joint, the members must be zero force members.
2. when there are 3 members meeting at a joint, of which 2
are collinear and the third be at an angle and if there is no
external load or support reactions at the joint the force in
the third member is zero.

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Identify the zero force members

FFD, FGE

FBC, FFG, FFI,

FHI, FHK, FJK
Analysis Methods (to determine axial
force in members)

Methods of Joints

Method of Sections

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Method of Joints
Truss in Equilibrium => Each Joint in Equilibrium

Procedure
STEP1: Calculate support reactions
Consider the entire truss (structure) as a rigid body and
draw FBD. Then using eq. of equilibrium calculate the
support reactions.

STEP 2: Select a joint

At which there are max two unknown forces and one or
more known forces acting on it. Assume the forces in all the
members to be tensile. Draw FBD of the joint and apply eq
of equilibrium to it.

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STEP 3:SELECT OTHER JOINTS
Repeat the step 2 until all the forces in the members are
calculated.

STEP 4: Write the answers in table representing members,

forces, nature ( compressive or tensile)

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Calculate the support reactions and axial forces in all the members

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Step 1: Calculate the support reactions (Draw the FBD of the entire structure
by removing the supports)

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Step2: Take Joint C and Draw the FBD of Joint C

(2)

Solving eq 1 and 2

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A

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B

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Calculate the support reactions and axial forces in all the
members

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Find the forces in members of the truss

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Method of sections

The method of joints is most effective when the

forces in all the members of a truss are to be
determined. If however, the force in only one or
a few members are needed, then the method of
sections is more efficient.

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Step1:calculate support reactions if necessary
Step 2: pass an imaginary section, which cuts max 3
members including the members in which the forces are
required to be calculated. The section should separate
the truss entirely in to two portions.
* the section should pass through the members not through
the joints.
Step3: choose the portion with minimum no. of forces. (if
same any portion could be chosen)
Step 4: for further calculations the forces of only chosen
portions has to be considered. But the moment
equilibrium equations could be applied at any point of the
truss.
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Step1:calculate support
reactions if necessary

Step 2: pass an imaginary

section, which cuts max 3
members including the
members in which the forces
are required to be calculated.
The section should separate
the truss entirely in to two
portions

* Draw FBD of two portions

separated. Show the unknown
forces in the members( we will
assume all the forces in the
members to be tensile to start
with)
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Step3: choose the portion with minimum
no. of forces. (if same any portion could
be chosen)

Step 4: for further calculations the forces Apply the three equations of
of only chosen portions has to be equilibrium to the section.
considered. But the moment equilibrium If possible, attempt to develop
equations could be applied at any point an equation in just one
of the truss. unknown.
Look for points where the lines
of action of several forces are
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Find the axial force in the member DE of the truss using
method of section

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Example
Determine the force in members GE, GC and
BC of the truss shown in the Figure. Indicate
whether the members are in tension or
compression.

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Solution
• Choose section a-a since it cuts through the three members
• Draw FBD of the entire truss

   Fx  0; 400N  Ax  0  Ax  400N
 M A  0;  1200N (8m)  400N (3m)  D y (12m)  0  D y  900N
   Fy  0; Ay  1200N  900N  0  Ay  300N
• Draw FBD for the section portion

 M G  0;  300N (4m)  400N (3m)  FBC (3m)  0  FBC  800N (T )

 M C  0;  300N (8m)  FGE (3m)  0  FGE  800N (C )
3
   Fy  0; 300N  FGC  0  FGC  500N (T )
5
A cantilever truss is loaded and supported as shown in fig. find the values of load P
which would produces an axial forces of magnitude 3KN in the member AC
9
9

Find the forces in members CE, CF and FH of the

truss
shown below.
20kN B C E G I

3m

A J
3m D 3m F 3m H 3m

Solution : FCE = 10kN(C)

FCF = 7.07kN(C)
FFH =5kN(T)
1
0
0
Find the forces in members CE and CD of the
truss
shown below.
10kN

B 3m C 3m E 3m
40º G

A FCE = 11.92kN(T) FCD = 0

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