Electeictty

Detinition - 91 sfs a type o enugy 4hat Concishs of he

eledrons botween two poirds when

movt mtnt o
poitnliot dilwtntt bet wetn the m

The units used to meas u Te delrietty incdude i

ci) vo lt (v) - The unit f roltage , which rmtasu res the
Omount work eg uired to move on eletric cha rge
from One plate to onothe.

b Ampure (A) - The unit of untnt ) whic measurIS 4he

Omount thorge thaf a ciyuit in o
pasns thiough
(ffi Ohm ( - he unít ol sis tonte , which meas urs
the oppostion to' currtnt
civ) watt (W)- The unit po wer which
the meosures
produtt o work done anel he no 4 electrons tvavell ing
ibrough iruit in a given time.
(V) Joule - The basie
unit ofelectrical tnegy Nhich
s meosurtd when ne ampre of curnt ows through
0 oiruit or one seton d-
(yh ktlowoll -hour (KWh) Commevcial unlt a elecdyical
tngy whlch s also known as he Boovcl of hade
unit (B. 0-T): 1 KWh 3-66migojoules -
Electvon Theory
thtory hat stu odies he behou'our ovt t nt , inlerohiong

Ond nature lectrons * 77 is o tnhal

thal helps s Unolers tond
tlrromognthit va dialion , solid stole phyrfcs
Some key points about electxon theoxy &
(o Electxons - Elechrons are eg atirely chawged rstr'den
that orbit the nueleus o on atom.
il) Electsic Custent - Electric current is low
electvonk ,
and is defined as a
moving hange
Enesgy levels - Ehdrons ave Yestvicded to spetic
orbils based on their levels, Which are fixed
dstonte of elechrons rom the nucleus -

) Valence Shel - he Dutermost shell of on atom

cabed valence shell, and the electhrons h thYs shell

Ore (alle d valh nce elecron.

 Stafic Euctitaty
The simpl! kony produirg
0 stalfe eltchvie change is to ab two suilable maiotal

Jwo insulators Such as ond tiannal 3re

toglhen ,& posilive change is produred on the

Yab bed
ond a ntgaiie change on the glasr his it bez
lonntl
transteved from the supufiial atoms of te
elrcyons are
qlast Hs the matals
lonnel to the surloa of the
inyolved are insulatoYs ) the charg es are hld
ßm the Snca

themsdva tyenly oYeH the surfara.

of the obj- and sprea d
there Gre poits or Corners, Qt which the Changu tend to (onc
bnless
DirTbutlon of stalte charge -

concenhakel
(0) Charge tnnly spvesd ata po'nt
Current Elect victy An elecyfe Currtnt ouYs when

flow of harged paticles (qen: eltchrons) in a

theve is a
Current has al ways
(on duct oy By historical convenetion ,

ed as o ing pom posiive to negat ire. Ie in

bten envsag fow
precisey the YeverSe dir^ to the actuel ow electrona -

The foctovs 8ssential or the pro dutton on electic Current

oTE a di o potntial ,and a conduding path way b<w the

points o pot dierence: T% sustain a Cuvrent low S om mel

o maintain th PD b)w the eds of the ciyuit is essentfal

Elecdyons will Ptos only for as long as the PD and the pathway exist.

Conductlon d Electsiity 9t is the movement

charg ed pasticles in an organized way) which Ysutts fn
a net moYe ment ch ange through m ateial.

OCondu ctors - Hateujal s that allo w electriit y to low throu gh

them easily aYe calte ol elecdyfcal Conductovs- The propordy
o Condu edors to Conduet elhctvicity is talled

Condu div idy.

 Nrutral or Ove , NEutral
(6) Sl

C3 Blw throngly eve , less Ove

(d) 8| strongy ve , Jes nrg aire.

biagrorm t (onduckor eledviiy

fy- Conducdon Cyient Heat

Conductox Conduclor is o maluial fn wh) ch

letron ton eartly displaced om heir aormt and shtn

Suth a maluuiale lis withfn varying lechic {iel d their
GBorms, and when Such madeials tits within a vaqing cltctie
frdd thae is a Yapíd oscillalfon o electh ons and kigh requtny
Current fs seup fn elecholyBe ts a subst ance Nhich tontai!
fons ond when a
vaMying electvie field pars }Avouyh
4he eletolyle he io ns tends to more irst Tn 6ne direchon
then fn the othex As the reg ulnts of short ware diakermie

Cursent is VBYy high Hhe esutt is vibyatfon ra+hex than

acdual movement o tht lons. The particle as a whole is a

electrícal nautral , but one ends bears neqalire and othe

posrlire example - Copper) Silves, Gold

etc.
charge
Insulator
aye materíals made of atoms In which

he elecrons n 4he Outer shell oYe irmly held

In 4heír 6Y bits and nw il| not leave the atom fn
ov der to Condue4 Currert (x - alass , air, plosic et
 Potentlal Dtexence 0

tris! belwtn simtlon bodiu chorged with dilerent quonlity

cledricity In ony othrr situaion Shown I o condutirg
Connecdibn is na de betuw een the two bodis electvon wfll flous

rom he moYe negabire body to the less negalire bady

The force produce the move ment is caled Electro mo tive orce.

Factors that afect pottntiot difunu

0 Resistantu of Hhe wire - The resistontt the wire fn a irauit
o}es the pol ditEnte betwen
bet two points

Q1) DisBante blw the points - The distante blu the points in a

Cir cuit he potental dieance.

uIt) Sungth the magneh'e ld- he shength of the
mognetie idd dlemins the size the in duted pottntial

) Didact ric The presence of a diclechic lessens the electit rld

In a capatito rs, Which dec veases the pot dietenee
the Copatitor plates.
 (0) unlike chrge aHroct

63 like chav ges epl

The grealer the chorje the 4reates the potent l of o cherged o

Tht srmaln the oprity, he greder the pat achavged obj

Reststance &
The Conduc oy thyough which elecdrors
hove to low oltvs Sorme Tesfst onte to their ow The
unit of elect rital resfs Hance is the ohm: The elecdrTcal
Yeststonce of a condu ctor mode o o (eutain matural,

o (ou tain ngth and cYOSS - ScHional rea , Onc at a

Ctain temptralo re , wil always be the somt R-length
4-Area

Factos aecting Resistanct

ÖMatonid - The type madeeial ustd delomina its
tsisliviky , hich oechs Ysistance for tyample , co pfor ha
lower Yesista nta hon steel

"s lingth A normal kmp, tven good tondudo o Heo

Some eSist once to elechron Aow. (ons tquently , the longe the

palhwa y he 9reakr is the dectyical resttance

uiD Cvoss -secional orea of the Conductor - The greatex the
CY0SS - Sectional orea, the more 00m there is f6r electrons

Bo pass, Ahere}ore rstance is ouer; T} a high rststonte

fs vrquíed , hin wire uspd

tiv) lempesature Hrating o wiTe Increases Hs Yaúlante.

Lntensit y Tnlensity is a mt asuve ol he amount
Ironcmited por unit aroa me Tn phyics,
intensity (on relrs to various formsenwg9
S-1 unit of ntnsy’ hatt per sg meer (wlm')

Ohm´8 law i
9+ was qiven by o
Gtorge Simon ohm, ín 1328- T! stades that urent
touing thro ugh a metalre conductor is proportion al to the
poBtntiad di erence acTOSs its ends, provided that all
physical Conditro ns remains Con stont
potentil di- V =1 urrent
V
KResista nce
I

So, 1 ohm Ls deined as the Rrsistance of a body

such that 1 vot potentil dil onnce QrOSS the body

resals in a curmnt of 1 ampere thro ugh i

Applicatioh of ohm's law ln AC and Dc circuits ’
civuit Hnakys ’ ohm's low is used to analqs41 ond
desfgn cirwit s, intbding calalating voltage , cansent
Ond resistance.
 ) PoweY cal ul alfon - ohms law s used to (al caulate Power
ih both DC ciruitsa
Consun ption
ii houblts habl ing - Ohm's law s used to troubleshoot elrkth
tivaits amd fdmity Joults
Sn Summary, ohms law s o undlom ental principe that
opplirs o botk Ond DC citauits with mo di ficadions
to Qcto unt fov he changing voltae anol Current n
AC ciraits 9s appliations 4re livnst, yanging fromm
tivuit onalyzs ond design to power calulation, teoubh, kolliy.
Uses of ohm's law b Pysitheropy
) Elnctrital Stimulah'oh (ES) - ob ms las is use d to (alculate

he optimal volto ge ond Current settings for Es ) wh

helps to improve muscle steng th, teduce pain ond
promole Wouhd

d) Trons utoneous lectrical Nere SHimulaton (TENS)

ohm's law is applied to delen m
ine the coYrect volBage
Ond levels TsNs, which is used to
foroy
mona qe pain ond inflammation :
 Hepticatons
Ohm's low is used to (aleulate
tih 8to}red bock Thaining
the optfmal voltog e ond nt
(urrent salling for bfo<nd batk
hraining ohich halps patients to became Oware o
Ond Control heir physfolagical rsponss.
L Elechrb myo qra phy (EMG)- ohmt tow ís applitd to
onalyzt signals , which helps physfo #hex apists to

assess musde Punelion ) ideniy muscdes îmbalan(el -