Aa¨vq-02

‡f±i (VECTOR)
wb‡Pi ivwk¸‡jvB ïaygvÎ †f±i ivwk| evwK me ivwkB †¯‥jvi ivwk| (e‡ji åvgK †f±i, wKš‧ RoZvi åvgK †¯‥jvi)
f‡e me wcÖËZg fv‡m †cÖ‡g

‡eM ej IRb g›`b mv›`ªZv

fi‡eM mib åvgK cÖvej¨
c„óUvb Z¡iY

‡f±i‡K A¶i Øviv Pvifv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq- A , A A Ges A (bold)
†¯‹jvi I †f±i ivwk cv_©K¨
‡¯‹jvi ivwk ‡f±i ivwk
1. ‡¯‥jvi ivwki ïay gvb Av‡Q w`K †bB 1. †f±i ivwki gvb I w`K DfqB Av‡Q
2. mvaviY MvwYwZK wbq‡g †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM Kiv 2. mvaviY MvwYwZK wbq‡g †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y fvM Kiv hvq
hvq bv
3. ïay gv‡bi cwieZ©‡b cwiewZ©Z nq 3. gvb A_ev w`K A_ev Df‡qi cwieZ©‡b cwiewZ©Z nq|
4. `yBwU †¯‥jvi ivwki †KvbwUi gvb k~b¨ bv n‡j G‡`i 4. `yBwU ivwki †Kvb GKwU gvb k~b¨ n‡jI G‡`i †f±i
¸Ydj k~b¨ nq bv| ¸Ydj k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
5. `yBwU †¯‥jvi ivwki ¸Y‡b me©`v †¯‥jvi ivwk cvIqv 5. `yBwU †f±i ivwki ¸Ydj GKwU †f±i ivwk A_ev GKwU
hvq| †¯‥jvi ivwk n‡Z cv‡i|

 ‡f±i ivwk †hv‡Mi 5wU R¨vwgwZK m~Î i‡q‡Q:

i ) mvaviY m~Î (General law)
ii ) wÎf~R m~Î (Law of triangle)
iii ) eûf~R m~Î (Law of polygon)
iv ) mvgvšÍwiK m~Î (Law of parallelogram)
v) Dcvsk m~Î (Law of components)

1
 wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbvsK e¨e¯’vq †f±‡ii cÖKvk wb¤œiƒc
 
A  Ax iˆ  A y ˆj  Az kˆ; A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2
 
A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ Ges B  Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ
     
A B  (A x Bx )iˆ  ( Ay By ) ˆ
j  ( Az Bz ) kˆ
 
A Gi w`‡K GKK †f±i, aˆ  A |
A
   
A I B Gi jwä †f±‡ii mgvšÍivj GKK †f±i, A  B
A B

   
cÖ‡qvRbxq exRMvwYwZK m~Î:
1. A  B  B  A [wewbgq m~Î]
     
2. ( A  B)  C  A  ( B  C ) [ms‡hvM m~Î]
 
3. mC Cm [wewbgq
 m~Î]
4. m(n C )  mn C [ms‡hvM m~Î]
  
5. (m  n)C  mC  nC [e›Ub m~Î]
   
6. m( A  B)  mA  mB [e›Ub m~Î]
   
7. A.B  B. A [wewbgq m~Î]
          
8. A.( B  C )  A.B  A.C  A.C  A.B [e›Ub m~Î]
       
9. m( A.B)  (mA).B  A.(mB)  ( A.B)m
      
10. A  ( B  C )  A  B  A  C [e›Ub m~Î]
       
11. m( A  B)  (mA)  B  A  (mB)  ( A  B)m
     
12. A.( B  C )  A  ( B.C )

2
 Ávbg~jK cÖkœ
cÖkœ-[Link]šÍwiK myÎwU wee„Z Ki|
DËi: hw` GKwU mvgvšÍwi‡Ki †Kvb †K․wYK we›`y †_‡K Aw¼Z `ywU mwbœwnZ evû Øviv †Kvb KYvi Dci GKKvjxb wµqvkxj
GKB RvZxq `ywU †f±‡ii gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Kiv nq, Zvn‡j H we›`y †_‡K Aw¼Z mvgvšÍwi‡Ki KY©wU †f±i `ywUi wgwjZ
d‡ji ev jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
cÖkœ-2.m`„k †f±i Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: GKB w`‡K wµqviZ Amggv‡bi Ges mgRvZxq `ywU †f±i‡K m`„k †f±i e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link]`„k †f±i Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: wecixZ w`‡K wµqviZ Amggv‡bi Ges mgRvZxq `ywU †f±i‡K wem`„k †f±i e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link] †f±i Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f±i GKB Z‡j KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K e‡j mgZjxq †f±i|
cÖkœ-[Link] †f±i Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: †h †f±‡ii gvb k~b¨ bq Zv‡K mwVK †f±i e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link] GKK †f±i Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: wÎgvwÎK Kv‡Z©mxq ¯vbvsK e¨e¯vi wZbwU abvZ¥K A¶ eivei †h wZbwU GKK †f±i we‡ePbv Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K AvqZ
GKK †f±i e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link]ÖZxc †f±i Kx?
DËi: `ywU mgvšÍivj †f±‡ii GKwUi gvb AciwUi wecixZ ivwk n‡j G‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii wecÖZxc †f±i e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link] †f±i Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki mv‡c‡¶ †Kv‡bv e¯‧i Ae¯v‡bi cwieZ©b †h †f±i Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv‡K miY †f±i e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link]‡iL †f±i Kx?
DËi: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f±‡ii wµqv‡iLv hw` GKB w`‡K nq Z‡e Zv‡`i mg‡iL †f±i e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link]¯vb †f±i Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: cÖmsM KvVv‡gvi g~j we›`yi mv‡c‡¶ †Kvb we›`yi Ae¯vb †h †f±i w`‡q wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv‡K H we›`yi Ae¯vb †f±i
e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link]¡K †f±i Kx?
DËi: wbw`©ó w`K eivie †Kv‡bv †f±i‡K abvZ¥K ai‡j Zvi wecixZ w`‡K mggv‡bi mgRvZxq †f±i‡K FYvZ¥K †f±i e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link] †f±i Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: wÎgvwÎK Kv‡Z©mxq ¯vbv¼ e¨e¯vq †h‡Kv‡bv w`‡K Ggb GKwU †f±i i‡q‡Q hvi gvb GK, G‡K H w`K eivei GKK †f±i
e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link] †f±i Kx?
DËi: †h †f±‡ii gvb k~b¨, Zv‡K bvj †f±i e‡j|
cÖkœ-14.†f±i ¸Yb wK?
DËi: `ywU AmgRvZxq †f±‡ii †¯‥jvi ev †f±i ¸Y‡b hLb Z…Zxq Av‡iKwU ivwk cvIqv hvq ZLb Zv‡K †f±i ¸Yb e‡j|
cÖkœ-15.†f±‡ii WU ¸Yb Kx?
DËi: `ywU †f±‡ii †h ¸Y‡bi d‡j GKwU †¯‥jvi ivwk cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †f±‡ii WU ¸Yb e‡j|
cÖkœ-16.†f±‡ii µm ¸Yb Kx?
DËi: `ywU †f±‡ii †h ¸Y‡bi d‡j GKwU ‡f±i ivwk cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †f±‡ii µm ¸Yb e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link]ä †f±i Kx?
DËi: †Kv‡bv e¯‧KYvi Ici hyMcr GKvwaK mgRvZxq †f±i wµqv Ki‡j H †f±i¸‡jvi †f±i †hvMdj‡K G‡`i jwä e‡j|
cÖkœ-18. †f±i Dcvsk Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: wefvwRZ †f±i ivwk¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K g~j †f±i ivwki GK GKwU Ask ev Dcvsk e‡j|
cÖkœ-19.†f±i wefvRb Kx?
DËi: GKwU †f±i ivwk‡K GKvwaK †f±i ivwk‡Z wef³ Kivi c×wZ‡K †f±i wefvRb e‡j|
cÖkœ-20.j¤^ Dcvsk Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: GKwU †f±i ivwk‡K hw` Ggbfv‡e `ywU Dcvs‡k wef³ Kiv nq †h, Dcvsk `ywU ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡Y _v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K
j¤^ Dcvsk e‡j|

3
cÖkœ-[Link]‡cw¶K †eM Kx?
DËi: `ywU Pjgvb e¯‧i GKwUi mv‡c‡¶ Aci GKwU e¯‧i †eM‡K Av‡cw¶K †eM e‡j|
dy
cÖkœ-22. Gi A_© wK?
dx
dy
DËi: Gi A_© n‡jv x Gi mv‡c‡¶ y Gi AšÍiK mnM|
dx
cÖkœ-23.AšÍixKiY Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: ‡h cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv GKwU ivwki cwieZ©‡bi nvi wbw`©ó GKwU Pj‡Ki mv‡c‡¶ wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K AšÍixKiY e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link]‡iUi Kx?
DËi: †h MvwYwZK wµqv GKwU ivwk‡K Ab¨ ivwk‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Zv‡K Acv‡iUi e‡j|
cÖkœ-25. K¨vjKzjvm Kx?
DËi: weÁv‡bi fvlvq K¨vjKzjvm n‡jv AweiZ cwieZ©bkxj ¶z`ªvwZ¶z`ª Ask MYbvi GKwU kv¯¿|
cÖkœ-26. †¯‥jvi †¶Î Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: †¶‡Îi mv‡_ mswkøó ivwk¸‡jv hw` †¯‥jvi nq Z‡e H †¶Î‡K †¯‥jvi †¶Î e‡j|
cÖkœ-27. †f±i †¶Î Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: †¶‡Îi mv‡_ mswkøó ivwk¸‡jv hw` †f±i nq Z‡e H †¶Î‡K †f±i †¶Î e‡j|
cÖkœ-28. †MÖwW‡q›U Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: †¯‥jvi †ÿÎ †_‡K †f±i †ÿ‡Î DËi‡Yi †K․kj‡K †MÖwW‡q›U e‡j|
cÖkœ-29.†f±‡ii WvBfvi‡RÝ wK?
    
 
DËi: GKwU †f±i‡¶Î V (x, y, z) = Vx i + Vy j + Vzk hw` GKwU Aš—ixKiY‡hvM¨ ivwk nq Zvn‡j . V †K V Gi
WvBfvi‡RÝ e‡j|
cÖkœ-30. Kvj© Gi msÁv `vI|
 
DËi: Acv‡iUi  Ges V Gi µm ev †f±i ¸Yb Øviv Zvr¶wYKfv‡e N~Y©b A‡¶i w`‡K GKwU †f±i cvIqv hvq| G RvZxq
¸Y‡K Kvj© e‡j|
cÖkœ-[Link]‡qWvj Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: hw` †Kv‡bv †f±‡ii WvBfvi‡RÝ k~b¨ nq, Z‡e Zv‡K mwjb‡qWvj e‡j|

4
 Abyavebg~jK cÖkœ
cÖkœ-1. †f±i ivwki cwieZ©b Kq cÖKv‡i n‡Z cv‡i Ges wK wK?
DËi: †f±i ivwki cwieZ©b wZb cÖKv‡i n‡Z cv‡i :
i. ïay gv‡bi cwieZ©‡b
ii. ïay w`‡Ki cwieZ©‡b
iii. †f±i ivwki gvb I w`K Df‡qi cwieZ©‡b|

cÖkœ-2.†Zvgvi covi N‡i GKwU cÖRvcwZ QyUvQywU Ki‡Q| cÖRvcwZi Ae¯vb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †Kvb ¯vbvsK e¨e¯v cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
hyw³ cÖ`k©b Ki|
DËi: cvovi N‡i cÖRvcwZ QyUvQywU Ki‡j Gi †eM wÎgvwÎK nq KviY GwU Wv‡b-ev‡g, Dc‡i wb‡P †h‡Kvb w`‡K †h‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB cÖRvcwZi Ae¯vb e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ wÎgvwÎK ¯vb‡¼i e¨e¯vi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| A_©vr cÖRvcwZi Ae¯vb P we›`y‡Z n‡j
GwU wb‡`©k K‡i P(x, y, z)

cÖkœ-3. `ywU Amgvb †f±‡ii jwä k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ñ e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi: `ywU Amgvb †f±‡ii jwä k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
 
e¨vL¨v : P I Q †f±i `ywU hw`  †Kv‡Y bZ _v‡K, Z‡e G‡`i jwäi gvb n‡e R = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos hLb 
= 180 ZLb R b~¨bZg nq| A_©vr jwä †f±‡ii b~¨bZg gvb, R = P2 + Q2  2PQ = (P  Q)2 = P  Q| †`Lv
hv‡‪Q, †Kej Ges †Kej hw` P = Q nq Z‡e R Gi gvb k~b¨ n‡e| Ab¨_vq jwäi b~¨bZg GKwU gvb _vK‡e| myZivs `ywU
Amgvb †f±‡ii jwä KL‡bvB k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÖkœ-4. `ywU †f±‡ii jwäi m‡e©v‪P gvb †f±i؇qi gv‡bi †hvMd‡ji mgvbe¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi: P I Q `ywU mgRvZxq †f±‡ii jwäi gvb R = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos  ; R Gi gvb m‡e©v‪P n‡e hw` cos  =
m‡e©v‪P = 1 nq, Zvn‡j Rmax = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ.1 = (P + Q)2 = P + Q
myZivs `ywU †f±‡ii jwäi m‡e©v‪Pgvb †f±i؇qi gv‡bi †hvMd‡ji mgvb|

cÖkœ-5. ¸YUvbvi d‡j †b․Kv mvg‡bi w`‡K wKfv‡e GwM‡q P‡j-e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi: †b․Kvi ¸Y Uvbv ej‡Z eySvq b`xi cvo n‡Z `woi mvnv‡h¨ †b․Kv‡K mvg‡b †U‡b wb‡q hvIqv| cvo n‡Z ¸Y Uvbv n‡j
Uvb e‡ji Abyf‚wgK Dcvsk ev mvg‡bi w`‡Ki Dcvsk †b․Kv‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K wb‡q hvq|
M

Tsin
C T T

Tcos A
B
†¯ªv‡Zi
†eM
wPÎ- ¸bUvbv
†b․Kv
aiv hvK, cvo n‡Z †b․Kvi B we›`y‡Z `wo †e‡a BM eivei T ej Øviv †b․Kv‡K Uvbv n‡‪Q| GB ¸YUvbv ej T Gi Abyf‚wgK
Dcvsk Tcos mvgv‡bi w`‡K Ges Dj-¤^ Dcvsk Tsin Zx‡ii w`‡K KvR K‡i| GLb Tcos †b․Kv‡K mvg‡b wb‡q hvq Ges
Tsin †b․Kv‡K cv‡oi w`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z Pvq| G Kvi‡Y gvwS b`xi †mÖvZ‡K e¨envi K‡i •eVvi mvnv‡h¨ Tsin Gi wecixZ w`‡K
ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i G‡K cÖkwgZ Ki‡j Tcos †ewk Kvh©Ki nq Ges †b․Kv mvg‡bi w`‡K hvq|

cÖkœ-6. †b․Kvi ¸Y Uvbvi †¶‡Î iwki •`N©¨ e„w×i d‡j †b․Kvi †e‡Mi ZviZg¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|

5
DËi: b`xi •`N©¨ eivei Uv‡bi Dcvsk = Tcos wbw`©ó gv‡bi Uv‡bi (T) Rb¨  Gi gvb hZ Kg n‡e †b․KvwU ZZ `ª Z
mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡e| -Gi gvb †ewk n‡e hw` iwki •`N©¨ Kg nq| myZivs †b․Kvi ¸Y Uvbvi †¶‡Î iwki •`N©¨ e„w×i
d‡j †b․Kvi †eM †ewk n‡e|

T
T1
1


cÖkœ-7. `ywU †f±i ci¯úi j¤^ nIqvi kZ© Kx?

 
DËi: †f±i A I B Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY  = 90 n‡j,

A . B = AB cos90 = 0 [ cos90 = 0]
AZGe, gvb k~b¨ bq Ggb `ywU †f±‡ii WU ¸Ydj k~b¨ n‡j Giv ci¯úi j¤^ n‡e|
^ ^
cÖkœ-8. j  j †Kb bvj †f±i- e¨vL¨v Ki|
    ^ ^
DËi: A I B †f±iØq †h mvaviY Z‡j Aew¯Z, A  B Gi w`K Zvi j¤^ w`‡K| j , j †f±iØq GKB mij‡iLvq Ae¯vb
^ ^
Kivq Ges GKB w`K wb‡`©k Kivq G‡`i aviYKvix mvaviY Zj Luy‡R cvIqv m¤¢e bq Ges j  j Gi gvb k~b¨ ZvB j¤^
^ ^
†f±‡ii w`KI wb‡`©k Kiv m¤¢e bq| myZivs j  j Øviv Ggb GKwU †f±i wb‡`©wkZ nq hvi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó gvb †bB Ges w`K
^ ^
†bB, Giƒc †f±i †Kej GKwUB Av‡Q, †mwU n‡jv bvj †f±i| GKvi‡YB j  j Øviv bvj †f±i eySvq|
  
cÖkœ-9. ( i  j )  k †Kvb ai‡Yi †f±i? e¨vL¨v Ki|
  
DËi: Avgiv Rvwb, ( i  j ) = k
 
Avevi, k  k = 1.1. sin 0 = 0
  
 i  j )  k = 0 A_©vr GwU GKwU k~b¨ †f±i|
     
cÖkœ-10. A I B Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY 450 n‡j †`LvI †h, A.B  A  B
 
DËi: †`Iqv Av‡Q, A I B Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY 450
  AB
 A..B = AB cos450=
2
  AB
Avevi A  B  ABSin 450 =
2
   
 A.B  A  B [‡`Lv‡bv n‡jv]

cÖkœ-11. `ywU †f±‡ii †Kv‡bvwUi gvb k~b¨ bv n‡jI G‡`i †¯‥jvi ¸Ydj k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i wK? eywS‡q `vI|
DËi: `ywU †f±‡ii †Kv‡bvwUi gvb k~b¨ bv n‡jI G‡`i †¯‥jvi ¸Ydi k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i| `ywU †f±‡ii †¯‥jvi ¸Yd‡ji gvb k~b¨
n‡e hw` Cos=0 nq A_v©r =900 nq| AZGe `ywU †f±i ci¯úi j¤^ n‡j G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †KvY 900 nq Ges G‡`i
†¯‥jvi ¸Yd‡ji gvb k~b¨ nq|
cÖkœ-12. bvj †f±‡ii mywbw`©ó w`K †bB †Kb?
DËi: bvj †f±i n‡jv k~b¨ †f±i| Gi gvb k~b¨ e‡j Gi †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó w`K wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB Gi w`K †h‡Kvb
w`‡KB we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

6
cÖkœ-13. `ywU †f±‡ii gvb mgvb n‡j ci¯ú‡ii Dci G‡`i j¤^ Awf‡ÿ‡ci gvb mgvb n‡Z cv‡i wK? e¨vL¨v Ki|
    
DËi: A I B ‡f±i؇qi ga¨Kvi †Kvb  n‡j, A Gi w`K eivei B Gi j¤^ Awf‡ÿc = Bcos ‡h‡nZz | A | =

| B | myZivs Acos Ges Bcos Gi gvb I mgvb n‡e| A_v©r `ywU †f±‡ii gvb mgvb n‡j ci¯ú‡ii Ici G‡`i j¤^
Awf‡ÿ‣ci gvb I mgvb n‡e|
cÖkœ-14. `ywU †f±i ci¯úi mgvšÍivj nIqvi kZ© Kx?
DËi: gvb k~b¨ bq Ggb `ywU †f±‡ii µm ¸Yb ïb¨ n‡j †f±iØq ci¯úi mgvšÍivj nq|
 
g‡bKwi, A I B `ywU †f±i Ges G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †KvY= 
 
AvgivRvwb, A  B  nˆABSin 
 
A  B  0 n‡j, ABSin   0 ( nˆ  0)
ev, Sin  0 (hw` A I B k~b¨ bv nq)
ev, Sin  Sin00 ev Sin1800
 =00 ev 1800
AZGe gvb k~b¨ bq Ggb `ywU †f±‡ii µm ¸Ydj k~b¨ n‡j ‡f±iØq ci¯úi mgvšÍivj n‡e|
cÖkœ-15. Ae¯vb †f±i GKwU mxgve× †f±i-e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi: Avgiv Rvwb, †Kv‡bv †f±‡ii cv`we›`y hw` me©`vB wbw`©ó Ae¯v‡b _v‡K Ges cÖvš—we›`y hw` cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i Z‡e
G‡K mxgve× †f±i e‡j|
wØgvwÎK ev wÎgvwÎK †f±i ¯vbvsK e¨e¯vq, †h‡Kv‡bv we›`yi Ae¯vb †f±‡ii cv`we›`y me©`vB g~jwe›`y‡Z Aew¯Z| ZvB
Ae¯vb †f±i GKwU mxgve× †f±i|
cÖkœ-16. Ae¯vb †f±i I e¨vmva© †f±‡ii g‡a¨ Zdvr Kx?
DËi: Ae¯vb †f±i I e¨vmva© †f±‡ii g‡a¨ Zdvr n‡jv, Pjb MwZi (mij I eµ) †¶‡Î Ae¯vb †f±i we‡ePbv Kiv nq,
N~Y©b MwZi †¶‡Î e¨vmva© †f±i we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

cÖkœ-17. †f±i ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv e¨vL¨v Ki|
     
DËi: GLv‡b, A  B = C Gi gvb n‡jv AB sin Ges w`K n‡jv Ggb †h, A I B Ges C GKwU WvbnvwZ e¨e¯v
     
•Zwi K‡i| Z‡e B  A = D Gi gvb n‡jv BA sin hvi w`K n‡‪Q A I B j¤^ eivei WvbnvwZ ¯µz‡K B †_‡K

A Gi w`‡K ¶z`ªZi †Kv‡Y Nyiv‡j †h w`‡K AMÖmi nq|
   
 †`Lv hv‡‪Q D I C Gi gvb mgvb n‡jI w`K wecixZ A_©vr, C =  D
   
ev, A  B =  B  A
myZivs, †f±i¸Y wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv|

cÖkœ-18. †f±i ivwki WU ¸Yb e¨vL¨v Ki|

DËi: `ywU †f±i ivwki †h ¸Y‡b †¯‥jvi ivwk cvIqv hvq ev, †f±i؇qi gvb I Zv‡`i ga¨eZx© ¶z`ªZi †Kv‡Yi cosine Gi
¸Ydj‡K WU ¸Yb e‡j|
    
e¨vL¨v t A I B `ywU †f±i ivwki ga¨eZx© †KvY  n‡j, A . B = | A | | B | cos  = AB cos  (hLb 0    )
     
wKš‧ B cos  n‡‪Q B Gi w`‡K A Gi Dcvsk ev B Gi Ici A Gi j¤^ Awf‡¶c Avevi A cos  I n‡‪Q A Gi Dci B Gi
j¤^ Awf‡¶c|
myZivs †¯‥jvi ev WU ¸Yb ej‡Z †h †Kvb GKwU †f±‡ii gvb Ges †mB †f±‡ii w`‡K Aci †f±‡ii j¤^ Awf‡¶‡ci
¸Ydj‡K eywS|
7
cÖkœ-19. `ywU †f±i KLb ci¯úi mgvšÍivj nq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
  
DËi: Avgiv Rvwb, A I B †f±i؇qi ga¨eZx© †KvY  n‡j G‡`i †f±i ¸Ydj AB sin  |
 
A I B †f±iØq ci¯úi mgvšÍivj n‡j,  = 0
  
†m‡¶‡Î, A  B = AB sinn = 0
myZivs `ywU †f±‡ii µm ev †f±i ¸Ydj k~b¨ n‡j Giv mgvivj nq|
cÖkœ-20. †f±i ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡jbv e¨vL¨v Ki|
   
DËi: g‡bKwi A Ges B †f±i؇qi ga¨Kvi †KvY  n‡j, A  B =  AB sin 
 
Avevi, B  A = AB sin  =  AB sin  ^n
A_©vr †f±i ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv|
cÖkœ-21. GKK †f±‡ii w`K Ges gvb Kxfv‡e cvIqv hvq?
DËi: gvb k~b¨ bq Gi c †Kvb †f±i‡K Zvi gvb Øviv fvM Ki‡j GKK †f±i cvIqv hvq Ges w`K nq D³ †f±‡ii w`‡K|

   ^ A
A GKwU †f±i n‡j Ges | A |  0, A Gi w`K eivei GKK †f±i a =

|A |
cÖkœ-22. 2 wU †f±‡ii †f±i ¸Yd‡ji w`K e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi: `ywU †f±‡ii †f±i ¸Yd‡ji w`K Wvb nvwZ ¯µz wbqg Abymv‡i e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| G wbqg Abymv‡i, †f±i `ywU †h
mgZ‡j Aew¯Z †mB mgZ‡ji Ici j¤^fv‡e GKwU WvbnvwZ ¯µz‡K †i‡L cÖ_g †f±i n‡Z wØZxq †f±‡ii w`‡K ¶z`ªZg
†Kv‡Y Nyiv‡j ¯µzwU †hw`‡K AMÖmi nq †mB w`KB n‡e †f±i ¸Yd‡ji w`K|

cÖkœ-23. •e`y¨wZK d¨v‡bi cvLv Nyi‡j d¨v‡bi bx‡P emv e¨w³i Mv‡q evZvm jv‡M †Kb?
DËi: •e`y¨wZK d¨v‡bi cvLv hw` Nwoi KvuUvi w`‡K Ny‡i Z‡e d¨v‡bi wb‡P Aew¯Z evZvmI GKB mv‡_ Nyi‡Z _v‡K|
G‡ÿ‡Î evZvm WvbnvwZ ¯…z wbqgvbymv‡i Ny‡i| G wbqgvbymv‡i, `ywU †f±‡ii mgZ‡j GKwU WvbnvwZ ¯…z‡K j¤^fv‡e ¯vcb K‡i
cÖ_g †f±i n‡Z wØZxq †f±‡ii w`‡K Nyiv‡j ¯…zwU †hw`‡K AMÖmi n‡e †mw`‡K n‡e †f±‡ii w`K| GB wbqg AbymiY Kivi
`iæb evZvm d¨v‡bi wb‡P emv e¨w³ Mv‡q jv‡M|

cÖkœ-24. jb‡ivjvi †Vjvi †P‡q Uvbv mnR †Kb?

DËi: jb †ivjvi †Vjvi mgq Gi AvcZ IRb e„w× cvq wKš‧ Uvbvi mgq AvcvZ IRb n«vm cvq| GRb¨ jb †ivjvi †Vjvi
†P‡q Uvbv mnR|
F sin
F

F cos F
 
F1

(Fsin + mg)
(mg  Fsin)

m fi wewkó GKwU jb †ivjvi †K F e‡j Abyf‚wg‡Ki mv‡_  †Kv‡Y †Vjvi †¶‡Î wb‡Pi w`‡K jwä ej nq (F sin +
mg), hv jb †ivjv‡ii wbR¯^ g‡b nq|
cÖkœ-25. c`v_©weÁv‡b K¨vjKzjv‡mi e¨envi †jL|

8
DËi: †eM, Z¡iY, e·‡iLvi Xvj BZ¨vw` wnmv‡ei Rb¨ wWdv‡ibwmqvj K¨vjKzjvm cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| †¶Îdj, AvqZb,
fi‡K›`ª, KvR Ges Pvc BZ¨vw` wnmv‡ei Rb¨ Bw›UMÖvj K¨vjKzjvm e¨envi Kiv nq| ¯vb, Kvj Ges MwZi cÖK…wZ m¤^‡Ü mg¨K
Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨I K¨vjKzjvm e¨envi Kiv nq|
 ^ ^ ^
cÖkœ-26. Ae¯’vb †f±i r = xi + yj + zk †K e¨eKjb K‡i wKfv‡e Z¡iY cvIqv hvq|
 ^ ^ ^
DËi: GLv‡b, Ae¯vb †f±i r = xi + yj + zk
Avgiv Rvwb, AwZ¶z`ª mg‡q r-Gi cwie©Z‡bi nvi‡K †eM ejv nq| myZivs
 dr dx ^ dy ^ dz ^
†eM, V = = i+ j+ k
dt dt dt dt
cÖkœ-27. MÖvwW‡q‡›Ui Zvrch© ¸‡jv D‡jøL K‡iv|
DËi: MÖvwW‡q‡›Ui Zvrch©¸‡jv wb‡¤œ †`Iqv n‡jv:
i. †¯‥jvi ivwki MÖvwW‡q›U GKwU †f±i ivwk|
ii. D³ †f±i ivwki gvb H †¯‥jvi ivwki me©vwaK e„w× nv‡ii mgvb|
iii. †¯‥jvi ivwki cwieZ©b ïay we›`yi ¯vbv‡¼i DciB wbf©i K‡i bv, †hw`‡K Gi cwieZ©b †`Lv‡bv †mw`‡Ki Dc‡iI wbf©i K‡i|
cÖkœ-28. WvBfvi‡R‡Ýi †fŠZ ag©¸‡jv †jL|
DËi: WvBfvi‡R‡Ýi †f․Z ag©¸‡jv n‡jv:
i. WvBfvi‡RÝ Øviv GKK AvqZ‡b GB w`K ivwki †gvU KZUzKz d¬v· †Kv‡bv we›`y AwfgyLx ev AcmvwiZ n‡‪Q Zv cÖKvk
  
K‡i| . V ev div V Øviv GKK mg‡q †Kv‡bv Zij c`v‡_©i Nb‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi nvi eySvq|
ii. gvb abvÍK n‡j, Zij c`v‡_©i AvqZb e„w× cvq; Nb‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi nvi eySvq|
iii. gvb FYvZ¥K n‡j AvqZ‡bi ms‡KvPb N‡U, NbZ¡ e„w× cvq|

cÖkœ-29. Kvj© Gi Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ki|

DËi: Kv‡j©i Zvrch© wbæiƒc :
i. †Kv‡bv †f±‡ii Kvj© H †f±‡ii N~Y©b wb‡`©k K‡i| †Kv‡bv we›`yi Pviw`‡K †f±iwU KZevi Ny‡i Kvj© Zv wb‡`©k K‡i|
ii. †Kv‡bv †f±‡ii Kvj© k~b¨ n‡j †f±iwU AN~b©Ykxj nq|
  
A_©vr,   F = 0 n‡j F AN~Y©bkxj nq|

cÖkœ-30. †f±i †¶Î n‡Z Kxfv‡e †¯‥jvi †¶Î cvIqv hvq?

DËi: hw` †Kvb †f±i †¶‡Îi WvBfvi‡RÝ Z_v †Wj () Acv‡iU‡ii mv‡_ †f±i †¶ÎwUi †¯‥jvi ¸Ydj †ei Kiv nq, Z‡e
GKwU †¯‥jvi †¶Î cvIqv hvq|
ZvB †Kvb †f±i †¶‡Îi WvBfvi‡RÝB nj H †f±i †¶‡Îi †¯‥jvi †¶Î|

9
 Type – (01): b`x I †¯ªvZ msµvšÍ m~Î:
 
‡f±i u Iv Gi jw×, R  u 2  v2  2uv cos 

Ges jwäi w`K,   tan 1 v sin 

u  v cos 
i. ‡mvRvmywR Ici cv‡o †c․Qv‡Z gvwS‡K †h †Kv‡b †b․Kv Pvjv‡Z n‡e,   cos 1   u 
 v
ii. ‡mvRvmywR Ici cv‡o †c․Qv‡j †b․Kvi jw× †eM, R  v u
2 2

iii. b`x cvi n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq, t  d

v sin 

iv. Ici cv‡o †c․Qv‡Z cvk©xq miY, s  u  v cos   d

v sin 

v. ‡¯ªv‡Zi AbyK~‡j ‡b․Kvi jwä MwZ‡eM= v+u

vi. ‡¯ªv‡Zi cÖwZK~‡j ‡b․Kvi jwä MwZ‡eM= v-u
 cÖZx‡Ki eY©bv:
d=b`xi cÖ¯
  ‡b․Kv I b`xi †¯ªv‡Zi †e‡Mi ga¨eZx© †Kv‡Yi gvb
θ = jwä †eM I †¯ªv‡Zi ga¨eZx© †Kvb
v=‡b․Kvi †eM
u= ‡¯ªv‡Zi †eM

 ‡b․Kvi ¸bUvbvi †ÿ‡Î: e‡ji Abyf~wgK Dcvsk F cos  †b․Kv‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq Ges Dj¤^
Dcvsk F sin  †b․KvwU‡K cv‡oi w`‡K Uv‡b| wKš‧ †b․Kvi nvj Øviv Dj¤^ Dcvsk F sin  cÖwZnZ Kiv nq| ¸b
hZ j¤^v n‡e  Gi gvb ZZ Kg n‡e, d‡j F sin  Gi gvb Kg n‡e Ges F cos  Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| d‡j
†b․Kv `ªæZ mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡e|

m~Î m¤úwK©Z m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. 4.5km cÖ‡¯i GKwU b`x‡Z †¯ªv‡Zi †eM 2.5kmh-1 | b`x cvi nIqvi muvZvi cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq cÖ_g muvZviæ 5kmh-1
†e‡M †¯ªv‡Zi cÖwZK~‡ji mv‡_ 60° †Kv‡Y Ges wØZxq mvuZviæ 4.4kmh-1 †e‡M †¯ªv‡Zi mv‡_ 79.8° †Kv‡Y muvZvi ïiæ
Kij|
M) cÖ_g muvZviæi jwä †eM I w`K wbY©q Ki|
N) D³ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi djvdj MvwYwZK we‡kølYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|

2| ‡Kvb GKwU †¯ªv‡Zi b`x‡Z AY©e †¯ªv‡Zi AbyK~‡j N›Uvq 6km †e‡M Ges †¯ªv‡Zi cÖwZK~‡j N›Uvq 2km †e‡M mvuZvi
KvU‡Z cv‡i|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki DcvË n‡Z AY©e hw` †¯ªv‡Zi mv‡_ 60 †Kv‡Y mvuZvi Kv‡U Z‡e cÖK…Z c‡ÿ KZ †e‡M †Kvb w`‡K
Pj‡e?
10
 (N) DÏxc‡Ki DcvË n‡Z AY©e hw` †mvRvmywR b`x cvo n‡Z Pvq Z‡e †¯ªv‡Zi mv‡_ KZ †Kv‡Y mvuZvi KvU‡Z n‡e?

3. wP‡Î cÖevngvb b`xwUi cÖk¯ÍZv 1.5km Ges †¯ªv‡Zi †eM 4kmh-1 GKRb gvwS AB eivei †b․Kvi Pvjbv K‡i AC
eivei Icv‡i †c․uQv‡jb| ‡b․Kvi †eM 3kmh-1|
D B C

1.5km

30 30

M) AC eivei †b․Kvi AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ wbY©q Ki|

N) AD eivei †b․Kv Pvwj‡q gvwS wK B we›`y‡Z †c․uQv‡Z cvi‡eb? MvwYwZK we‡kølYc~e©K †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|
mgvavb:

(M) DÏxcK †_‡K cvB, AB=1.5km

BAC=900-300=600
awi, AC eivei †b․Kvi AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡, =?
GLb, ABC mg‡KvYx wÎfzR †_‡K cvB,
AB
cos BAC=
AC
AB 1.5
ev, AC    3km
cos BAC cos 600
AZGe, AC eivei †b․Kvi AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ 3km|
(N) GLv‡b, †¯ªv‡Zi †eM, u=4kmh-1
‡b․Kvi †eM, v=3kmh-1
‡eM؇qi ga¨eZ©x †KvY, = 1800-300=1500
GLb, †b․Kvi Pvwj‡q B
‡c․uQv‡Z n‡j †b․Kvi jwäÑ
‡eM R ‡¯ªv‡Zi †eM u Gi mv‡_ 900 ‡KvY Drcbœ Ki‡Z n‡e GLb R I u
Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY  n‡j,
v sin 
tan  
u  v cos 

11
 (3kmh1 ) sin 150 0
ev, tan  
(4kmh1 )  (3kmh1 ) cos 150 0

3 sin 150 0
ev, tan  
4  3 cos 150 0
ev, tan=1.07
ev, =tan-1 (1.07)
ev, =46.930
GLv‡b,  < 900
AZGe, AD eivei †b․Kv Pvwj‡q gvwS B we›`y‡Z †c․uQ‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
[Link] †jvK ‡m&ªvZnxb Ae¯vq PIov b`x wgwb‡U mvuZwi‡q †mvRvmywR cvi n‡Z cv‡ib| wKQz †mªvZ _vK‡j wZwb
GKU c_ wgwb‡U AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

K) †mªv‡Zi †eM KZ?

L)‡¯ªvZ _vKv Ae¯vq †jvKwUi c‡ÿ b`xi Gcvi n‡Z wVK wecixZ we›`y‡Z †cvQv‡Z wKfv‡e m¤¢e n‡e? MvwbwZK hyw³
`vI|
DËi:
K) †¯ªvZnxb Ae¯vq mg‡e‡M †mvRvmywR cvi n‡j, Ges mvuZviæi †eM n‡j

GLv‡b,
u=0
d = 100m
ev. t= 4min
ev.

GLb,
†mvZ _vKv Ae¯vq †mvRvmywR b`x cvi n‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq,

ev,

ev,
ev,
ev,

L) awi, †mvRvmywR b`x cvi n‡Z n‡j mvuZviæ‡K †mªv‡Zi w`‡Ki mv‡_ θ †Kv‡b †¯ªv‡Zi wecix‡Z iIbv w`‡Z n‡e&
GLv‡b,

12
 †¯ªv‡Zi ‡eM,
mvuZviæi †eM,
Avgiv Rvwb,
†mvRvmywR Ici cv‡o †c․uQv‡Z
kZ©, cos    u
v
 u
  cos 1   
 v
=
=
A_vr †Kv‡b iIbv w`‡j wVK wecixZ we›`yy‡Z †c․Qv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e|

5| wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI

(M) DÏxc‡Ki DcvË n‡Z ‡b․Kvi MwZi w`‡K jwä e‡ji cwigvY KZ?
(N) DÏxc‡Ki DcvË n‡Z cÖhy³ e‡ji KZ kZvsk AKvh©Ki n‡‪Q- MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
mgvavb:
  
(M) DÏxcK Abyhvqx, A, B, C cÖwZwU e‡ji cwigvY 300N A_v©r A =300N, B =300N, C =300N †b․Kvi

MwZ w`‡Ki mv‡_ Uvbej wZbwU h_vµ‡g 1=600, 2=450 Ges 3=300 ‡KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
  
 †b․Kvi MwZi w`‡K jwä e‡ji cwigvY= A cos 1  B cos  2  C cos 3

= 300Ncos600+300Ncos450+300Ncos300
=150N+212N+260N =622N
(N) cÖhy³ ejÎq †b․Kvi MwZi w`‡K cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j me‡P‡q †ewk A_v©r 100% Kvh©Ki n‡Zv| wKš‧ ej wZbwU‡K
†b․Kvi MwZi w`‡Ki mv‡_ h_vµ‡g 600, 450 Ges 300 ‡Kv‡Y cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡jv|
G‡Z †b․Kvi MwZi w`‡K jwä e‡ji cwigvY= 622l myZivs AKvh©Ki e‡ji cwigvY= (300N+300N+300N)-
622N=278N
278
myZivs cÖhy³ e‡ji= 100% = 30.9% Ask AKvh©Ki n‡‪Q|
300  300  300

6. 1.5km cÖ¯ wewkó GKwU b`x‡Z 10Kmh-1 ‡e‡M †¯ªvZ cÖevwnZ n‡‪Q| b`xi Aci cv‡o gv‡V †Ljv †`Lvi Rb¨ ivwKe
b`xi cÖ¯ eivei 20Kmh-1 ‡e‡M Zvi †b․KvwU‡K Pvjbv Kij| †divi c‡_ †¯ªv‡Zi w`‡Ki mv‡_ 1200 ‡Kv‡Y GKB
†e‡M hvÎv Kij|

13
 M) hvevi c‡_ ivwKe b`x‡Z KZ `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡iwQj?
N) b`x cvo n‡Z †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †m †ewk mgq wb‡qwQj? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
7. GKwU †b․Kv wPÎvbyhvqx 2.5 km cÖ‡¯i GKwU b`x‡Z A Ae¯vb n‡Z Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ AD eivei hv‡‪Q|
B

2.5km
D
ˆbŒ
Kvi ˆi Lv
A  ˆmÉ
vGZi ˆeM

w¯i cvwb‡Z †b․Kvi †eM = (3i + 3j)ms1 Ges †mÖv‡Zi †eM = 2i ms1, Ab¨ GKwU †ÿ‡Î †b․KvwU‡K AB eivei GKB
^ ^ ^

`ªæwZ‡Z Pvjv‡bv nq|

M. b`xi mgZ‡ji j¤^ eivei GKK †f±i wbY©q K‡iv|

N. DÏxcK Abymv‡i †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †b․KvwU Av‡M Aci Zx‡i †c․uQ‡e Zv MvwYwZK we‡kølYc~e©K DËi `vI|

8. mvwenv GKw`b kwcs g‡j evRvi Kivi mgq Uªwj Mvox e¨envi Kij| †m Uªwj Mvoxi †n‡ÛjwU‡Z Dj‡¤^i mv‡_ 30 †Kv‡Y
10N ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i MvoxwU‡K †Vj‡Z _v‡K| GB †`‡L †`vKvb`vi ejj, Avcwb Mvoxi †n‡Ûj a‡i Uv‡bb, Zvn‡j Kg ej
jvM‡e|

M. Uªwji MwZ m„wóKvix ej KZ?

N. †`vKvb`vi mvwenv‡K Uªwji †n‡Ûj a‡i mvg‡b Uvb‡Z ejj †Kb  hyw³mn MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v `vI|

e„wó I QvZv m¤úwK©Z m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

^ v‡e 6kmh1 †e‡M cwZZ n‡‪Q| bvwdmv jÿ¨

1. †Kv‡bv GK e„wói w`‡b bvwdmv Rvbvjvi cv‡k `uvwo‡q †`LwQj e„wó Djø¤f
Kij, iv¯Ívq GKRb †jvK 4kmh1 †e‡M nuvU‡Q Ges AciRb 8kmh1 †e‡M mvB‡K‡j hv‡‪Q| Zv‡`i Df‡qi QvZv wfbœ
wfbœ †Kv‡Y euvKvfv‡e aiv|

M. DÏxc‡K †nu‡U Pjv †jvKwUi mv‡c‡ÿ cošÍ e„wói jwä †eM KZ?
N. †nu‡U PjšÍ †jvKwUi Ges mvB‡K‡j PjšÍ †jvKwUi QvZv GKB iKgfv‡e euvKv‡bv bq bvwdmvi ch©‡eÿYwU MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY
Ki|
2. †Kv‡bv GK e„wói w`‡b Avmv` N‡ii `iRvq `uvwo‡q e„wó †`LwQj| e„wó Djø¤^fv‡e 6 kmh1 †e‡M cowQj| Ggb mgq
Avmv` †`Lj GK e¨w³ Djø‡¤^i mv‡_ 33.8o †Kv‡Y QvZv a‡i cvq †nu‡U Pj‡Q| Aci GK e¨w³ Djø‡¤^i mv‡_ 53.06o †Kv‡Y
QvZv a‡i mvB‡K‡j Pj‡Q| DfqB e„wó †_‡K iÿv †cj|

M. cvq †nu‡U Pjv e¨w³i †eM wbY©q Ki|

N. e„wó †_‡K iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨ e¨w³Ø‡qi wfbœ †Kv‡Y QvZv aivi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|

14
3. ‡Kv‡Y AvbZ GKwU cvnv‡oi Xvj †e‡q mg‡e‡M GKwU evm Dc‡i DV‡Q| Ggb mgq nVvr e„wó
mg‡e‡M Lvov wb‡P co‡Z ïiy Kij| e„wó hLb cÖvq †kl ZLb Abyf~wgK fv‡e evqycÖevn ïiæ nj|
M. ïiy‡Z evmPvjK KZ †Kv‡Y e„wó co‡Z †`L‡e wbY©q K‡iv|
N. evqycÖev‡ni `iæb evmPvjK Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K e„wó co‡Z †`L‡j evqy cÖev‡ni cÖK„Z gvb I w`K MvwYwZKfv‡e
we‡kølY K‡iv|

M.DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvwU wb‡P †`Lv‡bv nj:

wPÎ: 1 wPÎ:2
GLv‡b, I n‡‪Q h_vµ‡g evm I e„wó †eM wb‡`©kK †f±i| evmwU Gi wbR¯^ †e‡Mi Kvi‡Y Gi Pvicv‡ki
mewKQzi g‡a¨ wecixZ w`‡K wb‡Ri mggv‡bi †eM †`L‡Z cv‡e| ZvB e„wói jwä‡eM wbY©qK‡í Gi w`K
wecixZ K‡i cvB,
Dc‡iv³ wP‡Î n‡jv evmPvjK mv‡c‡ÿ e„wó Av‡cwÿK †eM|
GLb Avgiv cvB, GLv‡b,

ev,

ev,
ev,

ïiæ‡Z evmPvjK Dj‡¤^i mv‡_ †Kv‡Y e„wó co‡Z †`L‡e|

N. awi, evqy cÖev‡ni gvb ‡h‡nZz evqycÖev‡Zi `iæb evmPvjK Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K e„wó co‡Z †`‡L|
myZvivs G‡ÿ‡Î bZzb jwä †e‡Mi w`K n‡e Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K Ges Gi Rb¨ evqy cÖev‡ni w`K n‡e ev‡mi MwZi
w`‡Ki mv‡_ ‡Kv‡Y Abyf~wgK eivei mvg‡bi w`‡K |

15
(M) n‡Z cvB evqy cÖev‡ni c~‡e© evm mv‡c‡ÿ e„wói Av‡cwÿK †eM Ges Djø‡¤^I mv‡_ Av‡cwÿK †e‡Mi w`K

Avevi, hLb evqycÖevn ïiæ nq ZLb bZzb jwä †e‡Mi w`K n‡e Djø‡¤^i mv‡_ nq, A_©vr evqy cÖev‡ni w`‡Ki
mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K|
G‡ÿ‡Î ,
GLb, n‡jv evqy cÖev‡ni `iæb evm mv‡c‡ÿ e„wó cwiewZ©Z Av‡cwÿK †eM|
kZ©g‡Z,
ev,
ev,

myZvi© evqycÖev‡ni cÖK…Z gvb

16
 Type
 
– (02): ‡f±i ivwki ¸bb(WU I µm ¸bdj)
i ) ‡¯‥jvi ev WU ¸bb, A.B  AB cos 
 
ii ) ‡f±i ev µm ¸bb, A  B  nAB sin 
 ‡f±i ¸Yd‡ji w`K cvIqv hvq Wvb nvwZ ¯Œz wbqg †_‡K AvqZKvi GKK †f±‡ii ivwki ¸bbt
i ) iˆ.iˆ  ˆj. ˆj  kˆ.kˆ  1
ii ) iˆ. ˆj  ˆj.kˆ  kˆ.iˆ  0
iii ) iˆ  iˆ  ˆj  iˆ  kˆ  kˆ  0
iv ) iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, ˆj  kˆ  iˆ, kˆ  iˆ  ˆj
v ) ˆj  iˆ  kˆ, kˆ  ˆj  iˆ, iˆ  kˆ   ˆj

wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbvsK e¨e¯’vq †f±‡ii ¸bbt

 
A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ Ges B  Bx iˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ n‡j,
 
i ) A.B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz Ges

ˆ
ii ) A  B  Aiˆ Aj Akˆ
x y z

B By Bz
x
   
A I B ‡h Z‡j Aew¯Z Zvi j¤^ w`‡K †f±i, A  B

GLb KZ¸‡jv we‡kl cÖ‡qvM †¶Î j¶¨ Kiv hvK

   
 A I B Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY,   cos 1 ( A.B )
  A.B
 
 A I B Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY,   tan ( A  B ) 1

A.B
  
 A Gi w`‡K B Gi Dcvsk  B cos   .B A

  A
 B Gi w`‡K A Gi Dcvsk  A cos   .B A
  B
 
   90 , A.B  0 Ges A  B  AB
0

   
   00 / 1800 , A  B  0 Ges A.B  AB /  AB
     
 A  m B n‡j, A  B  0 Ges A.B  m B2
 `yBwU †f±i mgvšÍivj n‡j G‡`i iˆ, ˆj I k̂ Gi mnM¸‡jvi AbycvZ mgvb n‡e|
 
A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ ; B  Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ
 
A I B mgvšÍivj n‡j Ax Ay Az n‡e|
 
Bx By Bz
 
 A‡¶i mv‡_ †K․wYK e¨eavb: A  A x iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ n‡j †h †Kvb A‡¶i mv‡_ A Gi †K․wYK e¨eavb n‡e-
H A‡ ¶ i Dcvsk
  Cos 1 
A

17
  
  A B
 A I B ‡h Z‡j Aew¯Z Zvi j¤^ w`‡K GKK †f±i,     
A B
   
 A I B GKwU mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU mwbœwnZ evû wb‡`©k Ki‡j mvgvšÍwi‡Ki †ÿÎdj=  B
A
  1  
 A I B GKwU wÎfz‡Ri `ywU mwbœwnZ evû wb‡`©k Ki‡j wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj= A B
2
  1  
 A I B GKwU mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU KY© wb‡`©k Ki‡j mvgvšÍwi‡Ki †ÿÎdj= A B
2

m~Î m¤úwK©Z m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. `ywU we›`yi wÎgvwÎK ¯vbv¼ e¨e¯vq ¯vbv¼Øq h_vµ‡g A(1, 0, 1) Ges B(1, 1, 0)|

M. AB †f±‡ii mgvšÍiv‡j GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
N. `ywU we›`yi A I B Gi Ae¯vb †f±i؇qi X A‡ÿi Dci j¤^ Awf‡ÿc Gi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki|

 
2. A  iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ, B  3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ, C  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ
 
M) A I C Gi jwä †f±‡ii GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
N) †f±i ¸bb e›Ub m~Î †g‡b P‡jÑ DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki|
mgvavb:
M) g‡b Kwi,
  
A I C Gi jwä †f±i R

 R  (iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ)  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ) = 3iˆ  6kˆ

R Gi gvb, R  32  62  45

  R 3iˆ  6kˆ 3 ˆ 6 ˆ
 A I C Gi jwä †f±‡ii GKK †f±i, rˆ   = = i k
R 45 45 45

N) ‡f±i ¸Yb e›Ub m~Î †g‡b P‡j cÖgvb Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi e›Ub m~ÎwU we‡ePbv Kwi|

A  B  C  A  C   B  C 
    

DÏxcK n‡Z, cvB

  
A  iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ, B  3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ Ges C  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ
 
A  B  (iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ)  (3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ) = 4iˆ  5 ˆj  kˆ

18
 î ĵ k̂

  

 A  B  C  4 5 1 = iˆ(20  3)  ˆj (2  16)  kˆ(12  10) = 23iˆ  14 ˆj  22kˆ
2 -3 4

î ĵ k̂
 
Avevi, A  C  1 3 2 = iˆ(12  6)  ˆj (4  4)  kˆ(3  6) = 18iˆ  9kˆ
2 -3 4

î ĵ k̂
 
Ges B  C  3 2  1 = iˆ(8  3)  ˆj (2  12)  kˆ(9  4) = 5iˆ  14 ˆj  13kˆ
2 -3 4

     
 A  C  B  C  (18iˆ  9kˆ)  (5iˆ  14 ˆj  13kˆ) = 23iˆ  14 ˆj  22kˆ

Avgiv cvB, A  B  C  A  C   ( B  C )
      

A_v©r †f±i ¸Yb e›Ub m~Î †g‡b P‡j|

 
3. wP‡Î A I B †f±i؇qi ga¨eZ©x †KvY, 

M) m Gi gvb KZ n‡j =900 n‡e?

 
N) A I B †f±iØq wK †f±i¸Y‡bi wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j? MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †Zvgvi DËi hvPvB Ki|
mgvavb:

M) DÏxcK n‡Z cvB, A  2iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ

B  miˆ  2 ˆj  10kˆ Ges  = 900
 
ev, A B cos   2m  4  50
 
ev, A B cos 900  2m  54

ev, 0 = 2m+54
ev, 2m = -54
19
  m = -27
AZGe, m Gi gvb- 27 n‡j, =900 n‡e|

N) DÏxcK †_‡K cvB, A  2iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ

B  27iˆ  2 ˆj  10kˆ [M †_‡K cvB, m=-27]

î ĵ k̂
 
GLb, A  B  2 2 - 5
- 27 2 - 10

= iˆ(20  10)  ˆj (135  20)  kˆ(4  54)

=  10iˆ  155 ˆj  58kˆ

î ĵ k̂
 
Avevi, B  A  - 27 2 - 10
2 2 -5

= iˆ(10  20)  ˆj (20  135)  kˆ(54  4)

= 10iˆ  155 ˆj  58kˆ

   
 A B  B  A
AZGe, †`Lv hvq, †f±iØq †f±i ¸b‡Yi wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv|

4. DÏxc‡K X I Y we›`y `ywU K‡j‡Ri Ae¯vb wb‡`©k K‡i| 0, Dfq K‡j‡Ri hvÎv Ae¯v‡bi mvaviY we›`y|
Y(2, 1, 4)
Y
X(3, 2, 1)

X’ O X

Y’

M) OX I OY ‡f±i؇qi ga¨eZ©x †Kvb wbY©q Ki|

N) OX , OY Z‡ji Dci j¤^ GKK †f±i Ges OY , OX Gi Z‡ji Dci j¤^ GKK †f±i GKB n‡e wK?
cÖ‡qvRbxq MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g hyw³ `vI|
[w`bvRcyi †evW©-2015]
mgvavb:

20
 M) GLv‡b, X we›`yi ¯vbv¼ (3, 2, 1)
Y we›`yi ¯vbv¼ (-2, 1, 4)

 OX = 3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ

OY = - 2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ
G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †Kvb  n‡j,

Cos 
OX .OY
=
3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ.  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ =
624
OX OY 3  2  1 . (2)  1  4
2 2 2 2 2 2
14 . 21

 0 
ev,  = Cos-1   ev,  = Cos-1 (0)   = 900
 14 . 21 
AZGe, †f±i؇qi ga¨eZ©x †KvY 900|

N) GLv‡b, OX = 3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ

Ges OY = - 2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ

 
 OX  OY = 3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ   2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ 
iˆ ĵ k̂
= 3 2 1 = (8  1)iˆ  (2  12) ˆj  (3  4)kˆ = 7iˆ  14 ˆj  7kˆ
-2 1 4

GLb, OX , OY Gi Z‡ji Dci j¤^ GKK †f±i

OX  OY 7iˆ  14 ˆj  7kˆ 7iˆ  14 ˆj  7kˆ

nˆ1   =  
OX  OY 7 2  (14) 2  7 2 294

Avevi,

 
OY  OX =  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ  3iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ 
iˆ ĵ k̂
= - 2 1 4 = (1-8) iˆ  (12  2) ˆj  (4  3)kˆ =  7iˆ  14 ˆj  7kˆ
3 2 1
 
GLb, OY , OX Gi Z‡ji Dci j¤^ GKK †f±i

21
  
OY  OX  7iˆ  14 ˆj  7kˆ  7iˆ  14 ˆj  7kˆ 7iˆ  14 ˆj  7kˆ
nˆ 2     =  =  = 
OY  OX (7)2  (14)2  (7)2 294 294

GLv‡b, nˆ1  nˆ 2
   
AZGe, OX , OY Gi Z‡ji Dci j¤^ GKK †f±i Ges OY , OX Gi Z‡ji Dci j¤^ GKK †f±i GKB n‡e|
5| wb‡Pi Aby‡‪Q`wU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI

 
GLv‡b, P  2î  ĵ  2k̂ Ges Q  5î  4 ĵ  k̂
Dc‡ii wPÎ ch©‡eÿY Ki Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
 
(M) DÏxc‡Ki DcvË n‡Z P I Q Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY wbY©q Ki|
  
(N) DÏxc‡Ki DcvË n‡Z R †f±iwU hw` Q Gi mv‡_  †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Z‡e R Gi w`K wbY©q Ki|

6.


Dc‡ii wPÎ Abymv‡i OABC GKwU AvqZ‡ÿÎ| Gi OA Ges OB evû Øviv `ywU †f±i h_vµ‡g P = ^i  2^j  ^k Ges

Q = 2^i  3^j + 2k^ wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q|
M. DÏxcK Abymv‡i OAB Gi †ÿÎdj wbY©q Ki|
N. DÏxcK Abymv‡i 1 I 2 Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU eo Zv MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †ei Ki|

7.

Y A

60
X


B

→ →
wP‡Î, | A | = 5 Ges | B | = 6
→ →
M. wP‡Î ( A  B ) Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
N. DÏxc‡K ( A  B ) †f±iwU ( A + B ) Gi Dci j¤^fv‡e Aew¯Z MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Gi mZ¨Zv hvPvB Ki|

22
8.
Y

L(2,–1,1)
 M(1,1,–2)
A 
B 
C N(1,–2,3)

X
O
Z

→
M. C, X A‡ÿi mv‡_ Drcbœ †Kv‡Yi gvb KZ?
→ → →
N. B Ges C †f±i؇qi j¤^w`‡Ki †f±iwU A Gi mv‡_ GKB mgZ‡j Ae¯vb K‡i wK bv MvwYwZKfv‡e hvPvB Ki|

9| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI

 
wP‡Î `ywU †f±i A  9î  ĵ  6k̂ Ges B  4î  6 ĵ  5k̂  ‡Kv‡Y Ae¯vb Ki‡Q|

(M) DÏxc‡Ki DcvË n‡Z †f±i ؇qi ga¨eZx© †Kv‡Yi gvb wbY©q Ki|
 
(N) DÏxc‡Ki DcvË n‡Z A I B ‡f±i Øviv MwVZ mvgvšÍwi‡Ki evûØq Øviv mvgvšÍwi‡Ki †ÿÎdj wbY©q
Kiv hv‡e-MvwYwZKfv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq mgxKiY cÖwZôv K‡i Gi mZ¨Zv hvPvB Ki|

Type – (03): ‡MÖwW‡q›U, Kvj©,WvBfvi‡RÝ msµvšÍ

 Acv‡iUi:
†h MvwYwZK wP‡ýi Øviv GKwU ivwk‡K Ab¨ GKwU ivwk‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq ev †Kv‡bv cwieZ©bkxj ivwki e¨vL¨v †`Iqv
hvq Zv‡K Acv‡iUi e‡j|
 ‡MÖwW‡q›U:

aiv hvK, (x, y, z) GKwU e¨eKjb‡hvM¨ †¯‥jvi †¶Î wb‡`©k K‡i| Zvn‡j  Gi †MÖwW‡q›U‡K   Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
hvq|
 iˆ
iˆ      iˆiˆ ˆjˆj kˆkˆ
grad
grad  i  ˆj ˆj  kˆ kˆ      
  
 xxx yy zz  xx yy zz
 ‡MÖwW‡q‡›Ui †fŠZ Zvrch©:
1. †¯‥jvi ivwki †cÖwW‡q›U GKwU †f±i ivwk
2. D³ †f±i ivwki gvb H †¯‥jvi ivwki me©vwaK e„w× nv‡ii mgvb|
‡¯‥jvi ivwki cwieZ©b ïay we›`yi ¯vbv‡¼i DciB wbf©i K‡ibv, †hw`‡K Gi cwieZ©b †`Lv‡bv nq †mw`‡Ki Dc‡iI wbf©i K‡i|

 WvBfvi‡RÝ:
wÎgvwÎK e¨e¯vq R A‡j †Kv‡bv GKwU †f±i †¶‡Îi Ae¯vb †f±i
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 V ( x, y, z)  v1 ( x, y, z)iˆ  v2 ( x, y, z ) ˆj  v3 ( x, y, z)kˆ
Zvn‡j †Wj () Acv‡iU‡ii mv‡_ V Gi ‡¯‥jvi ¸Ydj‡K H †f±i †¶‡Îi WvBfvi‡RÝ e‡j|
   

.V   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   v1iˆ  v2 ˆj  v3kˆ 
 x y z 
 WvBfvi‡R‡Ýi †fŠZ Zvrch©:
1. WvBfvi‡RÝ Øviv GKK AvqZ‡b GB w`K ivwki †gvU KZUzKz d¬v· †Kv‡bv we›`y AwfgyLx ev AcmvwiZ n‡‪Q Zv cÖKvk
K‡i, .V ev div.V Øviv GKK mg‡q †Kv‡bv Zij c`v‡_©i Nb‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi nvi eySvq|
2. gvb abvZ¥K n‡j, Zij c`v‡_©i AvqZb e„w× cvq, Nb‡Z¡i n«vm N‡U|
3. gvb FYvZ¥K n‡j AvqZ‡bi ms‡KvPb N‡U, NbZ¡ e„w× cvq|
4. gvb k~b¨ n‡j, AvMZ I wbM©Z d¬v· mgvb nq|
5. †Kv‡bv †f±i †¶‡Îi WvBfvi‡RÝ k~b¨ n‡j A_©vr .V =0 n‡j, H †f±i †¶Î‡K mwjbBWvj (solenoidal) e‡j|

abvZ¥K WvBfvi‡RÝ FYvZ¥K WvBfvi‡RÝ k~b¨ WvBfvi‡RÝ

 Kvj©:

†h‡Kv‡b wÎgvwÎK ¯v‡b †Kv‡bv we›`yi h_v_© †f±i dvskb VVx(,xy, ,yz, )  v1iˆ  v2 ˆj  v3kˆ | Zvn‡j Acv‡iUi 

Ges V Gi µm ev †f±i ¸Yb Øviv Zvr¶wYKfv‡e N~Y©b A‡¶i w`‡K GKwU †f±i cvIqv hvq| G RvZxq ¸Y‡K Kvj© e‡j|
 

 

curlV    V   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   v1iˆ  v2 ˆj  v3kˆ
 

 x y z

iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
x y z
v1 v2 v3

 Kv‡j©i †fŠZ Zvrch©:

1. Kvj© GKwU †f±i ivwk| Gi gvb H †f±i †¶‡Î GKK †¶‡Îi Rb¨ me©vwaK †iLv Bw›UMÖv‡ji mgvb| (†iLv Bw›UMÖv‡ji
msÁv wb‡P †`Iqv Av‡Q)
2. †f±iwUi w`K H †¶‡Îi Ici Aw¼Z j¤^ eivei wµqv K‡i|
3. Kvj© Gi gva¨‡g cÖvß †f±iwUi gvb N~Y©b A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ †K․wYK †e‡Mi wظY nq| A_©vr

V    r n‡j,   V  2 n‡e| GLv‡b  GKwU aªye †f±i|

4. †Kv‡bv †f±‡ii Kvj©‡K H †f±‡ii N~Y©bI ejv nq| †Kvb we›`yi Pviw`‡K †f±iwU KZevi †Nv‡i Zv Kvj© wb‡`©k K‡i|
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5. hw` †Kvb †f±‡ii Kvj© k~b¨ nq Zvn‡j eySvq †f±i †ÿÎwU AN~Y©bkxj|

m~Î m¤úwK©Z m„Rbkxj cÖkœ


1.  = 3x2y3z4 GKwU †¯‥jvi dvskb Ges A  3x 2 y 2iˆ  (2 x3  z 3 ) ˆj  3 yz 2 kˆ GKwU †f±i dvskb|

M) (1, 1, -1) we›`y‡Z grad  wbY©q Ki|


N) A ‡f±i †ÿÎwU N~Y©bkxj bv AN~Y©kxj MvwYwZKfv‡f we‡kølY Ki|
DËi:
M) GLv‡b,  = 3x2y3z4
   ˆ  ˆ
  iˆ  j k
x y z

grad= 

  ˆ  ˆ  ˆ 2 3 4
= i j  k  3x y z  
 x x z 

= 6xy3z4 iˆ +9x2y2z4+12x2y3z3
GLb, (1, 1, -1) we›`y‡Z

grad  = 6.1.13 (-1)4 iˆ +9.12.12. (-1)4 ĵ +12.12.13. (-1)3 k̂

= 6iˆ  9 ˆj  12kˆ

N) GLv‡b, A  3x 2 y 2iˆ  (2 x3 y  z 3 ) ˆj  3 yz 2 kˆ
  
GLb, Curl A    A

iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
=
x y z
3x 2 y 2 (2 x 3  z 3 )  yz 2

     
=  (3 yz 2 )  (2 x 3  z 3 )iˆ   (3x 2 y 2 )  (3 yz 2 )  ˆj 
 y z   z x 
  2 2 
 (2 x y  z )  (3x y )kˆ
3 3

 x y 
= (-3z2+3z2) iˆ +(0-0) ĵ +(6x2y-6x2y) k̂
= 0+0+0 =0

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 
GLv‡b, Curl A  0
‡h‡nZz †f±i †ÿÎwUi Kvj© Gi gvb k~b¨ myZivs †f±i †ÿÎwU AN~Y©bkxj n‡e|

2. wg. iweDj Zvi Qv·`i †evSvwQ‡jb †h †Kvb †¯‥jvi dvsk‡bi †MÖwW‡q›U wb‡j †mwU †f±i dvsk‡b cwiYZ nq Ges
†f±i dvsk‡bi WvBfvi‡RÝ wb‡j †mwU †¯‥jvi dvsk‡b cwiYZ nq|P GKwU †¯‥jvi A‡cÿK †hLv‡b
 
P= 3x2yz+4xyz+2yz3 Ges V GKwU †f±i A‡cÿK †hLv‡b V  x 2 yiˆ  2 xzˆj  2 yzkˆ

M) DÏxcK Abyhvqx div grad P wbY©q Ki|

N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡i †`LvI Kxfv‡e GKwU †¯‥jvi †ÿ·K †f±i †ÿ‡Î DËiY Kiv hvq Ges GKwU
†f±i †ÿ·K †¯‥jvi †ÿ‡Î iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|

DËi:
M) †`Iqv Av‡Q,
P=3x2yz+4xyz+2yz3
Avgiv Rvwb,
   ˆ  ˆ  ˆ 2
grad P= P   i j  k (3x yz  4 xyz  2 yz 3 )
 x y z 

= (6xyz+4yz) iˆ +(3x2z+4xz+2z3) ĵ + (3x2y+4xy+6yz2) k̂


div grad P  . (grad P)

  ˆ  ˆ 
=  iˆ  
 j  k  (6 xyz  4 yz )iˆ  (3x 2 z  4 xz  2 z 3 ) ˆj  (3x 2 y  4 xy  6 yz 2 )kˆ
 x y z 
  
= (6 xyz  4 yz )  (3x 2 z  4 xz  2 z 3 )  (3x 2 y  4 xy  6 yz 2 )
x y z
= 6yz+0+12yz
= 18yz
N) WvBfvi‡R‡Ýi gva¨‡g GKwU †f±i †ÿ·K †¯‥jvi †ÿ‡Î Ges †MÖwW‡q‡›Ui gva¨‡g GKwU †¯‥jvi †ÿ·K †f±i
†ÿ‡Î DËiY Kiv hvq|
    
DÏxc‡K V GKwU †f±i A‡ÿcK| Zvn‡j V Gi WvBfvi‡RÝ= div V  .V

  ˆ  ˆ  2 ˆ
=  iˆ 
 j  k . x yi  2 xzˆj  2 yzkˆ 
 x y z 
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  2  
= ( x y)  (2 xz )  (2 yz )
x y z
= 2xy-0+2y
= 2xy+2y, hv GKwU †¯‥jvi †ÿÎ
Avevi, P GKwU †¯‥jvi A‡cÿK| Zvn‡j P Gi MÖ¨vwW‡q›UÑ
   ˆ  ˆ  2
grad P= P   iˆ  j  k (3x y  4 xyz  2 yz 3 )
 x y z 
  
 iˆ (3x 2 yz  4 xyz  2 yz 3 )  ˆj (3x 2 yz  4 xyz  2 yz 3 ) + kˆ (3x 2 yz  4 xyz  2 yz 3 )
x y z

= iˆ(6 xyz  4 yz  0)  ˆj (3x 2 z  4 xz  2 z 3 )  kˆ(3x 2 y  4 xy  6 yz 2 )

= (6xyz+4yz) iˆ  (3x 2 z  4 xz  2 z 3 ) ˆj  (3x 2 y  4 xy  6 yz 2 )kˆ

hv GKwU †f±i †ÿÎ|
myZivs GKwU †¯‥jvi †ÿ·K †f±i †ÿ‡Î DËiY Ges GKwU †f±i †ÿ·K †¯‥jvi †ÿ‡Î iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|

Riaz Mahmud
Lecturer in Physics
Ispahani Public School & College
Cell:01815465449

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