DENSITY TESTING AND

INSPECTION MANUAL
2024 EDITION

CONSTRUCTION FIELD SERVICES

DIVISION
 FOREWORD
This manual provides guidance to administrative, engineering, and technical staff. Engineering
practice requires that professionals use a combination of technical skills and judgment in decision
making. Engineering judgment is necessary to allow decisions to account for unique site-specific
conditions and considerations to provide high quality products, within budget, and to protect the
public health, safety, and welfare. This manual provides the general operational guidelines;
however, it is understood that adaptation, adjustments, and deviations are sometimes necessary.
Innovation is a key foundational element to advance the state of engineering practice and develop
more effective and efficient engineering solutions and materials. As such, it is essential that our
engineering manuals provide a vehicle to promote, pilot, or implement technologies or practices that
provide efficiencies and quality products, while maintaining the safety, health, and welfare of the
public. It is expected when making significant or impactful deviations from the technical information
from these guidance materials, that reasonable consultations with experts, technical committees,
and/or policy setting bodies occur prior to actions within the timeframes allowed. It is also expected
that these consultations will eliminate any potential conflicts of interest, perceived or otherwise.
MDOT Leadership is committed to a culture of innovation to optimize engineering solutions.
The National Society of Professional Engineers Code of Ethics for Engineering is founded on six
fundamental canons. Those canons are provided below.
Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:

1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.

2. Perform Services only in areas of their competence.
3. Issue public statement only in an objective and truthful manner.
4. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
5. Avoid deceptive acts.
6. Conduct themselves honorably, reasonably, ethically and lawfully so as to enhance the
honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.
This manual has been prepared to document procedures used by the Michigan Department of
Transportation (MDOT) to assure quality in density testing and inspection in the field. It reflects
current Michigan Department of Transportation practice, as based on past experience and on
recognized national standards in testing procedures. This manual is written to serve as a
procedures manual and training aid for technicians performing density testing on MDOT projects.
Technician qualification requirements are documented in accordance with 23 CFR 637.
Furthermore, this manual is part of MDOT’s Materials Quality Assurance Program.

Inquiries concerning the information presented in this manual may be directed to:

MDOT Density Technology Unit

P.O. Box 30049
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 636-4970

Copies of the Density Testing and Inspection Manual can be obtained from:

MDOT Engineering Prints Office

7575 Crowner Drive
Dimondale, MI 48821
(517) 636-0650
MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. DENSITY TESTS AND METHODS

A. INTRODUCTION

1. Soils............................................................................................................................... 1
2. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Mixtures .................................................................................. 1
3. Stabilized Mixtures ........................................................................................................ 1
4. Pulverized Pavement Mixtures ..................................................................................... 2
5. Density .......................................................................................................................... 2
6. Compaction ................................................................................................................... 2
7. The Density Test ........................................................................................................... 2
8. Controlled Density Method ........................................................................................... 3
9. Equipment ..................................................................................................................... 7
10. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ....................................................................... 13

B. DENSITY TESTS

1. THE ONE-POINT T-99 TEST

a. Description ............................................................................................................ 14
b. Preparing and Compacting the Sample ............................................................... 14
c. Weighing the Sample ............................................................................................ 17
d. Determining Maximum Density and Optimum Moisture ...................................... 18
e. Precautions in Performing the One-Point T-99 Test ............................................ 20

2. THE AASHTO T-99 TEST

a. Description ............................................................................................................ 22
b. Preparing and Compacting the Sample ............................................................... 22
c. Weighing the Sample ............................................................................................ 23
d. Completing the Test Procedure ............................................................................ 23
e. Completing the Full Test Curve ............................................................................ 23
f. Determining Maximum Density and Optimum Moisture ...................................... 24
g. Precautions in Performing the AASHTO T-99 Test ............................................. 24

3. THE ONE-POINT MICHIGAN CONE TEST

a. Description ............................................................................................................ 25
b. Preparing, Compacting and Weighing the Sample (Sand or Gravel) .................. 25
c. Determining Maximum Density and Optimum Moisture ...................................... 30
d. Precautions in Performing the One-Point Michigan Cone Test ........................... 32

4. THE MICHIGAN CONE TEST

a. Description ............................................................................................................ 33
b. Preparing, Compacting and Weighing the Sample (Sand or Gravel) .................. 33
c. Determining Moisture Content (Sand or Gravel) .................................................. 34
d. Determining Maximum Density of Granular Soil other than Processed
Aggregates ............................................................................................................ 34
e. Determining Maximum Density of Aggregate Base Courses and Surface
Aggregates ............................................................................................................ 34
f. Precautions in Performing the Michigan Cone Test............................................. 35

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5. THE MICHIGAN MODIFIED T-180 TEST

a. Description ............................................................................................................ 35
b. Obtaining and Compacting the Sample................................................................ 36
c. Weighing the Sample ............................................................................................ 38
d. Determining Wet Maximum Density ..................................................................... 39
e. Precautions in Performing the Michigan Modified T-180 Test ............................. 41

6. THE DENSITY IN-PLACE (NUCLEAR) TEST

a. Description ............................................................................................................ 41
b. Location and Frequency of Test ........................................................................... 42
c. Troxler Model 3440 ............................................................................................... 42
1) Keys Description ............................................................................................. 44
2) 3440 Keypad Layout ....................................................................................... 44
3) Turning the Gauge On .................................................................................... 45
4) Recharging the Batteries ................................................................................ 46
5) Taking the Standard Counts ........................................................................... 46
6) Viewing the Last Four Standard Counts......................................................... 48
7) Count Time Selection ..................................................................................... 48
8) Mode Selection ............................................................................................... 49
a) Soils Mode Selection ................................................................................ 49
b) Asphalt Mode Selection ............................................................................ 50
9) Density/Moisture Measurement ...................................................................... 50
a) Soils Mode ................................................................................................ 50
b) Asphalt Mode ............................................................................................ 51
10) Proctor (Cone) / Marshall / Voidless Function................................................ 52
a) Recall a Stored Proctor (Cone) / Marshall Value ..................................... 53
b) Enter a New Proctor (Cone) / Marshall Value .......................................... 53
11) Recall Function ............................................................................................... 54
12) Depth Function ................................................................................................ 54
a) Manual Mode ............................................................................................ 55
b) Automatic Mode ........................................................................................ 55
d. InstroTek 3500 Explorer 2
1) Keys Description ............................................................................................. 57
2) Powering On the Gauge ................................................................................. 58
4) Recharging the Batteries ................................................................................ 59
5) Taking the Standard Counts ........................................................................... 60
6) Viewing the Last Thirty Standard Counts ....................................................... 60
7) Setting Proctor (Soil)/ Marshall (HMA & Recycled) Density Values .............. 61
8) Taking Measurements .................................................................................... 62
9) Measurement Depth ....................................................................................... 62
10) Where to Record Displayed Data on Form 0582B ......................................... 62
e. Precautions in Performing the Density In-Place (Nuclear) Test .......................... 63
f. Care of Nuclear Gauge and Equipment ............................................................... 63

7. CALCIUM CARBIDE GAS PRESSURE METER (“SPEEDY” MOISTURE TESTER)

a. Description ............................................................................................................ 65
b. Care of the Pressure Meter .................................................................................. 65
c. Use of the Pressure Meter .................................................................................... 68
d. Test Procedure for Sand and Gravel (Loss-by-Washing of 15 Percent or Less) 70
e. Test Procedure for Cohesive Soil (Half Sample [10 gram or 13 gram],
Proportional Method or Loss-By-Washing Greater than 15 Percent) .................. 74

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f. Precautions in Performing Moisture Tests with the Calcium Carbide Gas

Pressure Meter (“Speedy”) ................................................................................... 77

8. REPORTS AND RECORDS

a. General ................................................................................................................. 77
b. Precautions for Records and Reports .................................................................. 83

II. TECHNICIAN QUALIFICATION PROGRAM FOR FIELD DENSITY TESTING

A. Technician Qualifications .................................................................................................. 84

B. Maintaining Records ......................................................................................................... 84

C. Disqualification of Technicians ......................................................................................... 85

III. APPENDIX

A. DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................... 86

B. CHECKLIST FOR THE ONE-POINT T-99 TEST ............................................................ 90

C. CHECKLIST FOR THE AASHTO T-99 TEST .................................................................. 91

D. CHECKLIST FOR THE ONE-POINT MICHIGAN CONE TEST ...................................... 92

E. CHECKLIST FOR THE MICHIGAN CONE TEST ........................................................... 93

F. CHECKLIST FOR THE MICHIGAN MODIFIED T-180 TEST.......................................... 94

G. CHECKLIST FOR USE OF THE NUCLEAR GAUGE ..................................................... 95

H. CHECKLIST FOR USE OF THE NUCLEAR GAUGE .................................................... 96

I. SPECIAL NOTES ON WEIGHING PROCEDURES ........................................................ 97

J. CHECKLIST FOR THE CALCIUM CARBIDE GAS PRESSURE METER ...................... 98

K. POLICY ON MINIMUM FREQUENCY OF TESTING ...................................................... 99

L. EQUIPMENT FURNISHED IN DENSITY KITS.............................................................. 100

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I. DENSITY TESTS AND METHODS

A. Introduction

1. SOILS

Soil is a natural body occupying the portion of the earth mainly composed of mineral and
organic materials and, unless otherwise specified, may include any unconsolidated deposit
down to hard rock. Soils, as found in the field, are mixtures of soil particles, air and water.
The soil particles are classified as clay, silt and sand and these are called soil separates.
Clay is the finest grain size, silt is the next finer and sand is the most coarse.

Texture classes are also called clay, silt and sand. They are so classified because they
carry the predominant characteristics of the soil separate name they are identified with. A
clay soil is very sticky when wet and lumpy when dry. It has strong cohesion (attraction
between particles) and is commonly called a cohesive soil. Clay soils have relatively high
natural moisture contents. Silt is floury in appearance, has a talcum powder “feel” and a
great affinity for retaining water. Sand is a non-cohesive soil which is not sticky when wet
and very loose and fluffy when dry. The natural moisture content of sand is relatively low as
compared with clay.

Soil mixtures may also contain some amounts of gravel, which is a granular material. By
AASHTO definition gravel will pass the 3-inch sieve and be retained on the No. 10 sieve.
Cobbles and boulders are larger rocks which may also be present in soils.

For the purpose of this manual, the term “soil” refers to mixtures of soil, air and water. The
terms clay, silt and sand refer to their textural class.

2. HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) MIXTURES

HMA mixtures are hot plant-manufactured materials. The mixtures consist of predetermined
amounts of sand, stone, fines and bitumen. The mixtures could also consist of various
amounts of recycled materials.

Delivered to the job site, the HMA mixtures are placed in layers and are normally used as
bases, binders, leveling and top courses.

3. STABILIZED MIXTURES

Stabilized mixtures consist of any existing material which is retextured or mixed with a
stabilizing agent.

The most common method of stabilization consists of mixing hot bitumen with an existing
mixture of ground-up HMA surface and aggregate base. The layer of stabilized material is
then used as a base course for a new HMA surface. Stabilization increases the bearing
capacity and stability of the existing material and reduces reflective crack patterns normally
associated with resurfacing projects.

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4. PULVERIZED PAVEMENT MIXTURES

Pulverized pavement mixtures consist of existing HMA and/or concrete surfaces, pulverized
and mixed with some portion of the underlying aggregate base.

The resulting mixture of pulverized HMA or concrete and aggregate base material is then
compacted and used as a base course for new or recycled pavement surfaces. This is
another method of recycling existing HMA and concrete surfaces by utilizing existing
material and increasing the load carrying capacity of the resulting new pavement.

5. DENSITY

Density is a ratio expressed by the formula D=W / V or density equals the weight of material
divided by the volume it occupies. A simple example is the density of water. Each cubic
foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds; thus, the density of water is 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.
In soil testing, density is used to determine the degree of compaction by comparing the In-
Place Density to the Maximum Density. The degree of compaction, expressed as a percent,
is then compared to the specification requirement to determine pass or fail. Maximum
Density is a standard expressed in pounds per cubic foot which is arrived at by applying a
standard compactive effort to a soil mixture under controlled conditions.

6. COMPACTION

Compaction is the elimination of excess air spaces (voids) in a soil by mechanical means.
Vibration is a good mechanical means in sand soils; compression and impact are more
successful means of compaction in clay soil. Some common types of equipment used for
compaction on sand are track-type dozers, vibrating rollers, wobble-wheel rollers and plate-
type vibrators. Common types of equipment used on clay are sheepsfoot rollers, rubber-
tired rollers and rubber-tired hauling equipment. To obtain a desired amount of compaction,
it may be necessary to lower or raise the moisture content in the soil.

Compaction of HMA mixtures is accomplished by the rearrangement of the particles to

reduce the amount of voids to a predetermined percentage of the compacted mass. Asphalt
binder is a thermoplastic liquid and as a lubricant in the arrangement of the particles, its
temperature is critical. Compaction of the HMA mixture must be obtained while the asphalt
binder is still hot and fluid.

Compaction of HMA mixtures is normally obtained in four stages: paver screed effort,
breakdown rolling effort, intermediate and clean up rolling effort. Rollers presently allowed
are rubber-tired, steel-wheeled vibratory and static rollers.

7. THE DENSITY TEST

The Michigan Department of Transportation currently uses four main tests to control the
compaction of soils, HMA mixtures and recycled mixtures: the One-Point T-99 (Proctor)
Test, the One-Point Michigan Cone Test, the Michigan Modified T-180 Test and the Density
In-Place (nuclear) Test. The AASHTO T-99 Test and the Michigan Cone Test are only used
as referee tests and typically performed in a lab setting.

The One-Point T-99, One-Point Michigan Cone and Michigan Modified T-180 Tests are
used to determine Maximum Density of soil and recycled materials. The One-Point T-99

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and One-Point Michigan Cone Tests are departmental adaptations of the AASHTO T-99
and Michigan Cone Tests. The nuclear gauge is used to check density of material In-Place.
The One-Point T-99 Test is used for cohesive soils such as clay and all other soils having a
loss-by-washing of more than 15 percent. The One-Point Michigan Cone Test is used for
sand and gravel having a loss-by-washing of 15 percent or less, including aggregate base
courses and Granular Material Classes I, II and III. The Modified T-180 Test is used on
materials that are stabilized In-Place, pulverized HMA and crushed concrete. These terms
are defined in the appendix of this manual.

TESTS TO DETERMINE MAXIMUM DENSITY

Material Test
Granular materials having 15% or less loss-by-
washing. This includes 23 A and 23AA which can One Point Michigan Cone Test
have up to 16%.

Slag Aggregate material One Point Michigan Cone Test

Cohesive materials having more than 15% loss-

One Point T-99 Test
by-washing

Pulverized HMA used as Aggregate Base Course Michigan Modified T-180 Test

Crushed concrete used as Aggregate Base

Michigan Modified T-180 Test
Course

Stabilized in-place materials Michigan Modified T-180 Test

8. CONTROLLED DENSITY METHOD

a. DESCRIPTION

The Controlled Density Method is the standard procedure used by the Michigan
Department of Transportation to control the placement and compaction of embankment
and backfill material.

Material is placed in horizontal layers not exceeding a thickness of 9 inches for

clay/cohesive soil or 15 inches for granular soil. The loose soil layer must be
compacted by mechanical means to the minimum specified density. Each layer is
tested and accepted before the succeeding layer is started. The equipment used to
spread the material and the type of equipment used to compact the material is
determined by the contractor. The primary requirement is that the material be placed in
discreet horizontal layers and uniformly compacted to the specified density throughout
the fill area.

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Where tests indicate inadequate density, it is generally due to one of two reasons:

1) Improper moisture content

2) Insufficient compactive effort

b. MOISTURE CONTENT

Improper moisture content is the greatest single cause of difficulty in attaining the
specified density requirement, especially for cohesive soil. MDOT specifications require
that cohesive soils have moisture content not greater than 3 percent above optimum at
the time of compaction, except for the top 3 feet of embankment which must not exceed
optimum. If the material contains excessive moisture, it must be aerated and dried by
disking or other effective methods before being compacted. The succeeding layer must
not be placed until the specification requirement is met. Sometimes, where large areas
of embankment are to be constructed, a layer of wet material may be left to dry while
placing or compacting operations are alternately being performed at another
embankment area. Because the natural moisture content of clay soil is often near
optimum or above optimum, the addition of water is generally not required. However, if
the material is dryer than optimum, water may need to be added to facilitate compaction.
The closer the moisture content is to optimum, the easier it is for the contractor to attain
density. At times, where the cut material is composed of both wet and dry material,
grading operations may require some mixing after the material is deposited on the grade
and before compacting. Although it is generally not economically practical for the
contractor, he may elect to waste the wet material and replace it with an equal volume of
drier material. When atmospheric conditions permit little or no evaporation, wet material
cannot be manipulated, aerated and dried. During such periods, which generally
include later fall, winter and early spring, the contractor often chooses to wait for more
favorable construction weather.

The compaction characteristics of sand soils are much less sensitive to moisture
variation and can be satisfactorily compacted over a wide range of moisture content. In
as much as the natural moisture of sand soils is often in a bulking range of 3 to 5
percent, compaction is often attained more quickly and with less effort by adding water.
Excessive moisture is generally not a problem with sand, except for saturated fine sand
which has been excavated from below the water table. In this case, the usual solution is
to allow the material time to dry until the moisture content is less than optimum before
placement and compaction are attempted. The succeeding layer must not be placed
until the specification requirement is met. Further, all backfill must be at or below
optimum moisture before placing additional material. The compaction of granular
material can generally be conducted in wet weather and sometimes even in freezing
weather.

At times, the soil of the original ground contains enough moisture to become spongy
when trying to place the first layer of an embankment, making compaction almost
impossible. If this spongy condition is not corrected, the embankment will usually
continue to be spongy with each succeeding layer. Sometimes it is possible to remedy
this problem by disking and aerating the original ground. If the original ground contains
an excess of moisture so that manipulation is not practical, it may be necessary to

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construct the first layer of Granular Material Class III to the minimum elevation at which
the equipment can be operated.

When the moisture of the embankment material is at or near optimum, the contractor
should have little difficulty in obtaining satisfactory density if adequate compactive effort
is applied. When heavy earthmoving equipment places the material in thin layers over a
large area, and if the units break track for maximum compactive coverage, they can
usually attain satisfactory compaction alone. A common problem occurs when many
units are hauling a short distance to a small embankment area. To obtain uniform
compaction, supplemental compaction equipment must be added.

c. PLACEMENT AND COMPACTION OF MATERIAL

Whenever density tests indicate that the contractor has not obtained the specified
density, he must be directed that the succeeding layer must not be placed until the
specification requirement is met. The decision as to how the corrective work is to be
done is left up to the contractor. From the test results and from observation, however,
the inspector should recognize the reason for the low density and could suggest
appropriate action such as disking the wet soil to dry it, adding water to a dry soil, or
simply doing more rolling if moisture is not the problem.

While specifications permit the placement of clay in layers up to 9 inches thick and sand
in layers up to 15 inches, better results are obtained if the material is spread and
compacted in thin layers. Layers 3 to 5 inches thick require less compactive effort and
promote better hauling conditions.

Heavy earthmoving equipment generally causes some “kneading” or movement of a

compacted clay fill under passing wheel loads even though the soil is at Optimum
Moisture. In all but dry cohesive soils a moderate amount of such movement is to be
expected and is not detrimental. In general, the surface should rebound after the wheel
passes and should not leave a rut more than 1 to 3 inches deep. Occasionally, some
sensitive clays are observed to rut deeply even though the density and moisture
requirements are within specification. When such actions are observed, density test
computations, procedures and equipment should be reviewed to confirm that
specification requirements are being met. The Area Density Specialist should
participate in this review. If the condition continues up to subgrade elevation, it is
suggested that the Delivery Engineer consult with the Region Soils Engineer to
determine whether disking and drying should be performed to ensure a more firm
subgrade.

Although the type of compaction equipment used is left entirely to the option of the
contractor, experience has shown that certain equipment is more efficient for
compacting one type of soil than another. A sheepsfoot roller, for example, is generally
more effective in compacting clay than sand.

Vibratory equipment is effective on granular soils and relatively inefficient for compacting
clay. Heavy, multi-wheel, pneumatic rollers are effective for all types of soils. Small
plate vibrators are generally more efficient than tampers for compacting granular trench
backfill.

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For many types of soil, the very top 2 inches or so of the layer being compacted remains
loose until it has been confined by placement of the succeeding layer. For that reason,
it is important that the loose surface be scraped away before the density test is taken.

Special problems and consideration arise when soil is placed and compacted during
freezing weather. Winter construction is covered under “Winter Grading” in the MDOT
Construction Manual.

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9. EQUIPMENT

Figure 1. One-Point T-99 Test and AASHTO T-99 Test

Figure 1 shows the equipment used for the One-Point T-99 and the AASHTO T-99 Tests. It consists
of a cylindrical mold (Proctor mold) 4 inches in diameter with a detachable collar and base plate, a
5.5-pound rammer (or hammer device) with a 12 inch drop, a strike-off bar, a hardwood pounding
block, a ¼ inch mesh screen mounted on a wood frame and a water bottle.

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Figure 2. One-Point Michigan Cone Test and Michigan Cone Test

The equipment used for the One-Point Michigan Cone Test and Michigan Cone Test is shown in
Figure 2 and consists of an inverted funnel mold commonly referred to as a “cone” having a solid
bottom at the larger end, a hardwood pounding block and a water bottle.

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Figure 3. Michigan Modified T-180 Test

The equipment used for the Michigan Modified T-180 Test is shown in Figure 3 and consists of the
following: a hardwood pounding block, a cylindrical mold (Proctor mold) 4 inches in diameter, 10-
pound rammer with an 18 inch drop and strike-off bar.

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Figure 4. Nuclear Density In-Place Test

The density of material In-Place is determined by the use of a Nuclear Moisture Density Gauge
(Figure 4). The Michigan Department of Transportation currently permits the use of the Troxler
model 3400 series,the InstroTek Xplorer model 3500, and the CPN Elite series gauges. Other
equipment used in this test includes a gauge book, standard block, template, drill rod and hammer.

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Figure 5. Contents of an MDOT density box

A typical density box and detailed views of equipment contained in the MDOT truck-mounted
density box are shown in Figure 5.

Figures 6a and 6b show a nuclear density gauge secured in the MDOT Type A Box and in the
manufacturer’s carrying case housed in the NUX Safety Containment Box, respectively.

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Figure 6a. Troxler nuclear gauge secured in the MDOT Type A box in a cab of a pickup truck.

Figure 6b. Troxler nuclear gauge secured in the manufacturer’s carrying case housed in the
NUX Safety Containment Box.

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10. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

When conducting density inspection and testing always abide by MDOT’s policy for
personal protective equipment. For complete details as to the requirements contained in
this policy refer to MDOT Guidance Document # 10118. As a minimum, the following PPE
must be worn at all times when conducting density testing:

● hard hat
● safety glasses
● safety vest
● safety toe footwear

Additional PPE may be necessary depending on the specific test performed and may
include:

● hearing protection
● hand protection

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B. DENSITY TESTS

1. THE ONE-POINT T-99 TEST

a. DESCRIPTION

A Michigan adaptation of the AASHTO T-99 (Method C, Modified) Test is the “One-Point
T-99 Test.” The modification to the AASHTO test procedure is described in the Michigan
Test Method (MTM) 404. The equipment used and the procedures for compacting the
mold are the same as in the full AASHTO T-99 Test plus a One-Point T-99 Chart. The
test name is derived from the fact that only one mold needs to be completed. In
Michigan, it is the primary test used to determine the Maximum Density of soils having a
loss-by-washing greater than 15 percent.

Figure 1 shows the equipment used for the One-Point T-99 Test. It consists of a
cylindrical mold (Proctor mold) approximately 4 inches in diameter with a detachable
collar and base plate; a 5.5-pound rammer or hammer device with a 12 inch drop; a
sharp-edge strike-off bar; a hardwood pounding block; a ¼ inch mesh screen mounted
on a wood frame; and a water bottle. The equipment shall be calibrated/checked
annually.

b. PREPARING AND COMPACTING THE SAMPLE

A representative sample, approximately 3500 grams, is taken from the In-Place Density
test site. This sample should be thoroughly broken up by running it through the screen
as shown in Figure 7. The coarse material retained on the screen is then visually
inspected. Stones estimated to be larger than 1 inch are removed and replaced with an
equivalent weight of smaller stone. The replacement stone must be less than 1 inch but
still large enough to be retained on the screen. This process must be completed as
quickly as possible to avoid loss of moisture through evaporation. The stones retained
on the screen are now added back to the sample.

Figure [Link] sample of approximately 3500 grams of soil after screening

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The test must be started with the soil moisture content within a range from optimum to
4.0 percent below optimum. The closer to optimum the moisture content, the more
accurate the test will be. With experience, the inspector can determine this by the
texture, consistency and appearance of the soil. It may also be determined by a simple
hand cast test. Take a handful of the sample and squeeze it tightly in your fist to form a
soil cast. If the moisture content is within the desired range, the cast will hold together
firmly as shown in Figure 8 (left). Significant effort is required to break the cast as
shown in the right half of Figure 8. If the sample is too dry, the cast will not form or will
crumble easily when disturbed. If the sample is dry, more water should be added before
the test is started. When water is added, the sample should be thoroughly mixed and
run through the screen a second time. If the sample is too wet, the cast will mold very
easily and may even feel sticky. The sample should then be dried by running it through
the screen and spreading it out on top of the density box. This is particularly effective in
hot weather. If the moisture content of the sample was determined by the hand cast
method to be within the appropriate range, from optimum to 4.0 percent below optimum,
then the Moisture % from the In-Place Density Test is recorded in Column B on Form
0582B (Figure 11). If the moisture content of the sample was adjusted before the mold
was compacted, then the moisture content must be determined using the “Speedy”
moisture tester after completing the One-Point T-99. Refer to page 56 for instructions
on the use of the “Speedy.” Record the Moisture % in Column B. Place a circled “S” in
the box to indicate that the Moisture % was determined by the “Speedy” moisture tester.

Figure 8. Appearance of the soil cast between 4.0 percent below Optimum Moisture
and Optimum Moisture (left), broken up under hand pressure (right)

The Proctor mold is then assembled and placed on a hardwood block (Figure 9),
supported on firm ground or existing pavement, but not on the tailgate of a pickup truck.
A layer of soil is placed in the mold in quantity sufficient to fill one-third of its volume
after compaction. The soil is then compacted in the mold by 25 blows of a 5.5-pound
rammer weight, dropping 12 inches as shown in Figure 9. While compacting the soil,
the rammer should be moved about the soil surface in the mold to obtain uniform
compaction of each layer. It is important that the rod be held vertical and the rammer
weight dropped freely since it is a standard compactive effort. Any increase or decrease
in the effort may materially affect the accuracy of the test. A second layer of soil is

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added, filling another one-third of the volume of the mold after compaction. This, too, is
compacted by 25 evenly distributed blows. The third and final layer is then added,
including enough soil to extend slightly above the top of the mold, after compaction.
The third layer is compacted by 25 evenly distributed rammer blows. After the collar has
been removed, the compacted soil should extend ¼ to ½ inch above the top of the mold
as shown in Figure 10 (top). If the soil does not extend ¼ inch above the mold or if the
soil extends more than ½ inch above the mold, the test should be repeated.

The material is then struck-off even with the top of the mold using the strike-off bar, as
shown in Figure 10 (bottom). If stones are encountered at this level, stones extending
above the mold more than halfway are removed, stones extending less than halfway are
driven in with the blunt edge of the strike-off bar. Any remaining voids should be filled
with fine material.

Figure 9. Proctor mold resting Figure 10. After removing collar,

on the wood block compacted soil extending ¼ to ½ inch
above the top of mold (top) is removed
with strike-off bar (bottom)

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Figure 11. Entries and computations for the One-Point T-99 Test

c. WEIGHING THE SAMPLE

Next, the base plate is removed and the mold and sample are weighed to the nearest
gram (Figure 12). This weight is recorded in Column D (Wet Soil + Mold) on Form
0582B as shown in Figure 11. The volume of the mold and the weight of the mold when
empty are painted on its side. The weight is recorded in Column E and the volume in
Column C. The correct method of weighing is very important. When using a digital
scale, be sure the scale is clean and level on a hard flat surface. Careless weighing
procedures can cause significant differences in test results.

Figure 12. Weighing proctor mold and material on the scale provided in the density box

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d. DETERMINING MAXIMUM DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE

Complete the computations through Column H (Compacted Soil Wet) as shown in

Figure 11. This is accomplished by subtracting the weight of the mold (Column E) from
the weight of the material and mold (Column D). The result is recorded in Column F
(Wet Soil). Convert the weight in grams (Column F) to pounds by dividing by 453.59
and record in Column G (Wet Soil, lbs.). The Compacted Soil Wet (Column H) is
determined by dividing the Wet Soil (Column G) by the volume of the mold (Column C).

Maximum Density and Optimum Moisture are found by applying the Moisture %
(Column B) and the Compacted Soil Wet (Column H) to the One-Point T-99 chart,
shown in Figure 16. As an example, assume that the results from a One-Point Test are
as follows: Compacted Soil Wet (Column H) or “Wet Density” is 119.0 pounds per cubic
foot and the moisture content is 17.3 percent. Referring to figure 15, locate this
moisture content on the horizontal leg (abscissa) and the Wet Density on the vertical leg
(ordinate), and then project lines on the chart as indicated by dashed lines 1 and 2 to an
intersection A. Next, project point A upwards and to the right, as indicated by dashed
line 3 to an intersection B with the solid outside boundary line. This point of intersection
B is the Maximum Dry Density, in this case 103.4 pounds per cubic foot.

To obtain Optimum Moisture, proceed downward vertically from point B as indicated by

solid line 4 to intersect the horizontal leg (abscissa) at point C. The percentage shown
at point C is the Optimum Moisture, in this case 19.6 percent.

Record the Maximum Density (Column I) and Optimum Moisture % (Column J) on Form
0582B as shown in Figure 11.

If point A falls to the right of the Maximum Density curve, the soil is too wet. The
moisture content should be reduced by drying the sample and the test repeated.

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Figure 15. Steps 1, 2, 3 and 4

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e. PRECAUTIONS IN PERFORMING THE ONE-POINT T-99 TEST

Experience has shown that the following items are important to keep in mind when
performing the One-Point T-99 Test:

1) Establish a new Maximum Density any time the material changes (minimum of
one per day) or the percent compaction exceeds 100.0.

2) Thoroughly break up the sample by running it through the screen before

compacting it in the mold.

3) Pound within a moisture range from optimum to 4.0 percent below optimum.
The closer to optimum the moisture content is, the more accurate the test will be.

4) Make sure the clamp on each mold section is tight.

5) Make sure the wing nuts on the base plate are secured with equal tension.

6) Place the mold on a solid block that is supported on firm soil or pavement.

7) Hold the rammer vertically so that it will fall freely.

8) Drop the 5.5-pound rammer weight freely for each 12 inch blow.

9) Use exactly 25 blows on each layer.

10) Place 3 equal layers in the mold.

11) Use enough material in the third layer so that when compacted, the material
extends ¼ to ½ inch above the top of the mold. If the third layer is not above the top
of the mold, repeat the test.

12) When using the chart, use the Compacted Soil Wet (Column H) and Moisture %
(Column B).

13) If the point on the chart obtained by plotting the Compacted Soil Wet and
Moisture % falls to the right of the Maximum Density curve, the sample is above
Optimum Moisture content. Dry the sample and repeat the test.

14) On Form 0582B, record the Maximum Density (Column I) and the Optimum
Moisture % (Column J) obtained from the chart.

15) When making entries on Form 0582B, interpolate decimal fractions by using the
grid lines on the chart.

16) Additional precautions for weighing and moisture sampling for this test and
others are provided in the appendix.

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Figure 16. One-Point T-99 Chart

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2. THE AASHTO T-99 TEST

a. DESCRIPTION

The department uses the AASHTO T-99 (Method C, Modified) test as a referee or
supplemental test to the One-Point T-99 test to determine the Maximum Density of soils
having a loss-by-washing greater than 15 percent. It is usually performed in a lab
setting and used by the inspector at the direction of the Area Density Specialist. The
equipment used is the same as that used for the One-Point T-99 Test (Figure 1) except
for the One-Point Chart. The equipment shall be calibrated/checked annually.

b. PREPARING AND COMPACTING THE SAMPLE

A representative sample, approximately 5000 grams, is taken from the soil to be tested.
This sample should be thoroughly broken up by running it through the screen as shown
in Figure 7. The coarse material retained on the screen is then visually inspected.
Stones estimated to be larger than 1 inch are removed and replaced with an equivalent
weight of smaller stone. The replacement stone must be less than 1 inch but still large
enough to be retained on the screen. This process must be completed as quickly as
possible to avoid loss of moisture through evaporation. The coarse material retained on
the screen is now added back to the sample.

The test should be started with the soil having a moisture content approximately 4.0
percent below optimum, which is determined by the hand cast. Figure 17 (left) shows a
cast of soil having approximately this moisture content. At 4.0 percent below optimum,
the cast will barely hold together, is readily friable, and will break easily with minimal
hand pressure as shown in Figure 17 (right). It may be necessary to either add water or
to dry the sample to obtain the desired moisture content. When water is added, the
sample should be thoroughly mixed and run through the screen a second time. If the
sample is too wet, it should be dried by running it through the screen and spreading it
out on top of the density box.

Figure 17. Appearance of soil cast approximately 4.0 percent below

Optimum Moisture (left), and easily broken under minimal pressure (right)

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The Proctor mold is then assembled and placed on a hardwood block, supported on firm
ground or existing pavement, but not on the tailgate of a pickup truck. A layer of soil is
placed in the mold in a quantity sufficient to fill one-third of its volume after compaction.
The soil is then compacted in the mold by 25 blows of a 5.5-pound rammer, dropping 12
inches as shown in Figure 9. While compacting the soil, the rammer should be moved
about the soil surface in the mold to obtain uniform compaction of each layer. It is
important that the rod be held vertically and the rammer weight dropped freely since it is
a standard compactive effort. Any increase or decrease in the effort may materially
affect the accuracy of the test. A second layer of soil is added, filling another one-third
of the volume of the mold after compaction. This too is compacted by 25 evenly
distributed blows. The third and final layer is added, including enough soil to extend
slightly above the top of the mold, after compaction. The third layer is compacted by 25
evenly distributed rammer blows. After the collar has been removed, the compacted soil
should extend ¼ to ½ inch above the top of the mold as shown in Figure 10 (top). If the
soil does not extend above the mold or if it extends more than ½ inch above the mold,
the test should be repeated.

The material is struck-off even with the top of the mold using the strike-off bar, as shown
in Figure 10 (bottom). If stones are encountered at this level, stones extending above
the mold more than halfway are removed, stones extending less than half way are
driven in with the blunt edge of the strike-off bar. Any remaining voids should be filled
with fine material..

c. WEIGHING THE SAMPLE

Next, the base plate is removed and the mold is weighed to the nearest gram (Figure
12). This weight is recorded in Column D (Wet Soil + Mold) on the density form (Form
0582B). The volume of the mold and its weight when empty are painted on its side.
This weight is recorded in Column E (Mold) and this volume in Column C (Volume
Mold).

d. COMPLETING THE TEST PROCEDURE

The sample is removed from the mold by loosening the handle on the mold and pushing
out the soil. The moisture content of the soil is determined by the “Speedy” moisture
tester. Refer to page 56 for instructions on the use of the “Speedy.” The Moisture % is
entered in Column B of Form 0582B.

Complete the computations through Column H (Compacted Soil Wet) as shown in

Figure 11. This is accomplished by subtracting the weight of the mold (Column E) from
the weight of the material and mold (Column D). The result is recorded in Column F
(Wet Soil). Convert the weight in grams (Column F) to pounds by dividing by 453.59
and record in Column G (Wet Soil, lbs.). The Compacted Soil Wet (Column H) is
determined by dividing the Wet Soil (Column G) by the volume of the mold (Column C).

e. COMPLETING THE FULL TEST CURVE

The soil remaining in the mold is again broken up by running it through the screen and
mixed with the remainder of the original sample. Water is added to raise the moisture
content approximately 2 percent. An experienced inspector can judge moisture content
by the feel and appearance of the soil. A novice inspector should weigh the total

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sample and compute 2 percent of that weight to determine the amount of the water
needed. The water is added and the sample is thoroughly mixed by working the soil
through the screen until the water is uniformly distributed throughout.

After the sample has been broken up and mixed, the same procedure (compacting three
layers in the mold, obtaining the moisture content, and determining the Compacted Soil
Wet) is followed. This procedure is repeated until there is a decrease in the Compacted
Soil Wet (Column H). Ordinarily this will require 4 or 5 molds of varying moisture
contents to determine moisture-density results for the complete curve.

f. DETERMINING MAXIMUM DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE

A graph is then prepared with a horizontal leg (abscissa) showing Moisture % and the
vertical leg (ordinate) showing the Compacted Soil Wet values in pounds per cubic foot.
The Compacted Soil Wet and moisture content from each test are plotted on the graph.
A smooth parabolic curve is then drawn through these points.

The apex or high point of the parabolic curve gives the Maximum Density and Optimum
Moisture of the particular soil. The Maximum Density is recorded in Column I and
Optimum Moisture % in Column J. It can be seen after plotting a curve why it is
necessary to have at least four points to establish a definite peak. Two points are
needed on each side of optimum to establish the slopes of the parabolic curve, which
are nearly straight lines.

g. PRECAUTIONS IN PERFORMING THE AASHTO T-99 TEST

This test establishes a moisture-density relationship; thus, it is important that the

compactive effort is standard and uniform throughout the entire series of molds to
ensure accuracy of the results. Experience has shown that the following items are
important to keep in mind when performing this test:

1) Establish a new Maximum Density any time the material changes (minimum of
one per day) or the percent compaction exceeds 100.0.

2) Have the sample thoroughly broken up by running it through the screen before
pounding.

3) Make sure the clamp on the collar and mold is tight.

4) Make sure the mold is seated squarely on the base and the wing nuts are
secured with equal tension.

5) Place the mold on a hardwood block that is supported on firm soil or pavement.

6) Hold the rammer vertically so that it will fall freely.

7) Drop the 5.5-pound rammer weight freely for each 12 inch blow.

8) Use exactly 25 blows on each layer.

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

9) Reposition large stones away from the sides of the mold and away from other
stones to prevent voids.

10) Place 3 equal layers in the mold.

11) Use enough material in the third layer so that, when compacted, the material
extends ¼ to ½ inch above the top of the mold. If the third layer is not above the top
of the mold or more than ½ inch above, repeat the test.

12) Break up and screen the sample thoroughly and mix the water evenly into the
sample before each succeeding test is started.

13) Pound enough molds at varying moisture contents to provide at least 2 points on
each side of optimum for the graph.

14) Record Maximum Density (Column I) as well as Optimum Moisture % (Column

J) on Form 0582B, as obtained from the plotted curve.

15) Additional precautions for weighing and moisture sampling for this test and
others are provided in the appendix.

3. THE ONE-POINT MICHIGAN CONE TEST

a. DESCRIPTION

An adaptation of the Michigan Cone Test is the One-Point Michigan Cone Test which
derives its name from the fact that only one cone needs to be compacted. The One-
Point Michigan Cone Test is used to determine Maximum Density of granular soils
having a loss-by-washing of 15 percent or less. This includes aggregate base courses
and Granular Material Classes I, II and III. Research has shown that the One-Point
Michigan Cone and Michigan Cone Test produce a higher Maximum Density in granular
soils than the AASHTO T-99 Test.

The equipment for this test is shown in Figure 2. This consists of an inverted funnel-
shaped mold (cone) having a solid bottom at the large end, a stopper, a hardwood
pounding block, a plastic water bottle and a One-Point Michigan Cone Chart (Figure 18).
The equipment shall be calibrated/checked annually.

b. PREPARING, COMPACTING AND WEIGHING THE SAMPLE (SAND OR

GRAVEL)

A sample from the In-Place Density test of approximately 3500 grams is used in this
test. A 10 inch by 10 inch pan (furnished in all density kits) filled level to the top usually
contains enough material. Any stones that freely fit in the opening of the cone remain
part of your sample.

For the One-Point Michigan Cone Test, soil moisture content must be between 5.0
percent and optimum moisture. The In-place test will provide you with a moisture
value. If the sample has a moisture content below 5.0 percent add water after the
sample has been collected and not to the grade at the test location. Be certain the
water is evenly mixed throughout the sample. If the sample has to be dried or have

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

water added, then determine the moisture content using the “Speedy” moisture tester
after performing the One-Point Michigan Cone. Refer to page 56 for instructions on the
use of the “Speedy.” Record the resulting Moisture % in Column B of Form 0582B.
Place a circled “S” in the box to indicate that the Moisture % was determined by the
“Speedy” moisture tester.

Place enough soil in the cone to fill it about one-third of its height after compaction. It
is then pounded 25 times or more by raising the cone above the hardwood pounding
block and striking it sharply, flat on the end grain of the block (Figure 19). A second
layer is added, filling the cone about two-thirds of its height after compaction, and
pounded 25 times or more. The third layer, which fills the cone to the top, is added and
pounded another 25 times or more. After the third layer has been compacted, the
cone is again filled to the top and then 10 blows or more are continued, holding a
hand or stopper over the opening. Material is added at intervals to keep the mold
full. Continue pounding until no further consolidation occurs (Figure 20). A
common error in this test is to discontinue the blows before it is certain that no
more material can be compacted into the cone. If free water appears at the top of
the cone the material is saturated. The moisture content should be reduced by drying
the sample and the test is repeated.

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Figure 18. One-Point Michigan Cone Test Chart

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Figure 19. Striking cone on block

Figure 20. Cross-section of properly compacted cone mold

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

Figure 21. Entries and computations for the One-Point Michigan Cone Test

After the cone is fully compacted, the material is leveled off the top using a straight-edge
or the stopper. The cone is then weighed to the nearest gram. The weight is recorded
in the “remarks” section of Form 0582B, Moisture and Density Determination.

In order to verify that the maximum consolidation has been obtained, the following
procedure must be followed. This procedure is commonly referred to as the 20/10 Rule,
and is intended to determine the correct end point for the One-Point Michigan Cone
Test.

A small handful of material is added to the top of the cone and the cone is pounded an
additional 20 times. The material is again struck level and the cone is re-weighed to the
nearest gram. The weight obtained is then compared to the previously recorded weight.
If the increase in weight is 10 grams or less, maximum consolidation has been obtained
and the test is complete. Record the final weight, the highest weight obtained, in
column D (Wet Soil + Mold) as indicated in Figure 21. If the increase in weight, the
highest weight is greater than 10 grams, maximum consolidation has not been obtained,
and the process is repeated as needed until the incremental change in weight is less
than or equal to 10 grams.

The volume and the weight of the cone are painted on the bottom of the cone. The
volume of the mold is recorded in Column C (Volume Mold) and the weight is recorded
in Column E (Mold).

Empty the cone by striking the open end (not the sides of the cone) on the wood
block.

Note: The cone should be checked periodically for accuracy by the Area Density
Specialist. The weight and the volume of the cone should never be changed in the field.
These values can only be changed when the cone is recalibrated.

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c. DETERMINING MAXIMUM DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE

A preliminary step in determining the Maximum Density is to complete the computations

through Column H (Compacted Soil Wet) as shown in Figure 21. This is accomplished
by subtracting the weight of the mold (Column E) from the weight of the material and
mold (Column D). The result is recorded in Column F (Wet Soil). Convert the weight in
grams (Column F) to pounds by dividing by 453.59 and record in Column G (Wet Soil,
lbs.). The Compacted Soil Wet (Column H) is determined by dividing the Wet Soil
(Column G) by the volume of the mold (Column C).

Maximum Density is found by applying the Moisture % (Column B) and the Compacted
Soil Wet (Column H) values to the One-Point Michigan Cone Test Chart shown in Figure
18.

Assume that the results from a One-Point Michigan Cone Test are as follows:
Compacted Soil Wet (Column H) (or “Wet Density”) is 122.5 pounds per cubic foot and
the Moisture % (Column B) (or “Moisture Content”) is 7.3 percent. Locate the Moisture
Content on the horizontal leg (abscissa) and the Wet Density on the vertical leg
(ordinate) and then project the lines on the chart as indicated by the dashed line 1 and 2
to intersection A (Figure 22). Next project point A upwards and to the right, as indicated
by dashed line 3 to an intersection B with the outer boundary curve. This point of
intersection B is the Maximum Dry Density or Maximum Unit Weight, in this case 115.2
pounds per cubic foot (Figure 23). Enter the result in Column I (Maximum Density) of
the “Determination of Maximum Density” section shown in Figure 21.

To obtain Optimum Moisture, proceed downward vertically from point B as indicated by

dashed line 4 to intersect the horizontal leg (abscissa) at point C. The percentage
shown at point C is the Optimum Moisture, in this case 13.4 percent (Figure 24). Enter
the result in Column J (Optimum Moisture %) of the “Determination of Maximum
Density” section shown in Figure 21.

If point A falls to the right of the Maximum Density curve, the soil is too wet. The
moisture content should be reduced by drying the sample and the test is repeated.

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Figure 22. Steps 1 and 2

Figure 23. Step 3 Figure 24. Step 4

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

d. PRECAUTIONS IN PERFORMING THE ONE-POINT MICHIGAN CONE TEST

Experience has shown that the following items are important to keep in mind when
performing the One-Point Michigan Cone Test:

1) Establish a new Maximum Density any time the material changes (minimum of
one per day) or the percent compaction exceeds 100.0.

2) Sample must have a moisture content between 5.0 percent and optimum
moisture. If necessary, add water to the collected sample and not to the grade at the
test location.

3) Use a hardwood pounding block placed on firm ground, not on the pickup
tailgate.

4) Strike the cone squarely on the end grain of the block.

5) Pound the cone until no more consolidation occurs.

6) Check for maximum consolidation by the 20/10 Rule.

7) Empty the cone by inverting it and lightly striking the open end on the face of the
block. Do not empty by striking the cone on its side, as this can cause dents
which may change the volume.

8) Take the moisture sample from material at the center of the cone.

9) If the point on the chart obtained by plotting the Compacted Soil Wet (Column H)
and Moisture % (Column B) falls to the right of the Maximum Density curve, the
sample is too wet. The sample should be dried and the test repeated.

10) Determine the Maximum Density and Optimum Moisture % to the nearest tenth.

11) Record the Maximum Density (Column I) and Optimum Moisture % (Column J)
on Form 0582B.

12) Clean out the cone after each test. Soil residue remaining in the cone may
cause errors in weight and volume in the next test. Cleaning is easily done by
shaking a few stones in it.

13) Check the empty cone weight periodically. If any change is observed, contact
the Area Density Specialist. The cone should be recalibrated by qualified personnel
only.

14) Maximum Density cannot be determined using a cone if the sample is saturated.

15) Additional precautions for weighing and moisture sampling for this test and
others are provided in the appendix.

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4. THE MICHIGAN CONE TEST

a. DESCRIPTION

The Michigan Cone Test is a series of cone tests used to determine Maximum Density
of granular soils having a loss-by-washing of 15 percent or less, used as a referee or
supplemental test to the One-Point Michigan Cone. It is usually performed in a lab
setting and used by the inspector at the direction of the Area Density Specialist. The
equipment used is the same as that used for the One-Point Michigan Cone Test (Figure
2) except for the One-Point Michigan Cone Test Chart. The equipment shall be
calibrated/checked annually.

b. PREPARING, COMPACTING AND WEIGHING THE SAMPLE (SAND OR

GRAVEL)

The weight of the representative sample of sand or gravel used in this test is
approximately 3500 grams. A 10 inch by 10 inch pan (furnished in all density kits) filled
level to the top usually contains enough material.

For all granular materials, the moisture content must be at least 5.0 percent. This may
require the addition of water for most granular soils and aggregates. Mix the water
thoroughly with the material.

Enough soil is placed in the cone to fill it about one-third its height after compaction. It
is then pounded 25 times or more by raising the cone above the hardwood pounding
block and striking it sharply, flat on the end grain of the block (Figure 19). A second
layer, filling the cone about two-thirds its height after compaction, is added and
pounded 25 times or more. The third layer, which fills the cone to the top, is added and
pounded another 25 times or more. After the third layer has compacted, the cone is
again filled to the top and then 10 blows or more are continued, holding a hand or
stopper over the opening. Material is added at intervals to keep the mold full and
then 10 blows or more are continued until no further consolidation occurs (Figure
20). A common error in this test is to discontinue the blows before it is certain
that no more material can be compacted into the cone. If free water appears at the
top of the cone, the material is saturated. The moisture content of the sample should be
reduced and the test repeated.

After the mold is fully compacted, the material is leveled off the top, using a straight-
edge or the stopper. The cone is then weighed to the nearest gram. This weight is
recorded in Column D (Wet Soil + Mold) as shown in Figure 21. The volume and weight
of the cone when empty are painted on the bottom. This volume should be recorded in
Column C (Volume Mold) and the weight in Column E (Mold).

The weight of the cone should be checked periodically for any change. The cone
should occasionally be checked for volume accuracy by the Area Density Specialist,
since the repeated poundings may bulge the bottom of the cone and change its volume.
If any change is observed, the cone should be recalibrated for weight and volume by
qualified personnel only.

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After the cone has been weighed, obtain a moisture sample from the center of the cone
sample. Empty the cone by striking the open end (not the sides of the cone) on the
wood block.

c. DETERMINING MOISTURE CONTENT (SAND OR GRAVEL)

The moisture content is determined using the “Speedy” Moisture Tester. Refer to page
56 for instructions on the use of the “Speedy.” The Moisture % is entered in Column B
of Form 0582B.

d. DETERMINING MAXIMUM DENSITY OF GRANULAR SOIL OTHER THAN

PROCESSED AGGREGATES

Complete the computations through Column H (Compacted Soil Wet) as shown in

Figure 21. This is accomplished by subtracting the weight of the mold (Column E) from
the weight of the material and mold (Column D). The result is recorded in Column F
(Wet Soil). Convert the weight in grams (Column F) to pounds by dividing by 453.59
and record in Column G (Wet Soil, lbs.). The Compacted Soil Wet (Column H) is
determined by dividing the Wet Soil (Column G) by the volume of the mold (Column C).

If the result of Column H (Compacted Soil Wet) is less than 120 pounds per cubic foot
and the moisture content is between 5 percent and optimum, the Maximum Density is
the result of one cone test. Enter this result in Column I (Maximum Density).

If the result of Column H (Compacted Soil Wet) is more than 120 pounds per cubic foot,
a series of two or three cone tests should be repeated at varying moisture contents
between 5 percent and a point short of saturation. Suggested moisture contents for the
cone series are 7, 9 and 11 percent. The highest test result of this series of cones is the
Maximum Density or Maximum Unit Weight and is entered in Column I.

e. DETERMINING MAXIMUM DENSITY OF AGGREGATE BASE COURSE AND

SURFACE AGGREGATES

Research has shown that moisture content does have an appreciable effect on
Maximum Unit Weight of gravel. This weight is greatest within 5 to 8 percent moisture
content. Thus, the Maximum Density of aggregates is determined at a moisture content
ranging from 5 to 8 percent, as follows:

1) Run a series of cone tests with moisture content of the aggregate at different
points within the 5 to 8 percent range. Two or three points within this range
generally should be sufficient to determine the highest unit weight. For example,
one test could be run at approximately 5 percent moisture, a second at
approximately 6 percent moisture and a third at approximately 7 percent moisture.

a) If the cone is saturated (free water appears at the top of the cone), reduce
the moisture content but not below 5.0 percent. If the cone test is run on
saturated aggregate, the results may be inaccurate.

b) If the aggregate in the cone exhibits the “swell” effect (rises slightly above
the top of the cone), reduce the moisture content but not below 5.0 percent.

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

2) The highest test result of the series of cones within the 5 to 8 percent moisture
range is the Maximum Unit Weight or Maximum Density.

f. PRECAUTIONS IN PERFORMING THE MICHIGAN CONE TEST

Experience has shown that the following items are important to keep in mind when
performing the Michigan Cone Test:

1) Establish a new Maximum Density any time the material changes (minimum of
one per day) or the percent compaction exceeds 100.0.

2) Use a hardwood pounding block placed on firm soil, not on the pickup tailgate.

3) Strike the cone squarely on the end grain of the block.

4) Pound the cone until no more consolidation occurs.

5) Empty the cone by inverting it and lightly striking the open end on the face of the
block. Do not empty by striking the cone on its side, as this can cause dents
which may result in changes in volume.

6) As nearly as can be estimated, take the moisture sample from material at the
center of the cone.

7) Clean out the cone after each test because soil residue will cause errors in
weight and volume in the next test. This is easily done by shaking a few stones in it.
Do not dry the cone over an open flame.

8) Check the empty cone weight periodically. If any change is observed, the cone
should be recalibrated only by qualified personnel.

9) The Area Density Specialist should check the weight and volume of the cone
periodically.

10) Do not perform cone tests on saturated sands or gravels.

11) Additional precautions for weighing and moisture sampling in this test and all
others are provided in the appendix to this manual.

5. THE MICHIGAN MODIFIED T-180 TEST

a. DESCRIPTION

The Michigan Modified T-180 Test is a modification of AASHTO T-180 (Method C) Test.
This test is used to determine the Maximum Density of recycled mixtures containing
pulverized HMA and/or concrete pavement used as aggregate base course or other
appropriate items of work. This test also applies to material stabilized with HMA used
as aggregate base course. The test is performed at existing moisture content, short of
saturation, on material with a maximum top size of 1 inch. The Maximum Density is

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

determined on a wet weight basis which is calculated using the total weight of the
sample, which includes both the weight of the solids and the weight of the water.

The equipment used for the Michigan Modified T-180 Test is shown in Figure 3. It
consists of a cylindrical mold (Proctor mold) of 4 inches in diameter, with a detachable
collar and base plate; a 10-pound rammer with an 18 inch drop; a sharp-edge strike-off
bar; and a hardwood pounding block. The equipment shall be calibrated/checked
annually.

b. OBTAINING AND COMPACTING THE SAMPLE

The sample of material to establish the Wet Maximum Density should be obtained from
the exact location of the In-Place Test. This is very important because the Wet
Maximum Density is established at the existing moisture content. Enough material
should be obtained to fill the 10 inch by 10 inch pan and thoroughly mixed for even
distribution of the existing moisture.

The Proctor mold is assembled and placed on a hardwood block, supported on firm
ground or existing paved surface. Enough material is placed in the mold to fill one-fifth
of its volume after compaction. The material is then compacted in the mold by 25 blows
of the 10-pound rammer weight, dropping 18 inches as shown in Figure 25. While
compacting the material, the rammer should be moved about the material surface in the
mold to obtain uniform compaction of the layer. It is important that the rod be held
straight and the rammer weight dropped freely since it is a standard compactive effort.
Any increase or decrease in the effort can significantly affect the accuracy of the test. A
second, third, and fourth layer of material is added, each layer being compacted by 25
blows and each layer filling approximately one-fifth of the volume of the mold. The fifth
and final layer of material is then added, including enough material to extend ¼ to ½
inch above the top of the mold after compaction. The fifth layer of material is also
compacted by 25 blows. After the collar has been removed, the compacted material
should extend ¼ to ½ inch above the top of the mold as shown in Figure 26. If the
material does not extend above the mold, or if the material extends more than ½ inch
above the mold, the test should be repeated.

The material is struck-off even with the top of the mold using the strike-off bar as shown
in Figure 27. Large voids in the surface of the molded sample should be filled using the
fines of the sample and pressed down with the strike-off bar and struck-off.

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

Figure 25. Recycled material being compacted in the mold

Figure 26. Mold with collar removed and recycled material

¼ to ½ inch above the top of mold

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

Figure 27. Mold with the material struck-off even with the top of the mold

c. WEIGHING THE SAMPLE

Next, the base plate is removed and the mold and sample are weighed to the nearest
gram (Figure 28). This weight is recorded in Column D (Wet Soil + Mold) on Form
0582B as shown in Figure 29. The volume and weight of the mold when empty are
painted on the side. The volume is recorded in Column C (Volume Mold) and the weight
in Column E (Mold).

Figure 28. Weighing the mold and recycled material to the nearest gram

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

d. DETERMINING WET MAXIMUM DENSITY

The Wet Maximum Density can now be determined by completing the computations
through Column H (Compacted Soil Wet) as shown in Figure 29. This is accomplished
by subtracting the weight of the mold (Column E) from the weight of the material and
mold (Column D). The result is recorded in Column F (Wet Soil). Convert the weight in
grams (Column F) to pounds by dividing by 453.59 and record in Column G (Wet Soil,
lbs.). The Compacted Soil Wet (Column H) is determined by dividing the Wet Soil
(Column G) by the volume of the mold (Column C). The Compacted Soil Wet (Column
H) is also the Wet Maximum Density and should be recorded in Column I (Maximum
Density).

A new Maximum Density should be determined any time the material changes, or the
moisture changes by more than ± 1.5 percent. As stated previously, for the Michigan
Modified T-180 test, the Maximum Density is determined at the existing moisture
content and multiple Maximum Density values may be necessary as the moisture
content of the material changes. For example, after taking an In-Place density test and
determining a Wet Maximum Density, the In-Place density test did not meet
requirements. The contractor, before applying more compactive effort, elects to add
water to the area of the failing test. After the failing area is further compacted, the area
is retested with another In-Place test. If the same Maximum Density was used for the
retest, the test would probably pass, not because of the additional effort so much as
from the addition of water.

It is possible to obtain passing retests just by adding water if the previous Maximum
Density obtained at a lower moisture content is still used. Whenever water is added to a
failing area, a new Wet Maximum Density must be established when the In-Place retest
is taken.

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

Figure 29. Entries and computations for Michigan Modified T-180 Test

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

e. PRECAUTIONS IN PERFORMING THE MICHIGAN MODIFIED T-180 TEST

Experience has shown the following items are important to keep in mind when
performing the Michigan Modified T-180 Test:

1) Determine the Wet Maximum Density at the existing moisture content

(normally several will have to be performed each day).

2) Perform the In-Place Tests in the “Asphalt Mode”.

3) Use the same material as used for the In-Place Test.

4) Make sure the pounding block is placed on a compacted grade surface or

existing pavement.

5) Hold the rammer perpendicularly so the weight falls freely for each 18 inch blow.

6) Use exactly 25 blows on each layer.

7) Compact 5 equal layers in the mold.

8) Use enough material in the fifth layer so that the compacted material extends ¼
to ½ inch above the top of the center section of the mold.

9) Establish a new Wet Maximum Density any time the material changes, moisture
changes by more than ± 1.5% or the percent compaction exceeds 100.0.

10) Enter Wet Maximum Density as a Marshall value.

6. THE DENSITY IN-PLACE (NUCLEAR) TEST

a. DESCRIPTION

The department currently uses the Troxler Model 3400 series and the InstroTek Xplorer
Model 3500 portable nuclear gauges for field density control. All gauges used for
Quality Assurance testing must be calibrated annually.

All gauges contain radioactive sources and are regulated by the NRC and the U.S.
DOT.

The gauge uses a scaler display which records the radiation emitted from a source
which passes through the soil and is picked up by detector tubes. The principle involved
is that dense materials absorb more radiation than less dense material. The lower the
scaler display reading, the higher the density of the material.

The gauge also measures the amount of moisture in the material being tested. This is
accomplished by the gauge source emitting “fast” neutrons and only detecting “slow”
neutrons. The hydrogen in the moisture slows the “fast” neutrons to a rate of speed the
detector tubes can pick up and count. The more moisture, the more hydrogen, resulting

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

in more “slow” neutrons for the tubes to detect, thereby giving a higher value for
moisture content.

When not in use, the source rod must be fully retracted in the SAFE position. When the
Troxler gauge is lifted by the handle, the source rod automatically returns to the SAFE
position.

b. LOCATION AND FREQUENCY OF TEST

The Density In-Place Test should be taken in those areas of fill (embankment) or backfill
that appear to be the least compacted. The test area is selected by watching the
movement of the contractor’s compaction equipment. If the tests are run in the visibly
poorer areas and they meet specification requirements, it may be assumed that the
remainder of the test section also meets specifications. The controlled density
specifications require each layer to be compacted to a minimum of 90, 95, 98, or 100
percent of Maximum Density, depending on the item of work. Details on frequency of
testing are provided in the appendix of this manual.

The gauge offers the option to test by Direct Transmission or Backscatter. Always use
Direct Transmission tests on soil and recycled materials. The Backscatter test is used
only on Hot Mix Asphalt mixtures.

c. TROXLER MODEL 3440

In this manual and in the density certification class the Troxler Model 3440 gauge is
used.

The Troxler Model 3440, as shown in Figures 30 and 31, is a direct transmission gauge.
Mechanically, this gauge is the same as the older Model 3411B. The 3440 gauge also
contains a microprocessor which is programmed to perform a wider range of functions
and has larger memory capacity for ease of operation. The 3440 gauge is more user
friendly than the 3411B which prompts the user during testing and shows more
information in the display window.

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Figure 30. Troxler Model 3440 nuclear gauge

Figure 31. Troxler Model 3440 controls

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1) Keys Description

Below is a functional description of the keys found on the Model 3440 control panel:
KEYS DESCRIPTION

YES Answers display prompt.

EXIT Permits exit from the calculator mode.

NO/CE Answers display prompt/Clear last entry.

C/CE Clears calculator entry.

STATUS (SHIFT function) Display status of gauge functions.

7 Number key.

MODE (SHIFT function) Asphalt or Soils selection.

8 Number key.

SPECIAL (SHIFT function) Provides access to special functions.

9 Number key.

STORE To store data in gauge memory.

MS Memory store function for the calculator mode.

OFFSET Select measurement offsets.

MR Memory recall function for the calculator mode.

PROJECT (SHIFT function) To enter, view or erase a project

4 Number key.

PRINT (SHIFT function) Download data

5 Number key.

ERASE (SHIFT function) Erase data

6 Number key.

PROCTOR/MARSHALL Proctor or Marshall value selection.

+ Addition sign for calculator functions.

TIME Selects time interval for testing and measurement.

- Subtraction sign for calculator functions.

COUNTS (SHIFT function) Displays last moisture and density counts.

1 Number key.

DEPTH (SHIFT function) Automatic or manual depth operation.

2 Number key.

CALC. (SHIFT function) To access the calculator mode.

3 Number key.

SHIFT Activates all SHIFT function modes.

x Multiplication sign for calculator functions.

STANDARD Provides access to standard count mode.

/ Division sign for calculator functions.

RECALL (SHIFT function) To recall data for viewing

0 Number key.

. Decimal point key

START/ENTER See manual text and index.

= Equals sign for calculator functions

2) 3440 Keypad Layout

The Troxler Model 3440 control panel consists of 22 keys (Figure 31): the 20 key
control section and the ON/OFF keys. Keystrokes result in an immediate “beep”

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

from the gauge. If the beep is not heard, the operation has not been completed.
Gauge and control panel operation are described throughout the manual.

SHIFT and SHIFT FUNCTION keys are color coded yellow for ease of identification.
SHIFT must be pressed before pressing a function key. Functions are directly
addressable from any other function except the calculator mode. Pressing SHIFT
causes the top line display to change to <SHIFT FUNCTION>.

Note: If a function key is not pressed within 4 seconds, the gauge reacts as if no key
was pressed. If there is no action after pressing a key, the gauge will return to
READY after 2 minutes.

YES, NO and START/ENTER keys apply to all gauge modes. Pressing

START/ENTER from most modes will abort the mode and begin a test.

3) Turning the Gauge On

The gauge uses rechargeable Ni-Cad batteries as a power source. When first
turned on, the display screen will fill with test characters before proceeding to the
ram test and the self-test phase.

To turn the gauge on, press ON.

The display is the LCD test:

Testing LCD....
01234567890ABCDEF
GHIJKLMNOPQRSTU
VWXYZ!@#$%^&*()- =

After 2 seconds, the display will change to:

- RAM TEST -
Do not cut off
gauge during
this test .

The gauge will perform the ram test. After the ram test, the display will be:

- Troxler 3440 -
V:2.22 SN:34152
[Link]
(TEST: 300 sec.)

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

The gauge will undergo a 300 second self-test. After the self-test, the display will be:

READY 9:10 AM
Depth: SAFE POS.
Time: 1.00 MIN
Batt volts: 7.5

Alternating between the date and time, the READY display will be shown each time
the gauge is ready to proceed to another function or there is no activity for more
than 2 minutes.

Under certain conditions, the gauge will shut itself off after 5 hours of no activity.

4) Recharging the Batteries

The READY display shows the amount of voltage left in the battery packs and will
be shown as “Batt volts: 7.5”. When the voltage in the battery packs drops below
7.0 volts the gauge will indicate <Batteries low!>. Never recharge the batteries
unless the gauge indicates a <Batteries low!> condition. It takes a 16 hour charge
to completely recharge the battery packs. A 30 minute recharge will allow the gauge
to be used for another 8 to 10 hours. Don’t leave the charger hooked up to the
gauge over a weekend.

5) Taking the Standard Counts

Note: The front of the gauge is closest to you when the 3440 is placed with the
source rod to the left and the control panel to the right. The handle contains the
trigger mechanism, used to position the source rod on the notched index rod. The
source rod should always be in the SAFE position when the gauge is not in use.

A new operating standard must be obtained each day before doing any
testing. The gauge should be turned ON before leaving for the project site. This
allows the gauge to go through the self-test routines. The gauge should be ON for
approximately 20 to 30 minutes before attempting to run the standard counts. From
the Gauge Book, obtain the standard counts established when the gauge was
calibrated and record in the lower right hand corner of Form 0582B, (Figure 29)
under Chart Standards. Place the standard block on a flat surface of sound earth a
minimum of 6 feet away from any large object (vehicles, structures, etc.) or wet area
(puddles, streams, etc.). Prior to placing the gauge on the standard block, be
certain the top of the block and the bottom of the gauge are clean. The gauge must
be positioned between the raised edges of the block and with the scaler end of the
gauge up tight against the metal butt plate on the block. Remove the lock from the
trigger and make certain the handle is indexed in the SAFE position.

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To begin taking a standard count, press STANDARD for the display:

- Standard Count -
DS = _____
MS = _____
Take new count?
Press YES for the display:

Is gauge on Std.
Block & Source
rod in SAFE pos?

Make sure the gauge is placed on the reference block correctly. Place the source
rod in the SAFE position and press YES to begin taking the 4 minute standard
count:

Taking
Standard Count
240 seconds
remaining

After count completion, the display is:

MS=____ _._ %P
DS=____ _._ %P
Do you want to
use the new STD?

The standard count (operating standard) should not deviate from the chart
standards obtained from the Gauge Book by more than 1 percent for density or 2
percent for moisture. If the standard counts are within acceptable limits, press YES
to accept. Record the standard counts in the lower right corner of Form 0582B,
(Figure 29) under Operating Standards. If either value is out of range, press NO
and take another standard count. Before repeating the standard count, make sure
the gauge base and reference block are clean and the gauge is positioned correctly
on the reference block. If either standard is still out of tolerance, call the Area
Density Specialist or Lansing Density Technology staff immediately to make
arrangements to have the gauge serviced or replaced. The gauge should be
serviced or replaced within 24 hours.

To determine if the gauge can continue to be used until serviced or replaced, do the
following:

Repeat the standard count procedure 5 times, saving each result when prompted.
On completion of the fifth standard count, check the display to determine status. If

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the standards for the fifth count are within tolerance, ± 1 percent for density and ± 2
percent for moisture, a P will show next to the percentages in the display. If passing
results are indicated, you may continue to use the gauge for 24 hours. If either
standard fails, an F will show on the display and the gauge should be taken out of
service immediately.

6) Viewing the Last Four Standard Counts

To “view” the last 4 standard counts, press STANDARD for the display:

-Standard Count-
DS = ____
MS = ____
Take new count?

Press NO for the display:

- Standard Count -
Want to view
last four
Standard Counts?

Press YES for the display:

Density Std Cts

1:____ 2:____
3:____ 4:____
(YES for Moist)

To view the “Moisture Standard Counts” press YES. The display will be:

Moist. Std Cts

1:____ 2:____
3:____ 4:____
(Press any key)

The “View Standard Count” function may be exited by pressing any key.

7) Count Time Selection

The 3440 gauge provides 3 different count times to be used for taking readings.
When running In-Place Moisture/Density Tests always use the 1 minute time
cycle. Never use the 15 second time cycle.

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Press TIME for the display:

Time: ____ min

1 - 15 sec
2 - 1 min
3 - 4 min

Press 2 to select 1 minute count:

- Count Time -
1 min

After a short delay, the display will return to READY.

8) Mode Selection

The Mode function provides for the selection of SOIL or ASPHALT mode. Under
ASPHALT mode, the sub-mode selection of “% Marshall” is always used.

To select the Mode Functions, press SHIFT and MODE for:

MODE: ____
Select: 1- SOIL
2- ASPHALT
(CE to exit)

a) Soils Mode Selection

From the Mode Selection display, press 1 to select SOIL mode. The display will
be:

SOIL MODE

After a short delay, the display will return to READY.

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b) Asphalt Mode Selection

From the Mode Selection display, press 2 to select ASPHALT mode. The
display will be:

ASPHALT: ____
Select: 1- %MA
2- 100 -%MA
(CE to exit)

Asphalt Mode - % Marshall

% Marshall = (WD/Marshall) x 100

Select “% Marshall” by pressing 1 from the Asphalt Mode Selection display. The
display will be:

ASPHALT: %MA
Do you want to
ENABLE %VOIDS
also?

Always press NO when it asks if you want to enable “% Voids.”

9) Density/Moisture Measurement

a) Soils Mode

Enable the SOIL mode prior to taking a measurement. Check units of

measurement, count time and Maximum Density.

After the test site is selected, the surface of the soil to be tested must be
prepared. Surface condition is very important and can affect gauge performance
and the accuracy of test results. Using the template as a scraper, smooth the
test surface. Place the template on the surface and move it back and forth in all
directions to smooth the test site. Remove the template and fill small
depressions or voids present with sand or fine material available near the test
site.

Place the template on the surface again and press down firmly to level. Using
your foot to hold the template firmly, advance the drill rod to the desired test
depth. When running tests on soils, always use one of the “Direct Transmission”
test positions (2, 4, 6 or 8 inches). Select the depth of test based on thickness
of the layer being tested. The test depth must be at least 2 inches from the
bottom of the layer but no more than 3 inches. Still holding the template firmly
with your foot, twist the drill rod and remove it by pulling straight up. Do not
loosen the drill rod by tapping from side to side with the hammer. Once

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removed, use the drill rod to scribe along 3 sides of the template. After
removing the template, place the gauge on the test site and insert the source rod
into the driven hole to the desired test depth (2, 4, 6 or 8 inches). Select the
depth of test based on thickness of the layer being tested. The test depth must
be at least 2 inches from the bottom of the layer but no more than 3 inches.
Facing the scaler end of the gauge, pull the gauge toward you to seat the source
rod against the side of the driven hole.

To start the measurement, press START/ENTER for the display:

Depth: __ inches
PR:_____ PCF

Time: ___ sec.

After the gauge completes its count time, the display will be:

%PR=_____%
DD=_____ PCF
WD=_____ PCF
M=___ %M=___
Record DD, WD, M and %M in the correct columns on Form 0582B.

Note: Do not record %PR until the correct Maximum Density has been enabled.

To obtain the density and moisture test counts press SHIFT and COUNTS for
the display:

Dens ct.=_____
Moist ct.=____
SHIFT/RECALL to
see Readings.

Record the counts in columns 4 and 5 on Form 0582B.

b) Asphalt Mode

Enable the ASPHALT mode prior to taking a test on HMA materials. Check
units of measurement, count time and Maximum Density.

Select the test site and make sure the site is flat before setting the gauge down.
Place the source rod in the BACKSCATTER position.

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

Start a measurement by pressing START/ENTER. The display will be:

Depth: __ inches
MA:_____ PCF

Time: ___ sec.

After the gauge completes its count time, the display will be:

%MA=_____ %
WD=______ PCF
M=___ %M=___

Record WD, M and %M in the correct columns on Form 0582B.

Note: Do not record %MA until the correct Maximum Density has been enabled.

To obtain the density and moisture test counts press SHIFT and COUNTS.
Record the counts in columns 4 and 5 on Form 0582B.

10) Proctor (Cone)/Marshall/Voidless Function

The 3440 gauge provides for up to four different Proctor (Cone) values and four
different Marshall values to be stored for later use.
To select or change a Proctor (Cone) or Marshall Density value press the
PROCTOR /MARSHALL key for the display:

MA=_____ PCF
PR=_____
VD=_____
Want to change?

If a value is to be enabled or a new value added or changed, press YES. The

display is:

Select:
1 - MA
2 - PR
3 - Voidless

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Marshall and Proctor (Cone) functions are identical as far as operation is concerned.
Therefore, only Proctor (Cone) will be illustrated. To change a Proctor (Cone) value,
press 2 for:

Select source of
Proctor value:
1- Stored value
2- New value

a) Recall a Stored Proctor (Cone) / Marshall Value

To enable a previously stored value, press 1. The display is:

Select desired
Proctor:
1:____ 2: ____
3:____ 4: ____

Select the desired Proctor (Cone) value by pressing 1, 2, 3 or 4 for the display:

Proctor:
_____ PCF
ENABLED!

b) Enter a New Proctor (Cone)/Marshall Value

From this display press 2. The display will be:

Select source of Proctor:

Proctor value: ______ PCF
1- Stored value Press ENTER
2- New value when completed

Enter the new value and press ENTER for the display:

PR=______ PCF
Do you want to
save this value
for later use?

Press YES to save the new Proctor (Cone) value in a memory cell, for later use.

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The display will be:

Select Proctor
Memory cell:
1:____ 2: ____
3:____ 4: ____

Select the desired Proctor (Cone) memory cell by pressing 1, 2, 3 or 4. The

display will be:

Proctor:
_____ PCF
ENABLED!
stored in cell ___

11) Recall Function

RECALL displays the last density and moisture readings.

Press SHIFT and RECALL. For SOIL mode, the display will be:

%PR=_____%
DD=_____ PCF
WD=_____ PCF
M=___ %M=___

Press SHIFT and RECALL. For ASPHALT Mode, the display will be:

%MA=_____ %
WD=______ PCF
M=___ %M=___

Record the percent of compaction, %PR or %MA, in column 11 on Form 0582B.

12) Depth Function

The DEPTH function allows the user to select one of two depth modes; manual or
automatic. In the MANUAL mode, the gauge prompts the user to manually input
the source rod depth using the keypad. In the AUTOMATIC mode, the gauge
automatically reads the depth strip on the index rod and then determines the
source depth. To set the DEPTH mode, press SHIFT and DEPTH.

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

a) Manual Mode

If the DEPTH mode is set to AUTOMATIC, the gauge display is:

Depth Ind: Auto

1- Select MANUAL
2- Calibrate
(CE to exit)

To set the DEPTH mode to MANUAL, press 1 for:

Depth Indicator:
MANUAL

b) Automatic Mode

If the DEPTH mode is set to MANUAL, the gauge allows the user to change the
mode. After changing the mode to AUTOMATIC, the gauge permits the user to
calibrate the depth strip.

NOTE: In the AUTOMATIC depth mode, the user should calibrate the depth
after extreme changes in temperature. The gauge automatically calibrates the
depth when the user takes a standard count. The gauge also allows the user to
calibrate the gauge as follows.

To calibrate the depth, press SHIFT and DEPTH:

Depth Ind: Auto

1- Select MANUAL
2- Calibrate
(CE to exit)

Press 2. The screen displays:

-DEPTH Calib -
Set rod at:
SAFE POSITION
and press ENTER

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MDOT Density Testing and Inspection Manual 2024 Edition

Position the source rod in the SAFE position and press ENTER. The gauge
calibrates the depth. It then indicates that the depth indicator is in the
AUTOMATIC mode as shown below, and returns to the READY display.

Depth Indicator:

AUTOMATIC

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d. INSTROTEK 3500 Xplorer 2

1) Keys Description

Below is a functional description of the keys found on the Xplorer 2 control panel:
Key Description
Use this key to power on the gauge. When the gauge is on, use this key to
YES / ON
answer YES to questions asked during the operation of the gauge.
Use this key to power off the gauge. When the gauge is on, use this key to
NO / OFF
answer NO to questions asked during the operation of the gauge.
Use this key to take a Daily Reference Standard Count. Place your gauge
on top of the Polyethylene reference block on top of a solid surface (soil,
asphalt, or concrete) press this key and follow gauge prompts. A new
STD
standard count is accumulated and is used in the gauge calculations until
another reference standard count is collected. Powering off the gauge will
not erase the most recent standard count.
Use this key to adjust the measurement count time. The time of
measurement options are: 15-seconds, 30-seconds, 1-minute, and 4-
minutes. Press the TIME key, use UP and DOWN to change, and follow the
TIME screen prompts to select the time. Press the YES key to return to the
<READY> screen.
NOTE: All acceptance testing on MDOT and/or Federal aid jobs must be
done in 1-minute time cycle.
Use this key to access the Project storage. Auto-store may be enabled or
disabled. Projects may be created, selected, reviewed, deleted, or sent to a
PROJECT
printer or USB drive. Use UP and DOWN to advance through the numbers
assigned to the button.
Use this key to send data to the USB and/or send projects via the serial
PRINT
port. Use UP and DOWN to access either of these functions.
Press this key to manually store a measurement into a project after a
STORE
measurement is completed.
Use this key to enter your field established maximum density values such as
Marshall or Proctor in the Gauge. Use the number keys to input the desired
values. Press the ENTER key after completing the entry to accept the input
MAX value. The gauge uses this value to calculate %PR for cohesive and
PR granular or %MA for HMA and recycled. %MA is defined as the calculated
percentage of the gauge density value relative to the value of maximum
density entered by the operator. It can also be used for determination of
%Compaction. The most recently added entry is stored in the gauge.
Option 1 – Recall: Allows the user to retrieve the most recent gauge test
results.
Option 2 – Offset: This mode provides three different offset functions,
Moisture, Density, and Trench correction. Consult an authorized person
before enabling these functions.
MENU Option 3 – Auto Scroll: Helps user during recording of data in the field. The
test screens automatically scroll every 5 seconds.
Option 4 – LCD Backlight: Allows easy viewing of data and keypad during
night work.
Option 8 – Auto-Depth: Enable or Disable the Auto Depth Feature. Select
the Depth Strip

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2) Powering the Gauge On

Use the YES/ON key to power the gauge on. When the gauge is powered on the
Xplorer 2 will go through the following Self-Test screens:

Xplorer 2
Version: #.##

Self-Test will take approximately 15 seconds and checks for proper operation of
the keypad, density, and moisture detectors. Place gauge on the standard block
during self-test.

Keypad Test in Tube Test in

Progress Progress

The Gauge will go to the Ready display after a successful Self-Test. If a failure is
detected during Self-Test, one or all of the following messages will display on the
screen: Keypad Test Failed, He-3 Tube Failure, GM tube failure.
Important: It is suggested to always power the gauge on and allow the self-
test to complete before leaving for a job site. Place the gauge on the
reference standard block and check the results of the self-test and ensure
there are no failures. Charge the batteries if needed by the provided AC or
DC charger (Refer to the section on Charging Batteries).
Note: To preserve battery life for extended gauge operations, the gauge will go
into shutdown mode if no key is pressed in one hour. Simply press the ON key
when you are ready to start again. The gauge will not run the Self-Test if shut
down was due to an automatic one hour ‘inactive gauge shut down’ feature.

3) Recharging the Batteries

The Xplorer 2 contains two sets of three D size NiCd battery packs, a total of six
batteries. Also, the front panel has a 9V alkaline battery on the back to provide
backup when the NiCd batteries are empty. The NiCd batteries are charged at
the factory prior to calibration. Life of rechargeable batteries depends on the
number of charge/discharge cycles. For best results, only charge the batteries,
when the battery low warning is displayed. There will be a “Recharge Battery”
message displayed when the battery is getting low. The gauge will display “ALK”
when the NiCd batteries have been drained and the gauge has switched to the
alkaline backup.
The provided DC charger can be used for emergency charging in the field. Plug
this charger into your vehicle charger outlet and charge the gauge for 30
minutes. This should provide enough battery power to your gauge to complete
your testing for the day.

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4) Taking the Standard Counts

It is important that a minimum of one daily standard count be taken and ensure
that the results are within the range of the expected standard counts provided
with the calibration paperwork.
The standard count is used to correct for decay in the radioactive source,
especially for the Cs-137 density source. To obtain the most representative
standard count in the field, allow the gauge to stabilize to the field environment
for a minimum of 15 minutes. Remember the following steps, when taking
standard counts:
 Find a level location close to the test site and setup your polyethylene reference
standard block.
 Place the gauge on top of the standard block on a level surface; the keypad end of
the gauge should be pushed against the metal butt plate.
 Ensure the reference standard block is placed on a dense material, such as soil,
asphalt, or concrete. Do not take standard counts on truck tailgates, tables, or non-
solid floors. Make sure the bottom of the gauge is clean and resting against the top of
the standard block. The gauge should not be resting on the raised edges of the
standard block.
 When you place the source rod in the “SAFE” position notch, gently tap it down
without pulling the trigger to make sure the handle plunger is properly seated inside
the notch. Ensure the handle is reasonably parallel with the gauge.

Press the STD button on the front panel. The Standard Count will display with
your previous standard count.

DS= ####
MS= ###
Take New Std Count?
Press YES or NO

Press the YES/ON button to take a new count or press OFF/NO to cancel and go
to the gauge ready display.

Place Gauge on Poly

Std. Block in SAFE
Position
Press Start

Press the START/ENTER button. In Auto Depth mode, if the source rod is not in
the Safe position, the gauge will display a message “Depth not at Safe Position”.
The time will begin to count down from 240 seconds (4 minutes).

Standard Count
Time: 240 sec.

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After 240 seconds the result of your standard count will be displayed

DS= ####
MS= ###
Use New STD CNT?
Press YES or NO

DS is the density standard count and MS is the moisture standard count. The
standard count (operating standard) should not deviate from the chart standards
obtained from the Gauge Book by more than 1 percent for density or 2 percent
for moisture. If the standard counts are within acceptable limits, record the
standard counts in the lower right corner of Form 0582B under Operating
Standards. Press YES/ON to accept, the gauge ready screen will appear, and
you are ready to begin testing. If either value is out of range, press NO/OFF and
take another standard count. Before repeating the standard count, make sure
the gauge base and reference block are clean and the gauge is positioned
correctly on the reference block. If either standard is still out of tolerance, call the
Area Density Specialist or Lansing Density Technology staff immediately to make
arrangements to have the gauge serviced or replaced. The gauge should be
serviced or replaced within 24 hours.

To determine if the gauge can continue to be used until serviced or replaced, do

the following:

Repeat the standard count procedure 5 times, saving each result when
prompted. On completion of the fifth standard count, check the display to
determine status. If the standards for the fifth count are within tolerance, ± 1
percent for density and ± 2 percent for moisture, a P will show next to the
percentages in the display. If passing results are indicated, you may continue to
use the gauge for 24 hours. If either standard fails, an F will show on the display
and the gauge should be taken out of service immediately.
Note: If there are no standard counts in the gauge, a message will display
indicating “Invalid Std”. Take a new standard count prior to testing.

5) Viewing Last Thirty Standard Counts

The Xplorer 2 will store the last 30 standard counts in its memory. They can be
recalled and reviewed from the MENU functions.

6) Setting Proctor (Soil) / Marshall (HMA & Recycled) Density Values

The gauge is capable of calculating and displaying percent compaction based on

user defined field maximum density values. Pressing the MAX/PR button allows
the field established value to be entered. Select PR (Proctor) for cohesive and
granular materials or Max. Dens. (Marshall) for HMA and Recycled materials.
Percent Compaction (%Max and %PR) will be calculated and displayed
automatically after each measurement.

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Press the MAX/PR button.

1. Proctor
2. Max. Dens
3. Soil SG
Select #, ESC Exit

Press 1 for setting soil max density value PR (Proctor), and

Press 2 for setting HMA or recycled max density value MAX (Max. Dens.).
Press 3 for setting soil specific gravity (SG). Soil SG is only displayed if this
feature was enabled.

Proctor
PR: ###.# PCF
Change value?
Press YES or NO
ESC to Exit

Press the YES/ON button

Enter Value For

Proctor: ###.# PCF
ENTER to Accept
ESC to Exit

Once the PR value is entered, the gauge ready screen will display.

Note: To enter a HMA or Recycled max density value, follow the same steps as
entering a soil max density. However, you would select option 2 Max. Dens
rather than option 1 Proctor after pressing the MAX/PR button.

7) Taking Measurements

Lower the source rod to the desired depth by pulling the handle trigger back and
pushing down on the handle. In positions of measurement, always ‘lock’ into the
position by allowing the trigger to engage the notch and then gently pushing the
handle down to ‘seat’ on the notch.

Caution: Never drive the source rod into the soil by hammering the
gauge handle down.

To start measurement, press START/ENTER. The gauge will then begin taking
counts.

Depth: #
Time: 1 min

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After the gauge has completed its count time, it will display:

If you exit out WD: ###.# PCF To make

of the results %MA: ##.# recording
Information, %Voids: #.# this
You can use Press UP/DOWN information
the Recall easier, you
function M Count: ## can set up
under Menu D Count: ## the Auto
to retrieve MCR: ### DCR: ### Scroll Feature
your results. Press UP/DOWN under MENU.

Moist: #.#
PCF
DD: ###.#
PCF
%Moist: #.# %PR: ##.#
Press UP/DOWN

LAT: [Link]
LNG: [Link]
ALT: ZZ SAT: XX

MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM
AM
DEPTH: #
Soil %AV: ##
Press UP/DOWN

8) Measurement Depth

The Xplorer 2 gauge is designed and is equipped with an automatic non-contact

magnetic depth indicator. The depth is automatically read as you lower the
source into measure position and the appropriate constants are selected for
calculation of density.
The gauge can be placed into manual depth mode by disabling the Automatic
depth mode from the MENU functions.

9) Where to Record Displayed Data on Form 0582B

M Count = Moisture Count

D Count = Density Count
MCR = Moisture Count Ratio (M Count/MS)
DCR = Density Count Ratio (D Count/DS)
WD = Wet Density
%MAX = Percent of Compaction (HMA & Recycled Materials)
%Void = Percent air voids (100-%MAX)

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Moist = Moisture in pounds per cubic feet

DD = Dry Density
%Moist = Moisture percent
%PR = Percent of Compaction (Cohesive & Granular Soils)
LAT = GPS latitude reading (displayed if enabled)
LNG = GPS longitude reading (displayed if enabled)
ALT = GPS altitude in meters
SAT = Number of satellites visible to the GPS module
DEPTH = Position source rod was at during test
Soil %AV = Percent of soil air voids (displayed if enabled)

e. PRECAUTIONS IN PERFORMING THE DENSITY IN-PLACE (NUCLEAR) TEST

1) Keep the gauge clean.

2) Do not use the gauge during any precipitation. Moisture can damage the gauge
resulting in loss of use and costly repairs.

3) Contact the Area Density Specialist when the gauge needs servicing.

4) Transport the gauge according to US DOT regulations.

5) Do not scratch or gouge the surface of the Standard Block.

6) Protect the gauge at all times and handle carefully.

7) Fill holes or voids in the test surface with sand or fine material from the area
near the test site.

8) Do not recharge batteries unless the battery indicator signals a low battery.

9) Be aware of safety standards when the gauge is stored or when charging the
batteries.

10) If the gauge is involved in an accident, refer to the nuclear gauge transport book.

11) Do not run comparison tests.

12) Return the gauge to its Type A Box in the pickup truck; on the front passenger
floorboard or in the bed of the pickup truckor in the NUX Safety Containment Box
when not in use.

f. CARE OF NUCLEAR GAUGE AND EQUIPMENT

After the test is completed, the gauge should be returned to the transport case in the
cab of the pickup truck. Always secure the gauge in the Type A box prior to transporting
the device. Do not transport the gauge on the tailgate or in the bed of the pickup truck
as this is in violation of the department’s license issued by the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission. If the gauge malfunctions, the Area Density Specialist should be notified
immediately.

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Due to the radioactive materials located within a nuclear density gauge, there are
regulations governing the storage, transportation and use of the gauge. The Nuclear
Regulatory Commission, United States Department of Transportation and the Michigan
Department of Transportation have established safety requirements that must be
complied with. These safety requirements include, but are not limited to, the usage,
storage, security, transportation of nuclear density gauges, and occupational doses and
doses to members of the public. These regulations are located within 10 CFR (Energy)
and 49 CFR (Transportation). The safety features built into the Troxler density gauge
provide shielding of the radioactive material, which allows an operator to use the gauge
while minimizing the exposure to radiation.

1) The following steps must be taken when the gauge is damaged within a
construction project:

a) Immediately stop all construction-vehicle movement (in the immediate

proximity).

b) Detain witnesses until they are interviewed.

c) Establish a fifteen (15) foot perimeter (minimum).

d) Isolate the gauge from all people.

e) Contact the Area Density Specialist.

f) Contact the Statewide Density Specialist

g) Contact MDOT’s Radiation Safety Officer.

h) Complete an incident report form.

i) All of the above steps are to be conducted in the order indicated.

2) The following steps must be taken when the gauge is damaged outside the
limits of a construction project:

a) Detain witnesses until they are interviewed.

b) Establish a fifteen (15) foot perimeter (minimum).

c) Isolate the gauge from all people.

d) Contact the nearest Michigan State Police Post.

e) Contact the Area Density Specialist.

f) Contact the Statewide Density Specialist.

g) Contact MDOT’s Radiation Safety Officer.

h) Complete an incident report form.

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i) All of the above steps are to be conducted in the order indicated.

3) The following steps must be taken when a gauge is lost or stolen:

a) Contact the Area Density Specialist.

b) Contact the Statewide Density Specialist.

c) Contact MDOT’s Radiation Safety Officer.

d) Contact MDOT’s Emergency Management Coordinator.

e) Complete an incident report form.

f) All of the above steps are to be conducted in the order indicated.

Refer to the gauge book for the incident report form, telephone numbers and radio
numbers.

7. CALCIUM CARBIDE GAS PRESSURE METER (“SPEEDY” MOISTURE TESTER)

a. DESCRIPTION

The Michigan Department of Transportation uses a calcium carbide gas pressure meter
for determining moisture content. This test is used when the moisture content of the test
sample has been manipulated. The current model in use is the “Speedy” Moisture
Tester, which was developed in England and in the soils laboratory of the Federal
Highway Administration. Test apparatus must meet the requirements of AASHTO T 217
and be calibrated/ checked annually. Only use pressure meters sized for specimens
having a mass of at least 20 grams.

The pressure meter (Figure 32) replaces the two-burner gas stove for the purpose of
determining the moisture content of soils. With the pressure meter, the moisture can be
determined in five minutes or less which permits obtaining density results much faster
than with the stove drying method.

The principle on which the pressure meter is based is a chemical reaction which begins
when the soil in the cap and calcium carbide in the body are mixed together. The
moisture in the soil combines with the calcium carbide to produce acetylene gas. The
gas pressure is registered on the gauge as moisture content, percent of wet weight.
When testing very wet soils, an initially high reading and heat are caused by the reaction
generated by the higher moisture content. Be sure that the heat has dissipated, and the
needle has stopped moving before the final reading.

b. CARE OF THE PRESSURE METER

The density kit contains a place designated to store and work with the equipment. It is
important that the pressure meter be carried in this compartment (Figure 5). Within the
pressure meter box is a place for each piece of equipment to be stored to prevent

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damage to the gauge, the tester, the balance beam and also to prevent the loss of small
parts such as the half sample weight (Figure 32).

The care of the pressure meter is important and is the responsibility of the density
inspector. The cap in which the soil is placed should be cleaned after each test. The
body of the pressure meter should be cleaned before and after each test.

If at any time something is wrong with the equipment, contact the Area Density
Specialist.

The cap should be cleaned after each test (Figure 33). A special cloth is provided with
each kit for this purpose. This cloth should only be used to clean the cap, the scale pan
and the steel balls. The cloth should not be used for any other purpose. Do not blow
into the cap as it may contain calcium carbide powder which may cause injury to your
eyes.

Figure 32. Calcium carbide gas pressure meter (“Speedy”)

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Figure 33. Proper technique for cleaning the cap of the meter

When cleaning the meter body, use only the brush that comes with the kit (Figure 34).
The brush provided is made of a non-conducting material that will not cause static
electricity. If anything should happen to the brush, see your Area Density Specialist for
a replacement. DO NOT use a nylon brush in the meter body which could generate a
static charge capable of igniting any residual acetylene gas.

Figure 34. Proper technique for cleaning the body of the meter

This is a precision instrument. While it is considered rugged for its intended use, it will
not withstand abuse due to careless handling. The accuracy of test and the useful life of
the pressure meter will depend on the skill and technique of the inspector and the
general care taken to keep the equipment in good condition.

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c. USE OF THE PRESSURE METER

The gauge reading is applied to the conversion chart supplied with each “Speedy”
moisture tester (Figure 35).

Note: The gauge reading is based on the wet weight of the sample. The chart converts
this to dry weight.

In cold weather, run a sample through the meter to warm up the body. Disregard this
reading.

The test procedure is different when testing cohesive soils than when testing granular
soils.

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Figure 35. Calcium carbide gas pressure meter (“Speedy”) conversion chart

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d. TEST PROCEDURE FOR SAND AND GRAVEL (LOSS-BY-WASHING OF 15

PERCENT OR LESS)

Place 3 scoops of calcium carbide in the body of the “Speedy” (Figure 36).

Figure 36. Place calcium carbide in body of the “Speedy”

Clean the cap in preparation for the sample (Figure 33).

Weigh the sample, obtained from the center of the middle layer of the mold, as quickly
and as accurately as possible (Figure 37). The sample will be either 20 or 26 grams,
depending on the size of the “Speedy.” Only material passing the ¼ inch screen will be
used.

Figure 37. Weigh moisture sample

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Place the sample in the cap (Figure 38).

Figure 38. Place sample in the cap of meter

Hold the “Speedy” horizontally to prevent the soil and calcium carbide from mixing
before the seal is made. Place the cap in position with the body, bring the stirrup
around and tighten the top screw (Figure 39).

Figure 39. Fit cap and lock with stirrup and top screw

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Hold the “Speedy” upright. Tap the side with your hand to get all the soil from the cap
into the body (Figure 40).

Figure 40. Hold the “Speedy” upright; tap the side of the body

Hold the “Speedy” horizontally and rotate to mix the soil with the calcium carbide (Figure
41).

Figure 41. Rotate “Speedy” horizontally

When the needle stops moving, read the result to the nearest tenth. The “Speedy”
should be held horizontally when reading the dial (Figure 42).

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Figure 42. Read dial with “Speedy” held horizontally

Refer the dial reading to the wet-dry conversion chart, which determines the moisture
content based on dry weight. Interpolate to the nearest tenth of a percent (Figure 35).
Record the moisture percent (dry weight basis) in Column B, with a circled “S” at the
bottom of Form 0582B.

While holding the “Speedy” downwind and away from your body, release the pressure
slowly and empty contents (Figure 43).

Figure 43. Hold “Speedy” downwind and away from body.

Slowly release pressure and empty the “Speedy.”

Clean the cap and pressure meter body in preparation for the next test.

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When using the pressure meter to determine the moisture content of gravels (processed
aggregates), the gravel sample must be screened. Using the screen from the density
kit, rub the gravel sample through the screen until all of the fines and small stones are
through and just the large stones are left. Obtain the moisture sample from the material
that has passed through the ¼ inch screen.

e. TEST PROCEDURE FOR COHESIVE SOIL (HALF SAMPLE (13 GRAM or 10

GRAM), PROPORTIONAL METHOD and LOSS-BY-WASHING GREATER THAN 15
PERCENT)

Place 3 scoops of calcium carbide in the body of the “Speedy” (Figure 36).

Hold the body of the “Speedy” horizontally. Roll in the two 1-inch steel balls into the
body of the “Speedy” (Figure 44). DO NOT drop the steel balls directly into the body of
the “Speedy” when it is sitting upright to avoid damaging the orifice of the pressure
gauge.

Figure 44. Place steel balls in body of “Speedy” with 3 scoops of calcium carbide

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Clean cap with cloth provided in kit (Figure 45).

Figure 45. Cleaning the cap of the meter

Using the ¼ inch screen from the density kit, rub the soil sample through the screen
(Figure 46).

Figure 46. Using the ¼ inch screen from the density kit,
always screen cohesive soil before obtaining the moisture sample

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Attach the weight to the hook on the right end of the balance arm above the pan. Add
material to the pan until the scale comes to balance (Figure 47).

Figure 47. Weigh moisture sample

Place the moisture sample, obtained from the center of the middle layer of the mold, in
the cap of the “Speedy” (Figure 38).

While holding the “Speedy” horizontally, place the cap in position and bring the stirrup
around and tighten the top screw (Figure 39).

Hold the “Speedy” upright. Tap the side with your hand to get all the soil from the cap
into the body (Figure 40).

Hold the “Speedy” horizontally and rotate to put the steel balls in orbit. This mixes the
soil and calcium carbide and also breaks down the sample. The mixing time required
for heavy clay soils is approximately three to four minutes (Figure 41).

When the needle on the dial stops, read the results to the nearest tenth. The “Speedy”
should be held horizontally when reading the dial (Figure 42).

Multiply the dial reading by 2. Refer this result to the wet-dry conversion chart which
determines the moisture content based on dry weight to the nearest tenth (Figure 35).

While holding the “Speedy” downwind and away from your body, release the pressure
slowly and empty contents (Figure 43).

Inspect the cap. If the cap contains material that was not processed, the test should be
repeated.

Clean the cap and pressure meter body in preparation for the next test.

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Examine the discarded moisture sample for lumps. If the sample contains clay balls that
were not completely broken down, the test should be repeated and the mixing time
increased.

f. PRECAUTIONS IN PERFORMING MOISTURE TESTS WITH THE CALCIUM

CARBIDE GAS PRESSURE METER (“SPEEDY”)

1) Be sure to clean the cap with the cloth provided and the pressure meter body
with the brush provided before each test.

2) Always hold the “Speedy” horizontally when placing the cap to prevent the soil
sample and calcium carbide from mixing before the cap is tightly sealed.

3) Be sure the needle on the meter has completely stopped moving before taking
the final reading.

4) Always empty the “Speedy” by holding downwind and away from your body.
The dust is an eye and respiratory irritant and can cause skin burns.

5) Do not tap the “Speedy” body with the cap when emptying the contents.

6) Use only the brush furnished in the kit to clean the pressure meter body.

7) Always screen a cohesive or gravel sample before running the moisture test.

8) Do not use the “Speedy” to determine penalty for excessive moisture.

8. REPORTS AND RECORDS

a. GENERAL

The complete and final record of all density tests is made daily on the electronic fillable
Form 0582B (Moisture and Density Determination, Nuclear Method).

The section at the top of Form 0582B should be filled in completely. If tests are run on
more than one project by the same inspector, a separate form should be used for each
project.

The inspector should begin numbering tests each day with No. 1. The test number for
each In-Place Density Test is recorded in column 1 under Determination of In-Place
Density on the form. All failing tests must be rechecked. The location of the recheck
must not exceed 3 feet horizontally at the same elevation as the original failing test.
The recheck test number will be the same as the original test number except it is
recorded in column 2. For all rechecks, the date of the original failing test is recorded in
column 1.

A test can fail by either moisture or density or both requirements. If a test fails to meet
the density requirement, the percent of compaction (column 11) should be circled. If a
test fails moisture requirements, the Moisture % (column 9) should be circled.

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If the inspector encounters an in-place density test over 100.0% compaction, the test
does not fail. However, the inspector must establish a new maximum density with the
material obtained from beneath the gauge on that test. This is to ensure that the results
at that location are verified and documented or if there has been a change in material
that is not visually apparent.

The location of each In-Place Density Test should be recorded by stationing, distance
right or left of centerline and depth below plan grade. Identify the item of work (Column
16) using the abbreviations on the back of the form.

Entries on Form 0582B, Determination of In-Place Density, (Columns 6-11) are

recorded to the nearest tenth (0.1).

Entries for Determination of Maximum Density are recorded as follows:

Columns D-F nearest gram

Columns B, H-J nearest tenth (0.1)
Column C nearest ten-thousandth (0.0001)
Column G nearest one-hundredth (0.01)

When conducting a recheck, if the Maximum Density is imported from a previous report,
recopy the complete Maximum Density line from the original report. Record the date of
the original test in the margin to the left of the test number.

See examples of Form 0582B in Figures 48 to 51.

The distribution for Form 0582B is as follows: ORIGINAL to the project file and COPIES
to the Area Density Specialist and Lansing Density Technology Unit.

Form 0582B must be submitted by the tester to the office daily.

Distribution of Form 0582B to the Area Density Specialist and

the Lansing Density Technology Unit must be made weekly at a
minimum.
Electronic submittal of test reports shall be sent to the Lansing Density Technology Unit
at the following address:

MDOT-NuclearDensityTestReports@[Link]

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Figure 48. Form 0582B: Density Determination of Soils

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Figure 49. Form 0582B: Density Determination of HMA Aggregate Base (BAB) Mixtures

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Figure 50. Form 0582B: Density Determination of HMA Mixtures

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Figure 51. Page 2 of Form 0582B Showing Density Requirements

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b. PRECAUTIONS FOR RECORDS AND REPORTS

Experience has shown the following items are important to keep in mind when recording
test results:

1) Report all tests, failing or passing, on Form 0582B.

2) Check all calculations.

3) Circle percent of compaction and/or moisture percent for all failing tests.

4) All failing tests require a passing retest.

5) Use original test number and date to identify retests.

6) Use the “Remarks” space at the bottom of Form 0582B to document failing tests
and when corrections and retests were not completed on the same date.

7) Submit original test reports to the office daily. Retyped or recopied versions are
not acceptable.

8) Distribution of Form 0582B to the Area Density Specialist and the Lansing
Density Technology Unit must be made weekly at a minimum.

9) Electronic submittal of test reports shall be sent to the Lansing Density

Technology Unit at the following address:

MDOT-NuclearDensityTestReports@[Link]

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II. TECHNICIAN QUALIFICATION PROGRAM FOR FIELD DENSITY TESTING

A. TECHNICIAN QUALIFICATIONS

Technicians performing field density testing must be certified and evaluated as necessary by
Independent Assurance Test (IAT) in accordance with the following criteria:

1. Certification.

Technicians performing Quality Assurance testing on departmental projects must become

certified and maintain certification through a program conducted or approved by the MDOT
Construction Field Operations Section, Density Technology Unit.

2. Independent Assurance Tests (IAT).

a. NHS routes.

Technicians who perform density testing on federal aid projects on the National Highway
System (NHS) must be evaluated by an IAT. IAT procedures outlined in the MDOT
Quality Assurance Procedures Manual will be used for this evaluation.

b. Non-NHS routes.

Evaluation by IAT is not required; however, MDOT reserves the right to evaluate
technician proficiency using IAT procedures outlined in the MDOT Quality Assurance
Procedures Manual.

B. MAINTAINING RECORDS

Construction Field Services (CFS) Construction Field Operations Section maintains a data base
which includes the following information for Field Density Testing Technicians:

1. Radiation safety training data

2. Density certification training dates

3. Certification number

4. Expiration date

5. Technician name and address*

* The technician is responsible for informing the department of address change.

The database is updated periodically as training sessions are conducted.

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C. DISQUALIFICATION OF TECHNICIANS

1. Falsifying Data.

Technicians found falsifying data will be disqualified from acceptance testing on MDOT and
federal aid projects. The term of disqualification may be permanent and will be determined
by the Engineer of CFS.

2. Failure to obtain Recertification

Technicians who allow their certification to lapse are not qualified to perform density testing
on MDOT or federal aid projects. Reinstatement will be considered only after successful
completion of a training program conducted or approved by the MDOT Construction Field
Operations Section, Density Technology Unit. The specific coursework necessary for
reinstatement will be determined by the Engineer of CFS.

3. Failure to meet the requirements of the IAT program.

a. NHS routes.

Technicians who fail to meet the requirements of the IAT program as outlined in the
MDOT Quality Assurance Procedures Manual will be disqualified from acceptance
testing on NHS routes.

b. Non-NHS routes.

MDOT reserves the right to evaluate and disqualify technicians from density testing
using IAT procedures outlined in the MDOT Quality Assurance Procedures Manual. If
evaluation is deemed necessary, technicians failing to meet these requirements may be
disqualified from density testing.

4. Other actions deemed detrimental to the MDOT Quality Assurance Program.

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III. APPENDIX

A. DEFINITIONS

AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

AGGREGATE - in highway density work this refers to gravel used as base course or shoulder
material.

AGGREGATE BASE COURSE FOR HMA SURFACES - the layer or layers of select material
of designed thickness placed on a subbase or subgrade to support a HMA surface.

AGGREGATE BASE FOR CONCRETE SURFACES - the layer or layers of select material of
designed thickness placed on a subbase or subgrade to support a concrete surface.

AMERICIUM 241: BERYLLIUM - the fixed neutron source in the Troxler nuclear moisture-
density gauge used to determine the in-place moisture content of the material being tested.

BACKFILL - material which replaces previously excavated material from trenches or sewers,
culverts, etc.; also, fill placed in contact with retaining walls, bridge abutments, etc.

BACKSCATTER TEST - a test ran with the radiation source and detectors in the same
horizontal plane.

HMA AGGREGATE BASE - pulverized pavement mixtures consisting of existing Hot Mix
Asphalt (HMA surfaces, pulverized and mixed with some portion of the underlying aggregate
base. The resulting mixture of pulverized HMA and aggregate base material is then compacted
and used as a base course for new or recycled pavement surfaces.

CERTIFY - to award a certificate to (a person) attesting to the completion of a course of study or

the passing of a qualifying examination.

CESIUM 137 - the gamma source in the Troxler nuclear moisture-density gauge used to
determine the in-place density of the material being tested.

COHESIVE SOILS - fine textured soils bound together (or obtaining strength) by an internal
attraction or bond between individual grains, generally clay or clayey soils with loss-by-washing
greater than 15 percent.

COMPACTION - densification of a soil or HMA mixture by means of mechanical manipulation.

CONCRETE AGGREGATE BASE - pulverized pavement mixtures consisting of existing

concrete surfaces, pulverized and mixed with some portion of the underlying aggregate base.
The resulting mixture of pulverized concrete and aggregate base material is then compacted
and used as a base course for new or recycled pavement surfaces.

CONSOLIDATION - rearrangement of soil particles to form a more dense material, resulting

from either natural or mechanical action.

COUNTS/MINUTE - the amount of radiation picked up by a detector tubes and registered on

digital modules or digital indicators for a one-minute period.

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DEGRADATION - breakdown of soil particles beyond the natural size of individual grains, by
mechanical action or natural processes.

DENSITY - weight per unit volume. See also DRY DENSITY, WET DENSITY and MAXIMUM
DENSITY.

DENSITY CONTROL - control of soil or HMA density during construction to ensure that
specified values are obtained, as determined by standard tests.

DIRECT TRANSMISSION TEST (Probe Test) - a method which places the source, by means of
a probe, into the material to a predetermined depth.

DRY DENSITY - weight per cubic foot of dry soil.

EMBANKMENT - engineered fill, supporting a fill.

FINES - percent of soil particles finer than a No. 200 standard sieve, representing the silt and
clay content.

GRANULAR MATERIAL - Michigan specification term, defined as follows:

Sieve Analysis (MTM 109) Loss by

Material Total Percent Passing (a) Washing
Class percent
6" 3" 2" 1" 1/2" 3/8" No.4 No.30 No.100 (a) (b)

I 100 45-85 20-85 5-30 0-5

II (c) 100 60-100 50-100 0-30 0-7

IIA (c) 100 60-100 50-100 0-35 0-10

IIAA 100 60-100 50-100 0-20 0-5

III 100 95-100 50-100 0-15

IIIA 100 50-100 0-30 0-15

a. Test results based on dry weights

b. Use test method MTM 108 for Loss by Washing
c. Except for use in granular blankets, Class IIA granular material may be substituted for Class II granular material for
projects located in the following counties: Arenac, Bay, Genesee, Gladwin, Huron, Lapeer, Macomb, Midland,
Monroe, Oakland, Saginaw, Sanilac, Shiawassee, St. Clair, Tuscola and Wayne Counties.

GRANULAR SOILS - coarse-grained soils with loss-by-washing of 15 percent or less. Granular

materials have no cohesion, and derive strength from internal stability.

GRAVEL - rounded or angular particles of rock which will pass a 3 inch sieve and be retained
on a No. 10 sieve (AASHTO).

Coarse: passing the 3-inch sieve and retained on the 1-inch sieve.

Medium: passing the 1-inch sieve and retained on the ⅜ inch sieve.

Fine: passing the ⅜ inch sieve and retained on the No. 10 sieve.

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HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) AGGREGATE BASE - a pulverized HMA material mixed with the
underlying aggregate base, compacted and used as a base for HMA surface.

HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) MIXTURES - HMA mixtures used as bases, binders, leveling and
top courses.

LOSS-BY-WASHING - an estimate of the percentage of soil fines (% passing the no. 200
sieve). That fraction of the soil sample that is subject to suspension in water and can be
decanted from the balance of the sample hydraulically.

MAXIMUM DENSITY - dry density (unit weight) of a material obtained by a specified amount of
compaction at the existing moisture content.

MOISTURE CONTENT - the quantity of moisture in a soil expressed as a percentage of the dry
weight of the soil. See also OPTIMUM MOISTURE and MOISTURE, PCF.

MOISTURE-DENSITY CURVE - the curve showing the relationship between “dry unit weight”
(density) and “moisture content” (water content) of a soil for a given compactive effort. The
Maximum Density (Maximum Unit Weight) and Optimum Moisture are obtained from the curve.

MOISTURE, PCF - the amount of moisture determined using the nuclear gauge expressed in
pounds per cubic foot.

NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (NRC) – the NRC is the federal agency responsible
for the regulation of radioactive materials.

OPTIMUM MOISTURE - moisture content in a soil at which a specified amount of compaction

will produce the Maximum Dry Density.

PERCENT COMPACTION - the ratio, expressed as a percentage of the in-place unit weight of
a soil to the Maximum Unit Weight obtained in a laboratory or field compaction test.

PROBE - the rod which contains the radioactive source which is inserted into the material to be
tested.

PULVERIZED HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) - see HMA Aggregate Base.

ROADBED - the portion of the roadway between the outside edges of finished shoulders, or the
outside edges of berms, back of curbs, or gutters, when constructed.

SATURATION - the moisture content at which all voids in soil mass are filled with water.

SCALER - the electronic module in the nuclear density gauge which records and displays the
Counts/Minute (test reading) when running standards or tests.

SETTLEMENT - decrease in elevation of the surface of an embankment due to consolidation of

soil within the embankment, generally resulting from its own weight, over a period of time
following construction.

SOIL - unconsolidated mineral matter at or near the surface of the earth.

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SOURCE - the radioactive material sealed in the gauge.

STABILIZATION - a recycling method used to improve the stability and bearing capacity of
HMA material by admixing hot bitumen in-place and compacting.

STANDARD BLOCK - a polyethylene block which is used daily to field calibrate (standardize)
the nuclear gauge.

STANDARD COUNT - the Counts/Minute ran and recorded daily on the Standard Block. The
Standard Count is sometimes referred to as the Operating Standard.

SUBBASE - the layer of granular material placed on the subgrade as a part of the pavement
structure.

SUBGRADE - the portion of the earth grade upon which the pavement structure is constructed.

TEMPLATE (SCRAPER PLATE) - a metal plate used to prepare the test site. It is used to
guide the drill rod in preparing a hole for the source rod for direct transmission measurements.

TEST COUNTS - the amount of radiation detected by the gauge for a moisture or density test.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (U.S. DOT) – federal agency that

regulates the transportation of nuclear density gauges.

VOIDS - spaces between individual soil particles occupied by air and/or water.

WET DENSITY - the total weight of a unit volume of material. This includes the weight of solids
plus the weight of water.

WET MAXIMUM DENSITY - Wet Density (unit weight) of a material obtained by a specified
amount of compaction at the existing or modified moisture content.

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B. CHECKLIST FOR THE ONE-POINT T-99 TEST

Checklist for the One-Point T-99 Test

1. Obtain sample (approximately 3500 grams).

2. Break up the sample by working it through the ¼ inch screen.

Check moisture content, which should be within a range from optimum
3.
to 4.0 percent below optimum at the start of the test.
4. Assemble the Proctor mold.

5. Place the mold on the pounding block.

Place a layer of soil in the mold (enough to fill the mold one-third full
6.
after compaction).
7. Compact this first layer by 25 evenly distributed rammer blows.
Place a second layer of soil in the mold (enough to fill it two-thirds full
8.
after compaction).
9. Compact the second layer by 25 evenly distributed rammer blows.
Place a third layer of soil in the mold (enough so that after compaction,
10.
it will extend from ¼ to ½ inch above the top of the mold.
11. Compact this third layer by 25 evenly distributed rammer blows.

12. Remove the collar.

13. Use the strike-off bar to trim the sample even with the top of the mold.

14. Remove the base plate.

15. Weigh the mold and sample.

16. Remove the soil from the mold.

Obtain a moisture sample from the center of the soil sample.
17.
(Required when the moisture content has been manipulated).
18. Determine Moisture % and Compacted Soil Wet, pcf.
Use the One-Point T-99 Chart to determine Maximum Density and
19.
Optimum Moisture.
20. Record the test results on Form 0582B.

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C. CHECKLIST FOR THE AASHTO T-99 TEST

Checklist for the AASHTO T-99 Test

1. Obtain sample (approximately 5000 grams).
2. Break up the sample by working it through the ¼ inch screen.
Check moisture content, which should be approximately 4.0 percent
3.
below optimum at the start of the test.
4. Assemble the Proctor mold.
5. Place the mold on the pounding block.
Place a layer of soil in the mold (enough to fill the mold one-third full
6.
after compaction).
7. Compact this first layer by 25 evenly distributed rammer blows.
Place a second layer of soil in the mold (enough to fill it two-thirds full
8.
after compaction).
9. Compact this second layer by 25 evenly distributed rammer blows.
Place a third layer of soil in the mold (enough so that after compaction
10.
it will extend from ¼ to ½ inch above the top of the mold.
11. Compact this third layer by 25 evenly distributed rammer blows.
12. Remove the collar.
13. Use the strike-off bar to trim the sample even with the top of the mold.
14. Remove the base plate.
15. Weigh the mold and sample.
16. Remove the soil from the mold.
17. Obtain a moisture sample from the center of the soil sample.
18. Determine the Moisture %.
19. Compute compacted soil wet, pcf (Maximum Density, pcf, Form 0582B)
Thoroughly break-up the remaining portion of the molded specimen by
20.
working it through the screen.
21. Recombine with the original sample and mix thoroughly.
22. Add approximately 2 percent moisture and mix thoroughly.
Reassemble the mold and repeat steps 5 through 22. This process will
23.
need to be repeated at least three times.
24. Plot moisture content versus dry density for each data set.
25. Connect the graph points for all tests with a smooth parabolic curve.
26. Determine the Maximum Density, pcf and Optimum Moisture content.

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D. CHECKLIST FOR THE ONE-POINT MICHIGAN CONE TEST

Checklist for the One-Point Michigan Cone Test

1. Obtain sample (approximately 3500 grams).

Sample must have a moisture content between 5.0 percent and
2.
optimum.
3. Place enough soil in the cone to fill it one-third full after compaction.
Pound the cone 25 times or more on the pounding block, striking it
4.
sharply.
5. Place enough soil in the cone to fill it two-thirds full after compaction.

6. Pound the cone 25 times or more.

7. Fill the cone completely with soil.

8. Pound the cone 25 times or more.

9. Completely fill the cone with soil.

10. Pound the cone at least 10 times.

11. Repeat steps 9 and 10 until no more consolidation occurs.

12. Weigh the cone and sample.

13. Check for maximum consolidation by the 20/10 Rule.

Level off the material at the top of the cone with the stopper or straight-
14.
edge.
15. Weigh the cone and sample.
Empty the cone on the block or in a pan by striking the cone on the
16.
open end.
Obtain moisture sample from the center of the cone.
17.
(required when the moisture content has been manipulated)
18. Determine sample moisture content and Compacted Soil Wet, pcf.
Use the One-Point Cone Chart to determine Maximum Density and
19.
Optimum moisture.
20. Record the results on Form 0582B.

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E. CHECKLIST FOR THE MICHIGAN CONE TEST

Checklist for the Michigan Cone Test

1. Obtain sample (approximately 3500 grams).

Sample moisture content should be within a range of 5.0 percent to just
short of saturation. Pound a series of cones at different moisture
2.
contents within this range to determine the Maximum Density. The
Maximum Density is the highest value obtained in this series.
3. Place enough soil in the cone to fill it one-third full after compaction.
Pound the cone 25 times or more on the pounding block, striking it
4.
sharply.
5. Place enough soil in the cone to fill it two-thirds full after compaction.

6. Pound the cone 25 times or more.

7. Fill the cone completely with soil.

8. Pound the cone 25 times or more.

9. Completely fill the cone with soil.

10. Pound the cone at least 10 times.

11. Repeat steps 9 and 10 until no more consolidation occurs.

Level off the material at the top of the cone with the stopper or straight-
12.
edge.
13. Weigh the cone and sample.
Empty the cone on the block or in a pan by striking the cone on the
14.
open end.
15. Obtain a moisture sample from the center of the cone.

16. Determine the moisture content.

17. Compute the Maximum Density.

Three tests should be made within the moisture range as explained in
18.
step 2. The highest test result is the Maximum Density, pcf.
19. When water is added be sure to mix the sample thoroughly.

20. Record the test results on Form 0582B.

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F. CHECKLIST FOR THE MICHIGAN MODIFIED T-180 TEST

Checklist for the Michigan Modified T-180 Test

1. Perform the In-Place tests in the “Asphalt Mode.”

2. Obtain the Maximum Density sample from the In-Place test location.

3. The mold is pounded at existing in-place moisture.

4. Make sure the Proctor mold is assembled correctly.

5. The pounding block should be placed on firm ground or pavement.

Place a layer of material in the mold (enough to fill the mold one-fifth
6.
after compaction).
Compact the layer with 25 evenly distributed blows using the 10-pound
7.
rammer.
Place the second, third and fourth layers in the mold, each layer filling
8. one-fifth of the volume of the mold, and compact each layer with 25
evenly distributed blows.
Place the fifth layer in the mold. Enough material is used so that after
9. compaction, the material will extend from ¼ to ½ inch above the top of
the mold.
10. Compact the fifth layer with 25 evenly distributed blows.

11. Remove the collar.

Use the strike-off bar to trim the excess material even with the top of
12.
the mold.
13. Remove the bottom plate from the mold.

14. Weigh the sample and mold to the nearest gram.

Complete the computations through Column H (Compacted Soil Wet,
15.
PCF) on Form 0582B.
The resultant value from Column H is the Maximum Density (wet) and
16.
should also be recorded in Column I (Maximum Density, PCF).
This test is normally used on In-Place recycling jobs. The material
changes frequently for this type of work, and therefore, the Maximum
17.
Density will have to be re-established more often and also when the
moisture changes more than ±1.5 percent.

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G. CHECKLIST FOR USE OF THE NUCLEAR GAUGE

Checklist for Use of the Nuclear Gauge

Troxler Model 3440
Check the ID number on the gauge book and the standard block and
be sure they match the ID number on the gauge. Gauge books and
1.
standard blocks are not interchangeable. Ensure gauge has been
calibrated within the last year.
Turn the gauge on and allow a 20 minute warm-up before running
2.
standards.
3. Record Chart Standards for Density and Moisture.

4. Run Operating Density and Moisture Standards daily and record.

5. Select the test location and prepare the test site.

6. Run the Density and Moisture tests and record the test readings.

7. Record the Wet Density, PCF and Moisture, PCF.

8. Record the Dry Density, PCF and Moisture, %.

9. Record the Density and Moisture Counts.

Record and program the gauge with the correct Maximum Density,
10.
PCF.
11. Record the Percent of Compaction.
When finished running a test, lock and return the gauge to the transport
12.
case in the pickup truck.
Rechargeable batteries have a memory and repeated needless
charging will shorten the battery life. Do not recharge batteries unless
13. <Batteries Low!> is visible on the display. For a full charge, re-charge
the gauge for 16 hours. A full charge should last from four to six
weeks.
14. Report malfunctions promptly to the Area Density Specialist.
Gauge users are not authorized to make field repairs or perform gauge
15. maintenance. Only Statewide and Area Density Specialists are
permitted to maintain or repair gauges.
16. Follow all safety rules and regulations.

17. Transport the gauge according to US DOT regulations.

When the gauge is left unattended in a vehicle, both the vehicle and
18.
the gauge must be locked.

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H. CHECKLIST FOR USING NUCLEAR GAUGE

Checklist for Use of the Nuclear Gauge

InstroTek 3500 Xplorer 2
Check the ID number on the gauge book and the standard block and be
sure they match the ID number on the gauge. Gauge books and
1.
standard blocks are not interchangeable. Ensure gauge has been
calibrated within the last year.
Turn the gauge on and allow a 20 minute warm-up before running
2.
standards.
3. Record Chart Standards for Density and Moisture.
4. Run Operating Density and Moisture Standards daily and record.
5. Select the test location and prepare the test site.
6. Run the Density and Moisture tests and record the test readings.
7. Record the Wet Density, PCF and Moisture, PCF.
8. Record the Dry Density, PCF and Moisture, %.
9. Record the Density and Moisture Counts.
Record and program the gauge with the correct Maximum Density,
10.
PCF.
11. Record the Percent of Compaction.
When finished running a test, lock and return the gauge to the transport
12.
case in the pickup truck.
Rechargeable batteries have a memory and repeated needless charging
will shorten the battery life. Do not recharge batteries unless
13. <Recharge Battery> is visible on the display. For a full charge, re-
charge the gauge for 16 hours. A full charge should last from four to
six weeks.
14. Report malfunctions promptly to the Area Density Specialist.
Gauge users are not authorized to make field repairs or perform gauge
15. maintenance. Only Statewide and Area Density Specialists are
permitted to maintain or repair gauges.
16. Follow all safety rules and regulations.
17. Transport the gauge according to US DOT regulations.
When the gauge is left unattended in a vehicle, both the vehicle and the
18.
gauge must be locked.

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I. SPECIAL NOTES ON WEIGHING PROCEUDRES

Special Notes on Weighing Procedures

1. Check the weights of cones and molds periodically.

A balance or scale conforming to AASHTO M 231, Class G20 must be
2.
used for weighing Proctor molds or cones.
Use the balance furnished with the “Speedy” kit for weighing moisture
3.
samples.

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J. CHECKLIST FOR THE CALCIUM CARBIDE GAS PRESSURE METER

Checklist for the Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure Meter

(“SPEEDY” Moisture Tester)
1. Setup SPEEDY before cone/T-99 test is started.

2. Clean cap with cloth.

3. Clean SPEEDY body only with brush that is provided.

4. Put three scoops of calcium carbide into SPEEDY tester body.

5. Obtain sample for moisture from center/middle of mold.

Always screen cohesive and aggregate sample through a ¼ inch
6.
screen before weighing sample.
Weigh full sample (26 g or 20 g) for granular material or half sample
7.
(13 g or 10 g) for cohesive material.
8. Place material in the cap.
Hold SPEEDY horizontally when placing the cap into the body to
9. prevent the soil sample and calcium carbide from mixing before the cap
is fully sealed.
Hold the SPEEDY upright and tap the side of the body with heel of
10.
hand to knock material down from cap.
11. Shake and rotate the SPEEDY to create pressure.

12. Hold SPEEDY horizontally at eye level to obtain reading on dial.

Continue shaking and reading until the needle stops moving. To verify
13. that the needle has stopped moving, you achieve three consecutive
readings of the same value.
Read the dial to the nearest tenth and take the reading to the
conversion chart to obtain the oven-dry moisture content. When
14.
working with cohesive soils, the reading on the dial must be multiplied
by two before going to the conversion chart.
Record oven-dry moisture content in column B (moisture %) under
15.
Determination of Maximum Density on form 0582B.
Empty SPEEDY downwind and away from face. Do not tap the body
16.
with the cap.
Clean cap with cloth and body with brush before putting SPEEDY back
17.
in box.

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K. MINIMUM FREQUENCY OF TESTING

For density control of embankment, subbase, base course and HMA surfaces, a sufficient
number of tests should be made to ensure that the specified results are being obtained. The
frequency of testing will vary with the project, the placement operation and the material being
used. For a job where compaction is relatively easy to obtain, the material is reasonably
uniform and the compacting methods are consistent, a minimum number of tests are needed for
acceptance. The minimum frequency of tests needed under these relatively ideal conditions
follow. Most operations will require more tests for proper control.

Specifications require each material to meet the required density and moisture content.

Specification/Material Test Guide Frequency-See Notes below

205 Subgrade
Density 1 test per 500 feet per width of 24 feet or less
(includes stabilized)
205
Density 1 test per 1000 cubic yards of material-see note 2
Embankment
301 Subbase Density 1 test per 500 feet per width of 24 feet or less

Backfill Density 1 test per 300 cubic yards of material-see note 2

302 Aggregate
Density 1 test per 500 feet per width of 24 feet or less
Base Course
501 HMA Mixtures Density 1 test per 1000 feet per width of 24 feet or less

307 Shoulders Density 1 test per 1000 feet each side

1 test in the footprint per bridge approach or per stage for
Sleeper Slab Density
part width construction
307 Trenching Density 1 test per 1000 feet each side

Notes

1.) It must be emphasized that project conditions normally require more frequent testing for
proper compaction control. In addition, the specifications require that each layer must meet
compaction requirements before the succeeding layer is placed.

2.) Regardless of the volume of material placed, a minimum of one test must be taken for
each layer.

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L. EQUIPMENT FURNISHED IN DENSITY TEST KITS

1 Electronic Scale

1 T-99 rammer

1 T-180 rammer

1 Proctor mold

1 Strike-off bar

1 Michigan Cone with stopper

2 10 inch by 10 inch pans

1 12 inch spoon

1 One-Point Michigan Cone chart

1 One-Point T-99 chart

1 “Speedy” Moisture Tester kit

1 Density Testing and Inspection Manual

1 8 inch by 8 inch by 10 inch hardwood pounding block

1 18 inch by 18 inch screen with ¼ inch mesh

1 Nuclear gauge, gauge transport book, and standard block

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