Computer Networks Exam Questions Guide
Uploaded by
Android WallahComputer Networks Exam Questions Guide
Uploaded by
Android WallahCommon questions
Powered by AIA bridge connects two network segments and filters traffic by MAC address at the data link layer. A switch operates similarly but can connect multiple segments or devices, creating separate collision domains. A router directs data across networks using IP addresses, working at the network layer. A gateway connects networks using different protocols, functioning across multiple OSI layers. An access point extends a wired network by adding wireless capabilities, typically within the data link layer .
The primary functions by OSI layer include: Physical layer - bit transmission; Data Link - defines frames and error correction; Network - routing and logical addressing; Transport - error detection, retransmission and reliable message delivery; Session - managing sessions; Presentation - translating data formats; and Application - providing network services like email and file transfer .
FHSS achieves bandwidth spreading by rapidly switching the carrier among many frequency channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver. This method spreads the signal across a wider bandwidth than it would normally occupy, making it more resistant to interference and eavesdropping .
Key design issues include framing for data encapsulation, error control for transmission integrity, flow control to avoid overwhelming receivers, and addressing for identifying devices within a segment. It also handles medium access control to determine how devices on a shared medium access the channel .
In Manchester Encoding, each bit has a transition at the midpoint for this sequence: '1' is represented by high-to-low transition and '0' by low-to-high. For '10000101111': the waveform transitions per bit are 1(↓↑), 0(↑↓), 0(↑↓), 0(↑↓), 0(↑↓), 1(↓↑), 0(↑↓), 1(↓↑), 1(↓↑), 1(↓↑), 1(↓↑). Differential Manchester Encoding uses a transition at the start of every bit period, '0' has a transition during the bit, while '1' does not. Here, each initial transition starts with 1(no transition at mid-point), 0(with transition), rendering the sequence differently yet maintaining a form of redundancy for synchronization .
Pure ALOHA allows nodes to transmit whenever they have data, resulting in higher chances of collisions and lower efficiency, with throughput around 18%. Slotted ALOHA improves efficiency by using synchronized time slots for transmissions, reducing the chances of collision and increasing throughput to about 37%, as it limits transmission attempts to time boundaries .
Generating a CRC code ensures data integrity by detecting alterations during transmission. The CRC is computed by dividing the message by a generator polynomial, leaving a remainder as the CRC. For message 1101010101 with polynomial x^4 + x^2 + 1, the CRC process appends zeros, performs binary division, and results in a remainder used as a checksum for error-checking upon receipt .
A physical address is a MAC address used to identify devices at the data link layer, unique within a network segment. A logical address, such as an IP address, identifies a device in a protocol-specific network, used for routing at the network layer. Port addresses, part of logical addressing, identify specific processes on a host to distinguish between multiple network services or applications .
The IEEE 802.11 protocol stack diagram includes layers like the Physical Layer, for encoding and transmission, with sublayers DSSS, FHSS, or OFDM, and the MAC Layer, responsible for coordinating access to the physical transmission medium, handling authentication, and data encryption .
Flowcharts provide visual clarity on CSMA/CD operations, depicting steps like carrier sensing before transmission, collision detection, and mechanism to back off and retry, illustrating the decision-making process for handling multiple access on Ethernet networks, and ensuring data transmission efficiency under conditions of collision .