IMPACT OF GREEN WALL IN URBAN DESIGN

A DISSERTATION REPORT

Submitted by
SUHAIL HASAN. A

Under the guidance of

AR. ALAMU PRIYA .PL

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

(B.S. ABDUR RAHMAN CRESCENT INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY)

October 2024

1
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Dissertation report. IMPACT OF GREEN WALL IN URBAN

DESIGN is the bonafide work of SUHAIL HASAN A (RRN 200101601027) who

carried out the dissertation work under my supervision. Certified further, that to the

best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis

or dissertation report on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an

earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
AR. ALAMU PRIYA .PL PROF .G. JAYALAKSHMI
SUPERVISOR DEAN OF THE DEPARTMENT
Assistant Professor Professor & Dean
Crescent School of Architecture Crescent School of Architecture
B.S Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute B.S Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute
Of Science & Technology Of Science & Technology
Vandalur, Chennai - 600048 Vandalur, Chennai - 600048

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to our dean, Prof. G. Jayalakshmi for
accepting my selection of topic. I extend my sincere gratitude to the internal review
panel members Ar. Ajit kavin and Ar. Alamu priya for their constructive criticism and
support throughout the semester which helped me to shape up my dissertation and I
also thank my dissertation coordinator Ar Alamu priya for constant support and
encouragement. I am thankful to my guide, Ar Alamu priya for her invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement, constructive comments and immense attitude,
which has sustained my efforts at all the stages of this dissertation. I would also like
to thank my parents and friends for their encouragement and support throughout the
dissertation.

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 ABSTRACT

Green walls, also known as vertical gardens or living walls, represent an innovative
approach to urban landscaping that integrates plant life into vertical structures. These
systems utilize various methods, such as modular panels, trellis systems, and
hydroponics, to create vibrant, green spaces in urban environments where horizontal
gardening may be limited. Green walls offer numerous benefits, including improved
air quality, enhanced biodiversity, and aesthetic appeal, contributing to the overall
well-being of residents. They also play a crucial role in stormwater management,
insulation, and urban heat island mitigation. Additionally, green walls can promote
sustainability by utilizing water recycling systems and efficient irrigation methods.
Despite their advantages, challenges such as maintenance, initial installation costs,
and plant selection must be addressed for successful implementation. As cities
continue to grow and evolve, green walls provide a compelling solution for integrating
nature into urban living, fostering a healthier and more sustainable future.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT 4
LIST OF TABLE 7
LIST OF FIGURES 8
CHAPTERS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim……………………………………………………………………………….…11
1.2 Objectives……………………………………………………………………….…11
1.3 Research Question…………………………………………………………….…11
1.4 Scope………………………………………………………………………………12
1.5 Limitation…………………………………………………………………………..12
1.6 Methodology………………………………………………………………………12
1.7 Methodology Chart……………………………………………………………….14

2. LITERATURE OVERVIEW
2.1 What is green wall ………………………………………………………………..15
2.2. History of green wall……………………………………………………………..15
2.3. Why green wall…………………………………………………………………….17
2.4. Types of green wall……………………………………………………………….18
2.5. Green wall construction techniques…………………………………………….23
2.6. Advantages and disadvantages of green wall…………………………………27
2.7. Various natural plant species for green wall…………………………………...30

3. CASE STUDIES
3.1 Solarise Fusionpolis, Singapore…………………………………………………35
3.2 CIMB Bank Building P.T Indonesia Green Wall Building…………………….38

4. LIVE CASE STUDIES

4.1 I Grow Solution…………………………………………………………………….43
4.2 Greenerzo Bioscape………………………………………………………………45
4.3 Nizam Aaavana Greens…………………………………………………………..47

5. ANALYSIS
5.1 Comparison of Various Green Wall……………………………………………...52
5.2 Recommendation on the design of Green Wall………………………………..53

6. CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………54

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6.2 Future Scope…………………………………………………………………………54

7. REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………55

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LIST OF TABLES

1) Table 1. The table was used to record the temperature and humidity of both
buildings…………………………………………………………………………………39

(Source: Wong, N. H., Tan, AY K. Chen, Y., Sekar, K., Tan, P. Y., Chan, D., & Wong
N C. (2010) Thermal evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls
Building and environment)

2) Table 2. Comparison of various green walls……………………………………52

(Source: by Author)

3) Table 3. Recommendation on the design of green facade……………………53

(Source: Peng, K. H., & Lin, H. Y. (2015) A study on the types of vertical greening
applying to urban existing buildings)

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1.1 Methodology of the research……………………………………………….14

Fig. 2.1 Green wall to Adorn Business School……………………………………..15

Fig. 2.3 Hanging Gardens of Babylon……………………………………………….16

Fig. 2.4. Garden Trellis in Roman……………………………………………………16

Fig. 2.5 Climbing Plants on House……………………………………………………17

Fig. 2.6 Wire Rope Net System……………………………………………………….17

Fig. 2.7 Green Facade Types…………………………………………………………19

Fig. 2.8 Modular Trellis Panel System……………………………………………….20

Fig. 2.9 Grid Systems…………………………………………………………………..20

Fig. 2.10 Wire Rope Net system………………………………………………………21

Fig. 2.11 Flower Pot System…………………………………………………………..21

Fig. 2.12 Modular Living wall…………………………………………………………..22

Fig. 2.13 Vegetated Mat Wall…………………………………………………………..23

Fig. 2.14 Green Wall Installation Process…………………………………………….24

Fig. 2.15 Soil Based Green Wall……………………………………………………….25

Fig. 2.16 Aeroponic Green Wall………………………………………………….…….25

Fig. 2.17 Aquaponic Green Wall……………………………………………………….26

Fig. 2.18 Hydroponic Green Wall………………………………………………………27

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Fig. 2.19 Hedera…………………………………………………………………………30

Fig. 2.20 Nephrolepis exaltata…………………………………………………………30

Fig. 2.21 Chlorophytum comosum…………………………………………………….31

Fig. 2.22 Bougainvillea………………………………………………………………….31

Fig. 2.23 Tradescantia zebrina…………………………………………………………32

Fig. 2.24 Hedera helix……………………………………………………………………32

Fig. 2.25 Epipremnum aureum…………………………………………………………32

Fig. 2.26 Passiflora………………………………………………………………………33

Fig. 2.27 Campsis………………………………………………………………………...33

Fig. 2.28 Hydrangea anomala subspecies petiolaris…………………………………34

Fig. 3.1 Solarise Fusionpolis, Singapore………………………………………………35

Fig. 3.2 Solarise Fusionpolis section………………………………………….……….36

Fig. 3.3 Solarise Fusionpolis…………………………………………………………….37

Fig. 3.4 Solarise Fusionpolis…………………………………………………………….37

Fig. 3.5 The location of both sample buildings………………………………………..38

Fig. 3.6 Panoramic view of both buildings……………………………………………..38

Fig. 3.7 Typical section of the sample walls…………………………………………...39

Fig. 3.8 Differences in outdoor and inside temperature of building without the
presence of green wall……………………………………………………….………….39

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Fig. 3.9 Differences in outdoor and inside temperature of building with the presence
of green wall……………………………………………………………………………….40

Fig. 3.10 Comparison of percentage temperature reduction in both buildings……..41

Fig. 3.11 Differences of outdoor temperature in both buildings……………………...42

Fig. 3.12 Differences of outdoor temperature in both buildings……………….……..42

Fig. 4.1 Hydroponic green wall…………………………………………………………..43

Fig. 4.2 Hydroponic green wall detail drawing…………………………………………44

Fig. 4.3 Aeroponic green wall……………………………………………………………45

Fig. 4.4 Aquaponic green wall…………………………………………………………...45

Fig. 4.5 Drip irrigation green wall………………………………………………………..46

Fig. 4.6 Drip irrigation green wall detail drawing……………………………………….46

Fig. 4.7 Drip irrigation green wall………………………………………………………...47

Fig. 4.8 Modular trelllis panel green wall………………………………………………..47

Fig. 4.9 Modular trelllis panel green wall detail drawing……………………………….48

Fig. 4.10 Water recycling green wall……………………………………………………..49

Fig. 4.11 Water recycling green wall detail drawing……………………………………50

Fig. 4.12 Wire net rope system……………………………………………………………50

Fig. 4.13 Vegetated mat wall……………………………………………………………...51

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 CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
IMPACT OF GREEN WALL IN URBAN DESIGN

1.1 Aim

* To know about the green wall, its construction techniques, and method to increase
green space in urban areas to make a healthier environment interior and exterior of
the public building.

1.2 Objectives

* To understand about overview of green walls and their history over the past century.
* To understand the benefits, the construction techniques, and different approaches
to the green wall.
* To understand the thermal comfort of a green wall in public buildings through
various case studies.

1.3 Research Question

Environmental Impact:

1. How do green walls affect air quality and urban temperature regulation?
2. What is the energy savings associated with green walls?

Aesthetic Impact:

1. How do green walls enhance the visual appeal of urban spaces?

2. What are the perceptions of residents regarding the aesthetic benefits of green
walls?

Social Impact:

1. How do green walls influence community engagement and interaction?

2. What are the psychological effects of green walls on urban residents?

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1.4 Scope

* This dissertation focuses on green wall types and techniques used in public
buildings
to improve the thermal comfort of the building interior and the environment of the
building exterior.

1.5 Limitation

The study is based on only a green facade on a green wall. Green façade using
natural plants in the public building in urban areas. Comparison among green walls
and a few recommendations

1.6 Methodology

Mixed Method Approach

A mixed-method approach to studying green walls in urban design combines

quantitative and qualitative research for a comprehensive understanding:

1) Quantitative Analysis:

A structured questionnaire will be administered to a sample of students to collect data

on their expectations

A) Statistical Analysis:

Analyze data on air quality, temperature, and energy usage using statistical methods
to assess the impact of green walls. Employ techniques like regression analysis to
determine correlations and measure effectiveness.

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B) Environmental Monitoring:

Air Quality: Measure levels of pollutants (e.g., CO2, NO2, PM2.5) before and after
green wall installation.
Temperature Regulation: Monitor surface and ambient temperatures to assess
cooling effects.
Humidity: Track changes in humidity levels around green walls.
Energy Consumption: Measure energy use for heating/cooling in adjacent buildings.
Noise Reduction: Assess noise levels pre- and post-installation to evaluate acoustic
benefits.
.
C) Economic Analysis:

Evaluate installation, maintenance costs, and potential savings from energy efficiency
and increased property values. Compare these with long-term benefits such as
reduced health care costs and energy expenses to assess the overall economic
viability of green walls in urban design.
.2) Qualitative Analysis

A) Thematic Analysis

Analyze interview and focus group data to identify recurring themes and patterns
related to green wall design, impact, and community perceptions. Use these insights
to understand broader trends and inform design improvements.

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1.7 Methodology Chart

Fig. 1.1 Methodology of the research

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 CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 WHAT IS GREEN WALL:

A green wall is a vertically built structure that is purposely covered with flora that
grows upward (vertically) using a trellis or other support system rather than on the
ground (horizontally). Anything planted on a trellis or even a fence qualifies as a
green wall.

Green facades were frequently used in ancient building designs. They have since
evolved, and many people now choose an artificial green wall for their residences or
workplaces

Fig. 2.1 Green wall to Adorn Business School

2.2 HISTORY OF GREEN WALL:

The green wall is an ancient concept with examples in architectural history that were
built in Babylon – with one of the seven wonders of the ancient world including the
famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

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 Fig. 2.3 Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Between the 3rd BCE century – 17th AD century, Romans used to train grape vines
on a garden trellis and on villa walls. Manors and castles with climbing roses are
symbols of secret gardens.

Fig. 2.4. Garden Trellis in Roman

In the 1920’s the British and North American garden city movement promote the
integration of house and garden through features such as pergolas, trellis structures
and self-clinging climbing plants.

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 Fig. 2.5 Climbing Plants on House

In 1978’s the first article referred botanist Patrick Blanc as “the creator of vertical
garden”.In 1988’s stainless steel cable system for green facades is introduced. In
1990’s cables and wire-rope net systems and modular trellis panel systems enter the
North American marketplace.

Fig. 2.6 Wire Rope Net System

2.3 WHY GREEN WALL:

Green wall is a simple concept which gaining popularity for several reasons:

AESTHETICS:

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Green walls provide a visually appealing natural element to indoor and outdoor
spaces. They can transform a dull or sterile environment into a vibrant, living space.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS:

Green walls help to purify the air by removing pollutants and toxins. They also help to
regulate temperature and humidity levels, making indoor spaces more comfortable
and reducing energy costs.

HEALTH BENEFITS:

Green walls have been shown to improve mental health and productivity, reduce
stress levels, and improve air quality, which can lead to better respiratory health.

SPACE EFFICIENCY:

Green walls allow for the efficient use of space, making them ideal for urban areas
where space is at a premium. Overall, green walls are a sustainable and innovative
way to bring nature into our built environments, creating more livable, healthy and
beautiful spaces.

2.4 TYPES OF GREEN WALL:

Green wall is classified into two main types. They are green facades and Living Wall.

1. GREEN FACADE

A Green Facade is a type of green wall that is attached to the exterior of the building,
typically on a wall or a fence. Green facade can be created using a variety of plant
types, including vines and shrubs. The plants are supported by a system of trellises,
wires or cables, which allow them to climb and spread along the wall. Irrigation
systems are typically included to ensure that the plants receive sufficient water.
Green Facades are subdivided into direct and indirect green facade.

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 Fig. 2.7 Green Facade Types

1) DIRECT GREEN FACADE

Direct green facade is a type of green wall that is directly attached to the exterior of a
building. Direct green facade typically consists of a modular panel system that
supports plants in a soil - based. The limitation of this system is that it damages the
wall structure and facade material.

2) INDIRECT GREEN FACADE

Indirect green facade is a type of green wall that is created climbing plants grow on
light weight metal trellises that are fixed onto the building walls, with a cavity between
the plants and the wall structure for waterproofing and wall maintenance purposes.

These are of following three types:

Modular trellis panel system, Grid systems and Wire-rope net systems

A) MODULAR TRELLIS PANEL SYSTEM

The building block of this modular system is a rigid, light weight, three - dimensional
panel made from a powder coated galvanized and welded steel wire that supports
plants with both a face grid and a panel depth. The panels could be easily piled and
linked in order to cover large areas as well as creating different shapes and styles.
They are usually manufactured with recycled materials such as steel, and due to their
rigidness, they can be placed between structures or could be used as freestanding
green walls.

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 Fig. 2.8 Modular Trellis Panel System

B) GRID SYSTEMS

Grids are employed on green facades that are designed to support faster growing
climbing plants with denser foliage. This system use high tensile steel cables,
anchors and supplementary equipment.

Fig. 2.9 Grid Systems

C) WIRE-ROPE NET SYSTEMS

Wire-nets are often used to support slower growing plants that need the added
support these systems provide at closer intervals.

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 Fig. 2.10 Wire Rope Net system

2. LIVING WALLS

Living wall refers to a wall that incorporates vegetation into its structure or onto its
surface, and which does not require the plants to be rooted in a substrate at the base
of the wall as with green facades. Living walls need more protection than green
facades because of its diversity and density of vegetation. It is categorized into three
types: Flower pot system, Modular living walls and Vegetated mat wall.

1) FLOWER POT SYSTEM

In this system plants are placed inside flowerpots and then flowerpots are mounted to
the carrier profile at the bottom layer. Drip irrigation is used and system also carries
nutrient to the plants. A small amount of peat and soil can be used to avoid
increasing weight of the system.

Fig. 2.11 Flower Pot System

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2) MODULAR LIVING WALLS

Modular systems consist of square or rectangular panels that hold growing media to
support plant material Modular system solutions can be applied on every surface and
in every climate. They are very resistant to strong winds and rain. This system
consists of five basic parts:

* panels made from stainless steel,

* soilless material ensuring plant growth,

* plants specially cultivated to be resistant to the effects of atmospheric factors,

* a computerized vertical irrigation system with temperature and moisture sensors,

* Wall frame assembly (the frame can be made from wood or stainless steel).

It is a lightweight, low-cost green wall panel-type unit that allows flexibility in wall
design by combining different panel styles and various plant varieties. The growth
medium is a solid lightweight soil that has excellent water retention and drainage
properties and comes in a 5cm (1.96") thick sponge- like sheet of polyester blended
soil that has been heated with steam and moulded

Fig. 2.12 Modular Living wall

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3) VEGETATED MAT WALL

The vegetation used in a vegetated mat wall can vary but typically includes a
combination of plants, such as grasses, vines, ferns and other suitable species.
These plants are carefully selected based on their ability to thrive in vertical
conditions and their compatibility with the local climate. The construction of a
vegetated mat wall typically involves a layered system. It starts with a structural
support framework, which can be made of various materials like metal, wood or
plastic. A waterproof membrane is installed to protect the building structure from
moisture. Next, a layer of growing medium or soil is added to provide nutrients and
support plant growth. Finally, pre-grown mats or containers with plants are attached
to the framework, allowing the plants to take root and grow vertically.

Fig. 2.13 Vegetated Mat Wall

2.5 GREEN WALL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES:

There are few steps are analysis before construction for green wall: -

* surface and space selection. * Analysis of local plants.

* Applying the water proofing on surface where vertical Garden will be Install.

* Fix and install the frame for supporting green wall.

* Selection of suitable plant box.

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* Selection of growing media.

* Installation of plants on plant box and water supply system.

Fig. 2.14 Green Wall Installation Process

There are many constructions technique of green wall: -

1) Soil based. 2) Aeroponic green wall. 3) Aquaponics green wall.

4) Hydroponic green wall.

1) Soil based

* In this construction technique soil is use for growing media.

* Soil based vertical need more care because insects and pest damage the plants.

* Soil based garden taking more water.

Material required for soil based green wall: -

* Plant box or flora felt bag. * Soil

* Water

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 Fig. 2.15 Soil Based Green Wall

2) Aeroponic green wall

* Aeroponic green wall technique is completely soil free.

* In this techniques plants are growing through vertical tower.

* Aeroponic green wall technique plants are holt in net pot here no need to growing
media, because all the nutrient are supply to plants through water.

* Aeroponic green wall technique water is store in container which is supply to plants
through sprinkle inside of the tower the tower.

Fig. 2.16 Aeroponic Green Wall

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3) Aquaponics green wall

* Aquaponics green wall technique is to complete soil [Link] this technique pebble
clay or rock wool is use for growing media.

* Water circulation is important in aquaponics and water can be allowed to flow into
the plants by gravity or through the use of pumps.

* The waste from fish plays the role of fertilizer.

* A small pump is used to draw nutrient-mixed water from the tank to the top of the
vertical columns, which then sprinkle down the water on to the plants.

* The water trickles down and gets absorbed through the roots of the plants, giving
them all the nutrients, they need to grow.

* As the water is falling back into the tank, it gathers oxygen from the air, thus
oxygenating the tank water.

Fig. 2.17 Aquaponic Green Wall

4) Hydroponic green wall

* Hydroponic green wall technique is also soil free.

* Hydroponic green wall in need to add nutrients in water.

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* In the hydroponic system the net pot filled with growing media then plants are
placed in net pot and then placed in Pvc pipe or plastic plant box.

* Hydroponic technique taking less water than aquaponics green wall system
because with the help of water pump water is circulated in complete pipes.

* The water is stay in the system and can be reused thus lower water cost.

Fig. 2.18 Hydroponic Green Wall

2.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GREEN WALL :

Green facades is a type of green wall which have gained popularity in recent years
due to their aesthetic appeal and environmental benefits. However, they also come
with certain advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of green facades:

1) Improved air quality:

Green facades help to filter and purify the air by absorbing pollutants such as
carbondioxide (CO2) and particulate matter, while releasing oxygen. This can
contribute to better air quality in urban areas, especially where pollution levels are
high.

2) Thermal regulation:

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Green facades act as a natural insulator, reducing the heat absorbed by buildings
during hot weather and minimizing heat loss during colder months. This can lead to
energy savings by reducing the need for heating and cooling systems; ultimately
lowering carbon emissions.

3) Noise reduction:

The foliage of green facades absorbs and diffuses sound, acting as a natural sound
barrier. This can help reduce noise pollution, making the surrounding environment
more pleasant and peaceful, particularly in busy urban areas.

4) Aesthetic appeal and improved livability:

Green facades add a visually pleasing and natural element to buildings, enhancing
their aesthetic appeal. They can transform dull and unattractive walls into vibrant
green spaces, contributing to a sense of well-being and improving the overall livability
of an area.

5) Biodiversity and Habitat creation:

Green facades provide habitat and support biodiversity in urban environments,

offering nesting places for birds, insects, and other small creatures. This can
contribute to the preservation of local ecosystems and promote urban biodiversity.

Disadvantages of green facades:

1) High initial cost:

Installing a green facade can be expensive due to the cost of materials, Irrigation
systems, structural modifications, and ongoing maintenance requirements. The Initial
Investment may pose a significant financial burden, especially for large-scale projects
or in economically constrained contexts.

2) Maintenance and water requirements:

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Green facades require regular maintenance, including watering, pruning, and pest
control. Ensuring adequate irrigation and proper care of plants can be time-
consuming and costly. In some cases, water consumption for Irrigation purposes may
be high, particularly in arid regions, which could be seen as a disadvantage
considering water scarcity concerns.

3) Structural considerations:

The weight of a green facade can put additional stress on a building's structure.
Therefore, structural analysis and reinforcement may be necessary to ensure the
building can support the added load. This can add to the overall costs and complexity
of the installation.

4) Limited plant selection:

Not all plant species are suitable for vertical growth and can thrive in the specific
conditions of a green facade. The selection of appropriate plant species may be
limited, depending on factors such as light exposure, wind, and humidity levels. This
limitation can affect the diversity and variety of plant life that can be incorporated into
the facade.

5) Lifespan and long-term viability:

Green facades require ongoing care to maintain their health and appearance. In
some cases, despite efforts, certain plants may struggle to survive or require frequent
replacements, affecting the long-term viability and aesthetics of the facade. It's
important to consider these advantages and disadvantages when evaluating the
feasibility and desirability of implementing green facades in specific contexts. The
environmental benefits they offer are significant, but careful planning, maintenance,
and consideration of costs are necessary for successful implementation

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2.7 VARIOUS NATURAL PLANT SPECIES FOR GREEN WALL :

When choosing plants for a green facade, it's important to consider factors such as
the amount of sunlight, wind, and rainfall the wall receives, as well as the overall
climate and local growing conditions. Here are some plant species that are commonly
used in green facades:

1. Ivy (Hedera species):

Ivy is a popular choice for green facades due to its fast-growing and hardy nature. It
can tolerate a range of growing conditions, including shade, and is easy to maintain.

Fig. 2.19 Hedera

2. Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata):

Boston fern is a tropical plant that thrives in humid environments, making it a good
choice for green facades in warm and wet climates. It has a lush appearance and
requires regular watering to maintain its vibrant green color

Fig. 2.20 Nephrolepis exaltata

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3. Spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum):

Spider plants are known for their hardiness and adaptability, making them a popular
choice for indoor greenery and green facades. They can tolerate a range of growing
conditions and have a distinctive appearance with long. slender leaves that droop
over the edge of the wall.

Fig. 2.21 Chlorophytum comosum

4. Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea species):

Bougainvillea is a flowering plant that is commonly used for its vibrant colors and
visual appeal. It thrives in warm and dry environments, making it a popular choice for
green facades in Mediterranean and desert climates.

Fig. 2.22 Bougainvillea

5. Wandering jew (Tradescantia zebrina):

Wandering Jew is a low-maintenance plant that can tolerate a range of growing

conditions, including low light and drought. It has a distinctive purple color and trailing
vines that can add visual interest to a green facade.

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 Fig. 2.23 Tradescantia zebrina

6. English Ivy (Hedera helix):

English ivy is a hardy plant that can tolerate a range of growing conditions, including
shade and poor soil. It has a distinctive appearance with small, lobed leaves that form
a dense covering on the wall.

Fig. 2.24 Hedera helix

7. Golden pothos (Epipremnum aureum):

Golden pothos is a trailing vine with distinctive heart-shaped leaves that can add
visual interest to a green facade. It is easy to maintain and can tolerate a range of
growing conditions, including low light.

Fig. 2.25 Epipremnum aureum

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8. Passionflower (Passiflora species):

Passionflower is a climbing vine that is known for its distinctive flowers and fruit. It
thrives in warm and humid environments and can add a unique visual element to a
green facade.

Fig. 2.26 Passiflora

9. Trumpet vine (campsis species):

Trumpet vine is a climbing vine that produces bright orange or red trumpet-shaped
flowers. It thrives in warm and dry environments and can add visual interest to a
green facade.

Fig. 2.27 Campsis

10. Climbing hydrangea (Hydrangea anomala subspecies petiolaris):

Climbing hydrangea is a climbing vine that produces large clusters of white flowers. It
thrives in shady and moist environments and can add visual interest to a green
facade.

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Fig. 2.28 Hydrangea anomala subspecies petiolaris

34
 CHAPTER - 3

CASE STUDIES

3.1 SOLARISE FUSIONPOLIS, SINGAPORE.

Location :-

* Fusionopolis hub of central Singapore's one-north business park.

* Masterplan of Fusionopolis was done by Zaha Hadid Architects.

Fig. 3.1 Solarise Fusionpolis, Singapore

1) Design Concept: -

One of the major aim was to balance out the ecology and biodiversity of the site
through the placement of building and enhancing the vegetation.

2) Sailient features: -

* Complete in 2011, being the first one to get complete in Fusionopolis phase 2B.

* Over 100% green replacement of original plot area. (108%)

* Tower A: 15 floors, tower B: 9 floors, connected by glass covered social interactive

space

3) Making vegetation predominant: -

The Green Areas, themselves, include:

35
* Roof Gardens: 2,987 m2 * Atrium Planter Boxes: 304 m2

* Green Ramp: 4,115 m2 * Ground Level Landscaping: 487 m2

* Green Walls: 164 m2 * Total floor area: 51,282 m2

* Total Landscaped Area: 8,363 m2 * Ratio of Landscaping to GFA: 17% Green

* Ratio of Landscaping to Site Area: 108% Green

* Percentage of Total Landscape Area above Ground Level: 94%

4) Green strategies: -

36% reduction in overall energy consumption by integrating fully landscaped areas

directly into the facade of the building.

5) Ecological balance: -

The continuity of the landscaping is a key component of the project’s ecological

design concept as it allows for fluid movement of organisms and plant species
between all vegetated areas within the building, enhancing biodiversity and
contributing to the overall health of these ecosystems.

36
 Fig. 3.2 Solarise Fusionpolis section

1) GRAND CENTRAL ATRIUM

2) SOLAR SHAFT
3) POCKET PARK / PLAZA - free ground for cross ventilation
4) EXTENSIVE SUN-SHADING LOUVERS
5) CONTINUOUS PERIMETER LANDSCAPED RAMP - 1.5 km ramp, thick with
linear strip of planters.
6) RAINWATER HARVESTING/RECYCLING AND ECO CELL - A storage capacity
of over 700 m3 allows for over 5 days of irrigation. Basement where ramp meets the
ground. Ventilation and light for car parking got resolved.

Roof gardens and corner sky terraces:

Fig. 3.3 Solarise Fusionpolis

Plant species:-

lack of deep soil made the plant decision process careful, that those plants should be
harvested which spread horizontally.

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 Fig. 3.4 Solarise Fusionpolis

3.2 CIMB BANK BUILDING P.T INDONESIA GREEN WALL BUILDING

Location - Jakarta, Indonesia

Fig. 3.5 The location of both sample buildings

The field measurement is conducted on two buildings with the same orientation and
at the same time of the day to ensure they received the same amount of solar heat.
The research location was held in Jakarta, Indonesia. To obtain both temperature
and humidity data, two buildings that are located at the same location were chosen. A
company specializing in green wall, PT. Indonesia Green wall will be the location
where the humidity and temperature data with the presence of green wall is taken
while the building without the presence of green facade is represented by the CIMB
building located besides the PT. Indonesia Green wall building

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 Fig. 3.6 Panoramic view of both buildings

Fig. 3.7 Typical section of the sample walls

Table. 1. The table used to record the temperature and humidity of both building

Data analysis and findings

Differences in outdoor and inside temperature of building without the green wall

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 Fig. 3.8 Differences in outdoor and inside temperature of building without the
presence of green wall

Fig. 3.8 the minimum temperature recorded in both indoor and outdoor of the CIMB
building is at 9.00 am with the temperature of 28.5°C indoor and 28.7°C outside.
Subsequently, the maximum temperature recorded was at 10.00 am The maximum
temperature inside the building was 33.45°C whereas the maximum outside
temperature outside the building was 35.3°C. It can be concluded that the difference
between the temperature inside and outside of the building was comparatively low.
This was probably due to the low efficiency of the facade used and could not regulate
the heat that enters into the building. There were also other factors that may affect
the temperature result.

Fig. 3.9 Differences in outdoor and inside temperature of building with the presence
of green wall

Fig. 3.9 shows that the office building with the presence of green wall façade reached
its peak temperature of both inside and outside at 3.00 pm. The maximum
temperature recorded inside the building is 31.1°C while the maximum temperature
recorded outside the building is 32.75°C. The minimum temperature recorded is at
9.00 am with the temperature inside the office building is 28.2°C and 28.3°C for the
temperature outside. Due to the rain that occurred at 9.00 am the temperature in both
office buildings appeared to have the same minimum temperature.

Comparison of temperature reduction percentage in both buildings

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Fig. 3.10 indicates that the office building with the green wall facade clearly have
higher amount of temperature reduction compared to the office building without green
wall facade. The maximum percentage of temperature recorded at 10.00 am is 0.29%
higher than the temperature in the building without green wall facade. The graph
indicates that the highest percentage of temperature reduction in building with green
wall facade can achieve up to 10% while the minimum percentage of temperature
reduction it can achieve is 0.99%. As for the building without green wall, the
maximum percentage of temperature reduction is 6.21%, and the minimum
percentage of temperature reduction is 0.97%. Both building facades can reduce the
indoor temperature, but the facade with the green wall is more effective as it can
reduce the indoor temperature by 3.79%.

Fig. 3.10 Comparison of percentage temperature reduction in both buildings

Differences of temperature on the outside of both buildings

Fig. 3.11 shows that the highest outside temperature recorded for both buildings was
at 10.00 am while the minimum outside temperature recorded was at 9.00 am. All in
all, there is not much difference between the outside temperatures of both buildings.
However, the temperature of the blue line that indicates the building without the green
wall facade appeared to be higher than the outside temperature of the building with
green facade.

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 Fig. 3.11 Differences of outdoor temperature in both buildings

Comparison of humidity percentages of both buildings

Both data in Figure 3.2.8 have a similar pattern starting from 9.00 am. Subsequently,
both data appears to increase gradually until 12.00 pm. After 12.00 pm, the graph
started to slightly decline until 3.00 pm and rise again. Despite the similar pattern in
both buildings data, the percentage of humidity in building with green wall facade is
relatively lower than the building without the green wall.

Fig. 3.12 Differences of outdoor temperature in both buildings

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 CHAPTER - 4

LIVE CASE STUDY

4.1 I GROW SOLUTION

Location: Royapettah, Jani kan road, Near st william school

Hydroponic green wall:

A hydroponic green wall is a vertical garden system where plants grow without soil,
relying instead on a nutrient-rich water solution. This type of green wall is ideal for
urban environments, as it is space-efficient, can improve indoor air quality, and has
flexible design options for both aesthetic and functional purposes.

Fig. 4.1 Hydroponic green wall

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 Fig. 4.2 Hydroponic green wall detail drawing

Aeroponic green wall

An aeroponic green wall is a soil-free vertical garden where plant roots are
suspended in the air and misted with a nutrient-rich water solution. Unlike hydroponic
systems, which rely on a growth medium and water reservoir, aeroponic systems
deliver nutrients directly to plant roots through an aerosolized mist. This method
promotes efficient nutrient absorption, rapid growth, and water conservation, making
it ideal for urban settings and indoor installations.

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 Fig. 4.3 Aeroponic green wall

Aquaponic green wall

An aquaponic green wall is a vertical garden system that integrates aquaponics—a

sustainable method combining aquaculture (raising fish) and hydroponics (growing
plants in water)—into a vertical structure.

Fig. 4.4 Aquaponic green wall

4.2 GREENERZO BIOSCAPE

Location: no.3 Ground floor, Mgr nagar, Ayapakkam

Site Location: St john freight, 4th floor, Anna salai, Nandanam

Implement: Industrial office

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A drip irrigation green wall is a vertical garden system that utilizes drip irrigation to
efficiently deliver water and nutrients directly to the plants. This method is especially
beneficial in maximizing water use and ensuring that plants receive the moisture they
need without excess runoff.

Fig. 4.5 Drip irrigation green wall

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 Fig. 4.6 Drip irrigation green wall detail drawing

Fig. 4.7 Drip irrigation green wall

4.3 NIZAM AAVANA GREENS

Location: 39, Mayor sundarrao road, Essalar Build ware, Teynampet

Modular trellis panel system

A modular trellis panel system for a green wall is a flexible and versatile way to create
a vertical garden. This system typically consists of individual panels that can be easily
arranged and customized to fit various spaces and design preferences.

Fig. 4.8 Modular trelllis panel green wall

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 Fig. 4.9 Modular trelllis panel green wall detail drawing

Water recycling green wall

A water recycling green wall is an innovative vertical garden system designed to

capture, filter, and reuse water efficiently. This type of green wall not only enhances
aesthetics but also promotes sustainability by minimizing water waste.

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Fig. 4.10 Water recycling green wall

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 Fig. 4.11 Water recycling green wall detail drawing

Wire net rope system

A wire rope system green wall is a type of vertical garden that utilizes a tensioned
wire framework to support climbing plants and vines. This design offers a sleek,
modern look and allows for creative planting arrangements while maximizing vertical
space.

Fig. 4.12 Wire net rope system

Vegetated mat wall

A vegetated mat wall vertical garden is a unique and efficient way to create a living
wall using pre-planted mats that contain artificial vegetation. This system is designed
for easy installation and maintenance, making it an attractive option for both
residential and commercial spaces.

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Fig. 4.13 Vegetated mat wall

51
 CHAPTER - 5

ANALYSIS

5.1 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS GREEN WALLS

Table 2. Comparison of various green walls

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5.2 RECOMMENDATION ON DESIGN OF GREEN WALL

Table 3. Recommendation on design of green wall

53
 CHAPTER - 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 CONCLUSION

This study classifies green wall into two main types that is Green Facade and Living
Walls. These systems offer option of external wall materials, besides of tiles, cements
and stones. When selecting plant varieties and support materials, the different
attributes of geographical situations, settlements, environments and building
materials should be taken into considerations.

The green facade in building is not just for aesthetics, it can help to cool and insulate
the buildings, reducing the need and price for air-conditioning. Green facade has
great use in a city and have big and positive environmental effect.

The Green facade has tremendous benefits, both tangible and intangible Water
savings: up to 80 % by smart irrigation compare to traditional landscaping, Energy
Savings: 30 - 40% by cooling effect inside, Enhances Biodiversity, Enhances
Property Value, Enables Health and Well-being, etc.

People desire to be surrounded by nature even if for economic reasons, they are
forced to live in cramped, large agglomerations. An efficient way of improving the
quality of life is the introduction of plant-life through green wall.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

With environmental issues being at their highest in dense urban areas, taking into
consideration the importance of greenery in such areas, the utilization of bare
facades to create green spaces is an effective solution for tackling many issues.

By 2050, India's population is expected to exceed 300 million and nearly 80% of the
population will reside in urban areas. People are taking initiatives to help in curbing
pollution and in beautifying the city. But all these efforts are at a very initial stage, so
more awareness is needed among people to promote green wall.

Green wall can be a useful and innovative solution, as densely packed urban areas
lack space. With the implementation of green wall, an urban web can experience
numerous advantages related to environmental, economic, ecological, psychological,
social and aesthetic aspects.

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 CHAPTER - 7

REFERENCES

Websites:

* [Link]
* [Link]
* [Link]
* [Link]
* [Link]
* [Link]

E-books and journals:

* Peng, K. H., & Lin, H. Y. (2015). A Study on the Types of Vertical Greening
Applying to Urban Existing Buildings in Taiwan. In Proceedings of the World
Congress on New Technologies (New Tech 2015) Barcelona, Spain-July 15-17, 2015
Paper No. 214. (Online).

* Wong, N. H., Tan, AY K. Chen, Y., Sekar, K., Tan, P. Y., Chan, D., & Wong N C.
(2010) Thermal evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls Building and
environment, 45(3), 663-672.

* Wood, A., Bahrami, P. & Safarik, D. (2014) Green walls in high-rise buildings output
of the CTBUH sustainability working group Images Publishing.

* Kmieć, M. (2015) Green wall technology Czasopismo Techniczne.

* Blanc, P. (2008). The vertical garden: From nature to the city. WW Norton &
Company

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