Science 2 TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
Vegetative Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction - requires fusion of male cells Plant Propagation
Asexual Reproduction - natural "cloning", such as leaves
or stems THE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF ASEXUAL
• Natural Vegetative Reproduction- use of non
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION reproductive plant parts
• Angiosperms - the flower is the reproductive organ a. Leaves - involved in natural Vegetative Reproduction
• Pistil - the female part of a flower, produces egg cells b. Bulbs - consist of many thin layers of modified
in ovary leaves(onions)
• Stamen - the male reproductive part, produces the c. Tubers - like potato stores nutrients, swollen and
pollen grains through ANTHER. bulky parts of underground stems.
• Pollination - pollen grains are transferred from d. Rhizomes - are root-like stems that bear adventitious
ANTHER to STIGMA roots
• Pollinators - Bees, wind, water, man e. Stolons or Runners - are horizontal stems that grow
above the ground
• Pollen Tube - discharges the sperm cells that fertilizes
the egg f. Corm - a fleshy underground swollen stem
• Fertilization - Petals and Sepals wither, Ovary Wall
becomes bigger and thicker until it develop into fruits • Artificial Vegetative you Reproduction- depends in
gardeners
FLOWERING PLANT a. Stem Cutting - common method, small piece of a
Woody stem is cut
• Testa/Seed Coat - seed embryo sad disappear
b. Grafting and Budding - combining the scion, the stem
• Hilum - allows water to pass through during seed of a plant
germination
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NON-FLOWERING PLANT
1. Ingestion
• Gymnosperms - reproduction in nonflowering plant
can be illustrated through PINES 2. Digestion
• Conifers - largest group of gymnosperms 3. Absorption
• Zygote or Fertilized Egg- forms and develop in Embryo 4. Excretion
and form Seed
• Ingestion - the initial step in nutrition.
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANT • Mouth - Animals ingest food and food is broken into
• Sporangia - special features of ferns SOLUBLE and ABSORBABLE FORMS
• Sporophylls (Leaves) - where sporangia is located • Carbon Dioxide - a waste product in the process of
oxidation
• Gametophyte (tiny green plants) - spores grow in
suitable environment Along with the nutrients, oxygen is transported to the
different tissues in the body
• Bryophytes - a nonvascular plant such as mosses grow
form spores • Undigested particles - are excreted in the forms of
feces.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- does not require 2 parents
PROCESS OF DIGESTION • Abomasum
• Mechanical and Chemical breaking down of food into - final compartment
absorbable units.
- digest proteins
Digestion in PROTOZOANS and SPONGES is carried out
• Small Intestine
intercellularly.
- soluble food is absorbed
• Amoeba - a single-celled organisms
• Phagocytoses (process) food particles and digest
these food in it's food vacuole. HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Planaria worms are acoelomates; they have no body Ingestion
cavity. They lived in freshwater and commonly found in
ponds and streams. Digestion
- are carnivorous bottom-feeders Absorption
Excretion
MONOGASTRIC ANIMALS • Ingestion - first process where food is taken through
oral cavity
- have one simple stomach
• Digestion - begins in the mouth where food is mixed
- pH from 1.5 to 2.5 with enzymes
- saliva 1.5 • Absorption - nutrients are diffused through the walls
• Elimination/Excretion - the final step where
undigested food enter the colon.
Avian (chicken, ducks, turkeys)
• Beaks - obtain food
• Esophagus - food passes
• Crop - food is temporary stored
• Proventriculus - monogastric stomach (hydrochloric
acid secreted)
• Ventriculus (Gizzard) - food is ground. Strong thick
muscles serve as mechanical stomach & teeth
• Cloaca - undigested food
Ruminant (cattle, goat, sheep, deer)
• Large Stomach - 4 Compartment(Rumen, Reticulum,
Omasum, Abomasum)
• Roughages - food, like hay
• Rumen - largest where fermentation
- digest
- hold 50 gallons
- contains million bacteria
• Reticulum - which traps large food particles
- has honeycomb-like structure
- where food particles are rechew and re-swallowed
• Omasum
- acts like a fiber that squeezes out the water