

lô Aa¨vq
c`v‡_©i MVb
cvV m¤úwK©Z MyiyZ¡c~Y© welqvw`







Abykxjbxi cÖkœ I DËi

 k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki 






 mswÿß cÖkœ I DËi 

Abykxjbxi enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

K Na L Ne  N2 N NO
NH3
NaOH
Cu
Cl2
Al
K L  N
O3
F
K L M 
 

AwZwi³ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

iii.
cvV-1-2 : c`v‡_©i MVb  c„ôv : 54 I 55
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi  i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
K L
 L

 L
M L
 L
M N
K 

M L
i. ii.
iii.
K L
 N
 i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

K L  N cvV-3 : ¶z`ªZg KYvi gZev`  c„ôv : 55 I 56

K L mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
M 
K L
 L M N  N

 L M N K L  N

K L M 
 L M N

K 
K L
M N
 N
Democritus
K L M 
 L M N

 L
K  M N
M N
Atom
 L M N K atoms  atomos M atom N atomo
eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

i. (Na) ii. (I) K L  N

iii. (Cl)
K L M 
Ki ii  i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

i. (C) ii. (H)

L M N
iii. (O) 

Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii K L

M 

i. (H) ii. (O)

iii. (N)  L M N

 i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii K 

M N
i. ii.
 
K L  N

K L  N K L M 

'Continuous'
K L M  K  M N

eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

K L  N
i.
ii.
K L M  iii.

 i Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

K  M N

eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi i.

ii.

iii.
i. ii. iii.

Ki Li ii  i iii N i, ii iii
 i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
i. ii.
iii.

 i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

i.
ii.
iii.
 L M N
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii
i.
cvV-4 I 5 : cigvYy I AYy  c„ôv-56 I 57 ii.
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi iii.

Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii

 L M N

K  M N
cvV-6 : cigvYy I cÖZxK  c„ôv-57 I 58
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
K L  N

 L M N
K L  N

K L  N
 L M N

K L M 

K L M 
 L

K  M N M N

K L M  K L  N

K L  N  He LH M Hcl N He2

 L M N
KC LO MF  Fe
 
KCaSO4  Ca2O M SO2 N KI
KNO3
K L  N
 Hydrogen L Helium M Lithium N Beryllium

K L M 

2H2O
K Boron L Carbon  Lithium N Nitrogen
K L  N

 F L Fl M Fe N Fr
K L M 

K Bo  C
M Fl N H K  M N

eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

 L M N

i. K Al2PO4 L Al (PO4)2 M Al3(PO4)2  AlPO4

ii.
iii.  CaSO4 L Ca2SO4 M Ca(SO4)2 N Ca3(SO4)2

K KNO2  KNO3 M KN N KNO

Ki  i ii Mi iii N i, ii iii

K L
i. ii.
 N
iii.
CaO
 L
 i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
M N
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi CO2
K 

M N

He
K CaO L KI M NaCl  SO2
 L M N

K H2O  NH4Cl M NaCl N CH4

i. H B ii. N O iii. L F

K L M 
i ii Li iii M ii iii N i, ii iii
CaSO3
K Ca LS M O3 SO3
cvV-7-8 : AYy I ms‡KZ  c„ôv-58 I 59 

eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
i. F2 Cl2 ii. H2O NaCl
K  M N iii. Br2 I2

Ki ii  i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

K L M 
i.
ii.
 L M N iii.

K L  N Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii

K L i. KNO3 NaNO3 ii. SO2 CO2

 N iii. Na2CO3 AlPO4

K NaCO3  Na2CO3 M Na2(CO3) N NaCO2 Ki ii i iii M ii iii N i, ii iii

K  M N i. CaSO4 ii. KI iii. NaCl

 
Ki ii Li iii  ii iii N i, ii iii eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
i. ii. iii.
NaCl; CaO; KI; CaSO4; AlPO4.

Ki Li ii Mi iii  ii iii
K L M 

i. ii. iii. i. ii. iii.

Ki  i ii Mi iii N i, ii iii Ki  i ii M ii iii N i, ii iii

cvV-9 : cigvYyi K_v  c„ôv-59 I 60 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

K 

M N

K L  L M N

M 
i.
ii.
L

iii.
M N
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii
K L
 N
cvV-10 I 11 : mve©Rbxb `ªveK wn‡m‡e cvwbi
e¨envi  c„ôv-60
K  M N mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

K L M 
 L M N

K L M  K L  N

K L K  M N

 N
K L M 

 L M N
K 

M N

K L  N K L  N

eûc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

K  M N
i. ii.
iii.

K  M N Ki ii  iii Mi iii N i, ii iii

i.
K L  N
ii.
O2
iii.
K L M 
 
Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii A
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi i.
ii.
iii.
A
A Ki ii Li iii M ii iii  i, ii iii
 L M N

Abykxjbxi m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi


(CH4) CCl4


A( ,B( C( D( A B
Na C
C D
O A A B
F B
C
Cl NH3
A B

 2bs cª‡kœi DËi 

 1bs cª‡kœi DËi 

He
NH3 N
H NH3
A B A B

Na2CO3 Na, C O
A B
A A
Na2CO3 B B
Na A A A
C O B
Na2CO3
CH4 B B
CCl4

(CH4) (CCl4)

CO2, H2O
 A B
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O + C
CCl4 + O2 
D
D
 

AwZwi³ m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi


B
A B
A

 4bs cª‡kœi DËi 

Natrium.

 3bs cª‡kœi DËi  Boron B

B
A

C
Mg
CaCO3 
NaCl
CaO A
Cl
Fe



Mg + O  MgO
Mg O-
(Mgo)


(i) (ii) (iii)

(i) (ii) (iii)

(i) (iii)
A (iii)
B
 5bs cª‡kœi DËi 
 
MgO.

H2, O2
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl, H2O NaCl
(i) NaCl

(ii) H2O

C CaCO3
(iii) Li H2O
N2 CaO
N2, O2, CO2, CO, He, Ar, Pb, Hg, As

(i) (ii)
NaCl, NaHCO3

i. i.

(i)
ii. ii. (ii)

iii. iii.

(ii)

(i) (ii) (i)

  7bs cª‡kœi DËi 

(ii)

 6bs cª‡kœi DËi 

(ii)
 
H2

NaCl
ii

ii
(i) Na Cl

NaCl
NaCl

NaCl
(i)


i)
(i)

 9bs cª‡kœi DËi 

AlPO4
O O2

 8bs cª‡kœi DËi 

KNO2
O O2
O O2
O O2

O O2

KNO3
H2 K2SO4.

CO2
CO2

CO2
 

8m
8m

 10bs cª‡kœi DËi 

m„R bkxj cÖkœe¨vsK

 i. A + B  AB ; ii. AB  A + B
A B

A B

A B

(i) 

8P 1P


i. CaO X X
ii. NaCl

x Y
i

X
 A B
C
B

Abyk xj‡bi Rb¨ `ÿZv¯Í‡ii cÖkœ I DËi

 Ávbg~jK 
 

(Continuous)

 Abyavebg~jK 