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Ratio, Proportion, and Variation Explained

The document provides a comprehensive overview of ratios, proportions, and variations, detailing definitions, properties, and rules associated with them. It explains concepts such as compounded ratios, inverse ratios, duplicate ratios, and the conditions for comparing ratios. Additionally, it introduces the concepts of direct and inverse proportions, illustrating their relationships through mathematical expressions.

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Devabn Nirmal
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54 views2 pages

Ratio, Proportion, and Variation Explained

The document provides a comprehensive overview of ratios, proportions, and variations, detailing definitions, properties, and rules associated with them. It explains concepts such as compounded ratios, inverse ratios, duplicate ratios, and the conditions for comparing ratios. Additionally, it introduces the concepts of direct and inverse proportions, illustrating their relationships through mathematical expressions.

Uploaded by

Devabn Nirmal
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

RATIO PROPORTION AND VARIATION

a
 The ratio of two similar quantities a and b is the fraction b and we write it as a :b read it as
‘a is to b ’.
 In the ratioa :b , ‘ a ’ is called first term or antecedent and ‘ b ’ is called second term or
consequent.
 Multiplication or division of each term of the ratio by a non-zero number does not affect the ratio.
m n
i.e., if a :b=m :n then a :b also equal tomk :nk or : for some non-zero number ’ k’.
k k
 Compounded ratio of a :b and c :d isac :bd .
 Compounded ratio of a :b , c :d ande : f is ace :bdf .
1 1
 Inverse ratio of a :b is ‘ b : a ’ or a : b .
 Duplicate ratio of a :b is a 2 :b 2 .
 Sub duplicate ratio of a :b is √ a : √ b .
 Triplicate ratio of a :b isa 3 :b 3.
 Sub triplicate ratio of a :b is √3 a : √3 b .
 If a :b=m :n and b :c =n : p then a :b : c=m: n: p .
 If a :b=m :n and b :c =p : q then a :b : c=mp: np :nq
mk nk
 If a :b=m :n and a+ b=k then a= m+ n ∧b= m+n
mk nk
 If a :b=m :n and a−b=k then a= m−n ∧b= m−n
mk nk pk
 If a :b : c=m: n: p and a+ b+c=k then a= m+ n+ p , b= m+n+ p & c= m+n+ p
 To compare the ratios a :b and c :d
 If ad >bc we say that a :b is greater ratio.
 If ad <bc we say that c :d is greater ratio.
 If ad =bcwe say that a :b and c :d are equal ratios.
 a :b=c :d ⇔ad =bc .Here we say that a , b , c and d are in proportion. Where a , d are extremes
and b , c are means. It is also represented as a :b :: c :d read it as “ a is to b as c is to d ”
 If a :b=c :d ⇔d is called fourth proportion of a , b and c .
 If a :b=b : c ⇔ b is called second proportion or mean proportion of a and c .
 If a :b=b : c ⇔ c is called third proportion of a and b .

Rules of ratios

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RATIO PROPORTION AND VARIATION

 a :b=c :d ⇔b : a=d :c ( Invertedo)


 a :b=c :d ⇔a : c=b :d ( Alternendo)
 a :b=c :d ⇔a +b :b=c +d :d ( Componendo)
⇔ a+ b :b=c+ d : d
a c a c a+b c +d
a :b=c :d ⇔ = ⇔ +1= +1 ⟺ =
b d b d b d
 a :b=c :d ⇔a−b :b=c−d : d ( Dividendo)
⇔ a−b :b=c−d :d
a c a c a−b c−d
a :b=c :d ⇔ = ⇔ −1= −1 ⟺ =
b d b d b d
 a :b=c :d ⇔a +b :a−b=c+ d : c−d (Componendo Dividendo)

Proportion and inverse proportion

PROPORTION: We say that x is proportional to y if there is same change in both variables. i.e., if x
increases then y also increases or x decreases then y also decreases. We write it as x ∝ y .
x 1 x2
x ∝ y ⇔ x=ky for some constantk . Here = .
y1 y2

Inverse proportion: We say that x is inversely proportional to y if there is opposite change in


1
variables. i.e., if x increases then y decreases or x decreases then y increases. We write it as x ∝ y
.
1
x∝ ⇔ xy =k for some constantk . Here x 1 y 1=x 2 y 2.
y

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