TE

35 Hess’s Law

Chapter preview Most often, we may take more than one route to a place in daily life.

35.1 Hess’s Law and enthalpy change cycle

35.2 Calculations involving enthalpy change cycle
35.3 Calculating the standard enthalpy change of a reaction from standard
enthalpy changes of formation
35.4 Calculating the standard enthalpy change of a reaction from standard
enthalpy changes of combustion
35.5 Calculating the standard enthalpy change of a reaction by summation of
thermochemical equations

Prior knowledge & Quick review

(For Chapter 35)
 All answers
Which is a better route to go?

Two people are going to go from campsite A to campsite B. Two routes, 1 and 2, can be found in the
picture below. The walking distance of route 1 is shorter, but route 1 is steeper. The walking distance
of route 2 is longer, but route 2 is less steep. However, no matter which route they take, the difference
in heights between the two campsites measured above the sea level is always the same.

campsite B

route 2
route 1

campsite A

Which is a better route to take for going from campsite A to campsite B?

A similar concept can be applied when we study chemical energetics. If the reactant(s) and the
product(s) of a reaction remain the same, no matter which route a reaction takes and how many steps
are involved in the route taken, the enthalpy change accompanying the reaction will always be the same.

Think about...
1 If there are two possible routes for a chemical reaction, would the two routes involve the same
amount of energy change?

2 Why is it difficult to determine the standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon monoxide

directly by experiment? Is there any indirect method that we can use for the determination?

After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the above questions.

accompany 伴隨 sea level 海平面

route 路線
 Hess’s Law 35
TE All answers
35.1 Hess’s Law and enthalpy change cycle
As mentioned in Chapter 34, it is difficult or not possible to determine
the enthalpy change of some reactions directly by experiment. An indirect
method, which is based on Hess’s Law, can be used.

What does Hess’s Law state?

In 1840, a Swiss-born Russian chemist Germain Henri Hess, based on the
Law of conservation of energy, proposed Hess’s Law. Hess’s Law states
that:

Think about it Key point

Other than the analogy The total enthalpy change of a chemical reaction depends on the
on p.232, can you think
of other analogies to
initial and final states of the reaction, but is independent of the
what Hess’s Law state? route taken.

The reaction between carbon (graphite) and oxygen to give carbon

dioxide can take place via Route 1 and Route 2 as shown below.
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g)

Route 1:
The direct oxidation of carbon (graphite) to carbon dioxide.
–1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H1 = –393.5 kJ mol

Route 2:
The oxidation of carbon (graphite) to carbon monoxide and then to carbon
dioxide.
1 –1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g) ∆H2 = –110.5 kJ mol
2
1 –1
CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H3 = –283.0 kJ mol
2
–1
∆H2 + ∆H3 = [(–110.5) + (–283.0)] kJ mol
–1
= –393.5 kJ mol
= ∆H1

By Hess’s Law, the total enthalpy change of the reaction is independent

of the route between the initial and final states. Therefore,
∆H1 = ∆H2 + ∆H3

This can be easily seen from the total enthalpy changes of the two
routes.

Hess’s Law 赫斯定律 Germain Henri Hess 傑邁因․亨利․赫斯

233
VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
TE
Enthalpy change cycle
The two routes for the formation of carbon dioxide can be related together
by an enthalpy change cycle as shown in Figure 35.1.

–1
∆H1 = –393.5 kJ mol
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g)

–1 –1
∆H2 = –110.5 kJ mol ∆H3 = –283.0 kJ mol Route 1
Route 2
1
CO(g) + O2(g)
2

Figure 35.1 Enthalpy change cycle for the formation of carbon dioxide

The corresponding enthalpy level diagram is shown in Figure 35.2 for

comparison.

C(graphite) + O2(g)
–1
∆H2 = –110.5 kJ mol
1
CO(g) + O2(g)
2
Enthalpy

–1
∆H1 = –393.5 kJ mol
–1
∆H3 = –283.0 kJ mol

CO2(g)

Figure 35.2 Enthalpy level diagram showing the different routes taken in the formation of
carbon dioxide

History corner
Germain Henri Hess
Germain Henri Hess initially studied Medicine at
university. Because of his strong interest in Chemistry,
in 1830, he took up research and teaching in Chemistry.
He proposed Hess’s Law in 1840.

Germain Henri Hess

(1802–1850)

enthalpy change cycle 焓變循環

234
 Hess’s Law 35
TE All answers
Skill corner 35.1

Drawing enthalpy change cycles

Note the following when drawing enthalpy change cycles, e.g. the formation of carbon dioxide.
Given:
–1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H1 = –393.5 kJ mol
1 –1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g) ∆H2 = –110.5 kJ mol
2
1 –1
CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H3 = –283.0 kJ mol
2
∆H1 3 Ensure that the number of
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g)
1 Identify all the each kind of atom (e.g. C,
O in this case) in the cycle
chemical species involved in
is balanced
various routes. Write the state
∆H2 ∆H3
symbol for each of them (e.g.
C(graphite), O2(g), CO(g), 4 Write the enthalpy change
CO2(g)) 1 alongside the arrow. It is
CO(g) + O2(g) not necessary to state the
2
2 Draw arrows pointing in the correct direction value
i.e. from the reactant(s) to the product(s)

Alternatively, we may draw the cycle in the following way:

1
+ O2(g)
1 2
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g)
2 ∆H1

∆H2
1
+ O2(g)
∆H3 2
CO(g)

Class practice 35.1

1. Nitrogen dioxide can form from nitrogen and oxygen through Routes A
and B as shown below.
Route A:
–1
N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g) ∆H1 = +68.4 kJ mol
Route B:
–1
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) ∆H2 = +182.6 kJ mol
–1
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) ∆H3 = –114.2 kJ mol
Construct an enthalpy change cycle to show the two possible routes for
the formation of nitrogen dioxide from its constituent elements in their
standard states.

Cont’d

235
VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
All answers TE

2. Gaseous hydrazine (N2H4(g)) can form from nitrogen and hydrogen

through Routes A and B as shown below.
Route A:
–1
N2(g) + 2H2(g) N2H4() ∆H1 = +50.6 kJ mol
–1
N2H4() N2H4(g) ∆H2 = +44.8 kJ mol
Route B:
–1
N2(g) + 2H2(g) N2H4(g) ∆H3 = +95.4 kJ mol
Construct an enthalpy change cycle to show the two possible routes for
the formation of gaseous hydrazine from its constituent elements in their
standard states.

35.2 Calculations involving enthalpy change

cycle
Flipped classroom Consider the enthalpy changes (∆H1, ∆H2 and ∆H3) in Figure 35.1 again.
Determining
Can they be determined directly from experiments? The answer is ‘Only
standard enthalpy
change of reaction some of them’.
by applying Hess’s
Law • ∆H1 is the enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide
(∆Hf [CO2(g)]).
i.e. C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆Hf [CO2(g)]
It can be determined by burning graphite in excess oxygen in a
calorimeter.

• ∆H2 is the enthalpy change of formation of carbon monoxide

(∆Hf [CO(g)]).
1
i.e. C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g) ∆Hf [CO(g)]
2
It is not possible to determine ∆Hf [CO(g)] directly from experiment.
This is because graphite reacts with oxygen to form both carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide.

• ∆H3 is the enthalpy change of combustion of carbon monoxide

(∆Hc [CO(g)]).
1
i.e. CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆Hc [CO(g)]
2
It can be determined by burning carbon monoxide in excess oxygen
in a calorimeter.

Example 35.1 shows how ∆Hf [CO(g)] can be determined indirectly

by applying Hess’s Law.
hydrazine 肼
236
 Hess’s Law 35
TE All answers
Example 35.1

Calculating the standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon monoxide by applying

Hess’s Law
Given:
–1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H 1 = –393.5 kJ mol
1 –1
CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H 2 = –283.0 kJ mol
2
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon monoxide.
1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g) ∆H f = ?
2
Solution

1 Construct an enthalpy change cycle to relate all the reactions involved.

∆H f = ?
1 Learning tip
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)
2 To balance the number of O
atoms in the equations, the
1 1
1 + O2(g) term O2(g) is added to
+ O2(g) 2 2
2 arrows marked with ∆H 1
∆H 1 ∆H 2
and ∆H 2 respectively.
CO2(g)

2a Consider two routes for the formation of carbon dioxide as shown in the enthalpy change cycle.
The total enthalpy change of the clockwise route (i.e. ∆H f + ∆H 2 ) is equal to the total enthalpy
change of the anticlockwise route (i.e. ∆H 1 ).

According to the Hess’s Law,

∆H f + ∆H 2 = ∆H 1

clockwise route anticlockwise route

2b Rearrange the equation so that the subject is the unknown ∆H What’s wrong
(i.e. ∆H f ). What is wrong with the
following description?
∆H f = ∆H 1 – ∆H 2
‘ The enthalpy change of
the reaction A B is
3 Substitute the values of ∆H 1 and ∆H 2 into the equation. ∆Hr = ∆H1 + ∆H2 + ∆H3.’
–1
∆H f = [(–393.5) – (–283.0)] kJ mol ∆Hr
A B
–1
= –110.5 kJ mol
 the standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon monoxide ∆H1 ∆H3
–1
is –110.5 kJ mol . ∆H2
X Y

237
VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
All answers
Example 35.2

Calculating the standard enthalpy change of formation of nitrogen monoxide by applying

Hess’s Law
Given:
1 –1
N2(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) ∆H 1 = +34.2 kJ mol
2
–1
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) ∆H 2 = –114.2 kJ mol
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the formation of nitrogen monoxide.
1 1
N2(g) + O2(g) NO(g) ∆H f = ?
2 2

Solution
1 1 ∆H f
N2(g) + O2(g) NO(g) Learning tip
2 2 The stoichiometric
coefficients in equation
1 1
+ O2(g) + O2(g) (2) are halved in the
2 2
1 cycle. We need to divide
∆H 1 × ∆H 2
2 ∆H 2 by 2.
NO2(g)

By applying Hess’s Law,

1
∆H f + × ∆H 2 = ∆H 1
2
1
∆H f = ∆H 1 – × ∆H 2
2
1 –1
= [(+34.2) – × (–114.2)] kJ mol
2
–1
= +91.3 kJ mol
–1
 the standard enthalpy change of formation of nitrogen monoxide is +91.3 kJ mol .

Self-test 35.2

Given:
–1
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) ∆H 1 = –483.6 kJ mol
–1
H2O() H2O(g) ∆H 2 = +44.0 kJ mol
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of H2O().
1
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O() ∆H f = ?
2

Class practice 35.2

Given:
–1
Fe(s) + Cl2(g) FeCl2(s) ∆H 1 = –341.8 kJ mol
–1
2FeCl2(s) + Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s) ∆H 2 = –115.4 kJ mol
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction:
3
Fe(s) + Cl2(g) FeCl3(s) ∆H = ?
2
238
 Hess’s Law 35
TE
35.3 Calculating the standard enthalpy change
of a reaction from standard enthalpy
changes of formation
Consider the decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide:

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H

The reactant (calcium carbonate) and the products (calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide) comprise the same constituent elements — calcium,
carbon and oxygen. By applying Hess’s Law, we can calculate the standard
enthalpy change of the reaction (∆H ) from the standard enthalpy changes
of formation of the reactant and products. See Figure 35.3.

∆H
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Figure 35.3 Enthalpy change cycle ∆H f [CaCO3(s)] ∆H f [CaO(s)] + ∆H f [CO2(g)]

relating the standard enthalpy changes
of formation of calcium carbonate, 3
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Ca(s) + C(graphite) + O2(g)
2

By applying Hess’s Law,

∆H f [CaCO3(s)] + ∆H = ∆H f [CaO(s)] + ∆H f [CO2(g)]

Rearrange the equation,

∆H = ∆H f [CaO(s)] + ∆H f [CO2(g)] – ∆H f [CaCO3(s)]

products reactant

The standard enthalpy changes of formation (∆H f ) of the relevant

substances can be found from data books. Then the standard enthalpy
change of the reaction (∆H ) can be calculated.

–1
Substance ∆H f / kJ mol

CaCO3(s) –1207.1

CaO(s) –635.1

CO2(g) –393.5

–1
∆H = [(–635.1) + (–393.5) – (–1207.1)] kJ mol
–1
= +178.5 kJ mol
239
VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
TE
In general,

∆H
Reactants Products

Math tip
Σ: summation of… Σ∆H f [reactants] Σ∆H f [products]

Constituent elements

Figure 35.4 Enthalpy change cycle relating the standard enthalpy changes of formation of
reactants and products in a reaction

By applying Hess’s Law,

Standard enthalpy change of a reaction

Sum of the standard Sum of the standard

= enthalpy changes of – enthalpy changes of
formation of products formation of reactants

Key point
∆H = Σ∆H f [products] – Σ∆H f [reactants]

Example 35.3

Calculating the standard enthalpy change of a reaction from standard enthalpy changes of
formation
Consider the following reaction that occurs in a catalytic converter:
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) 2CO2(g) + N2(g)
Given:

–1
Compound ∆H f / kJ mol
CO(g) –110.5
NO(g) +91.3
CO2(g) –393.5

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the above reaction.

Cont’d

240
 Hess’s Law 35
All answers
Solution

First approach by using enthalpy change cycle:

2CO(g) + 2NO(g) 2CO2(g) + N2(g) ∆H = ?

∆H
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) 2CO2(g) + N2(g)
Think about it
Why are the ∆H f[CO(g)],
2 × ∆H f [CO(g)] +
∆H f[NO(g)] and ∆H f[CO 2(g)]
2 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] all multiplied by 2?
2 × ∆H f [NO(g)]

2C(graphite) + N2(g) + 2O2(g)

By applying Hess’s Law,

2 × ∆H f [CO(g)] + 2 × ∆H f [NO(g)] + ∆H = 2 × ∆H f [CO2(g)]
∆H = 2 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] – 2 × ∆H f [CO(g)] – 2 × ∆H f [NO(g)]
–1
= [2 × (–393.5) – 2 × (–110.5) – 2 × (+91.3)] kJ mol
–1
= –748.6 kJ mol
–1
 the standard enthalpy change of the reaction is –748.6 kJ mol .

Second approach by using equation:

As the standard enthalpy changes of formation of all reactants and products are given, we may apply
∆H = Σ∆H f [products] – Σ∆H f [reactants]
= {2 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] + ∆H f [N2(g)]} – {2 × ∆H f [CO(g)] + 2 × ∆H f [NO(g)]}
–1
= [2 × (–393.5) + 0 – 2 × (–110.5) – 2 × (+91.3)] kJ mol
–1 Learning tip
= –748.6 kJ mol
Standard enthalpy
 the standard enthalpy change of the reaction is –748.6 kJ mol–1. change of formation of
–1
an element is 0 kJ mol .
Self-test 35.3

The standard enthalpy changes of formation of NH3(g), NO2(g) and H2O() are as follows:

–1
Compound ∆H f / kJ mol
NH3(g) –45.9
NO2(g) +34.2

H2O() –285.8

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction:

4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) 4NO2(g) + 6H2O()

241
VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
All answers TE
Example 35.4

Calculating the standard enthalpy change of formation from other standard enthalpy
changes
Given:
–1
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O() ∆H = –2816 kJ mol
–1
∆H f [CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ mol
–1
∆H f [H2O()] = –285.8 kJ mol
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of glucose, ∆H f [C6H12O6(s)].

Solution

By applying Hess’s Law,

∆H = Σ∆H f [products] – Σ∆H f [reactants]
–2816 = {6 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] + 6 × ∆H f [H2O()]} – {∆H f [C6H12O6(s)] + 6 × ∆H f [O2(g)]}
∆H f [C6H12O6(s)] = 6 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] + 6 × ∆H f [H2O()] – 6 × ∆H f [O2(g)] – (–2816)
–1
= [6 × (–393.5) + 6 × (–285.8) – 0 – (–2816)] kJ mol
–1
= –1259.8 kJ mol
 the standard enthalpy change of formation of glucose is –1259.8 kJ mol–1.

Class practice 35.3

1. Given:
–1
∆H f [C3H8(g)] = –103.8 kJ mol
–1
∆H f [CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ mol
–1
∆H f [H2O()] = –285.8 kJ mol
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O()
2. Zinc can be extracted from zinc sulphide by carbon reduction. The first
stage of the extraction involves heating of zinc sulphide in air.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
The standard enthalpy changes of formation of ZnS(s), ZnO(s) and SO2(g)
are as follows:

–1
Compound ∆H f / kJ mol
ZnS(s) –206.0
ZnO(s) –350.5
SO2(g) –296.8

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the above reaction.

242
 Hess’s Law 35
All answers
35.4 Calculating the standard enthalpy change
of a reaction from standard enthalpy
changes of combustion
Consider the formation of ethanol from its constituent elements:
1
2C(graphite) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) C2H5OH() ∆H = ?
2

Carbon (graphite) and hydrogen are the reactants. When they burn
completely in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are produced respectively.
When the product, i.e. ethanol, burns completely in oxygen, carbon dioxide
and water are produced too.

By applying Hess’s Law, we can calculate the standard enthalpy

change of the reaction (∆H ) from standard enthalpy changes of
combustion of the reactants and product. See Figure 35.5.

1 ∆H
2C(graphite) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) C2H5OH()
2

Figure 35.5 Enthalpy change

+3O2(g) +3O2(g)
cycle relating the standard 2 × ∆H c [C(graphite)] ∆H c [C2H5OH()]
enthalpy changes of combustion + 3 × ∆H c [H2(g)]
of carbon (graphite), hydrogen
and ethanol 2CO2(g) + 3H2O()

Think about it By applying Hess’s Law,

Why is ∆H c[C(graphite)]
multiplied by 2 and
∆H + ∆H c [C2H5OH()] = 2 × ∆H c [C(graphite)] + 3 × ∆H c [H2(g)]
∆H c[H 2(g)] multiplied by ∆H = {2 × ∆H c [C(graphite)] + 3 × ∆H c [H2(g)]} – ∆H c [C2H5OH()]
3?

reactants product

The standard enthalpy changes of combustion (∆H c ) of the relevant

substances can be found from data books. Then the standard enthalpy
change of the reaction (∆H ) can be calculated.

–1
Substance ∆H c / kJ mol

C(graphite) –393.5

H2(g) –285.8

C2H5OH() –1366.8

–1
∆H = [2 × (–393.5) + 3 × (–285.8) – (–1366.8)] kJ mol
–1
= –277.6 kJ mol
243
VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
TE
In general,

∆H
Reactants Products

Σ∆H c [reactants] Σ∆H c [products]

Combustion products

Figure 35.6 Enthalpy change cycle relating the standard enthalpy changes of combustion
of reactants and products in a reaction

By applying Hess’s Law,

Standard enthalpy change of a reaction

Sum of the standard Sum of the standard

= enthalpy changes of – enthalpy changes of
combustion of reactants combustion of products

Key point
∆H = Σ∆H c [reactants] – Σ∆H c [products]

Example 35.5

Calculating the standard enthalpy change of a reaction from standard enthalpy changes of
combustion
Given:
–1
∆H c [C2H2(g)] = –1301.1 kJ mol
–1
∆H c [H2(g)] = –285.8 kJ mol
–1
∆H c [C2H6(g)] = –1560.7 kJ mol
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction:
C2H2(g) + 2H2(g) C2H6(g)

Solution

First approach by using enthalpy change cycle:

C2H2(g) + 2H2(g) C2H6(g) ∆H = ?

Cont’d
244
 Hess’s Law 35
All answers
∆H
C2H2(g) + 2H2(g) C2H6(g)

7 7
+ O2(g) + O2(g)
∆H c [C2H2(g)] + 2 2
∆H c [C2H6(g)]
2 × ∆H c [H2(g)]

2CO2(g) + 3H2O()

By applying Hess’s Law,

∆H + ∆H c [C2H6(g)] = ∆H c [C2H2(g)] + 2 × ∆H c [H2(g)]
∆H = ∆H c [C2H2(g)] + 2 × ∆H c [H2(g)] – ∆H c [C2H6(g)]
–1
= [(–1301.1) + 2 × (–285.8) – (–1560.7)] kJ mol
–1
= –312.0 kJ mol
–1
 the standard enthalpy change of the reaction is –312.0 kJ mol .

Second approach by using equation:

As the standard enthalpy changes of combustion of all reactants and product are given, we may apply
∆H = Σ∆H c [reactants] – Σ∆H c [products]
= {∆H c [C2H2(g)] + 2 × ∆H c [H2(g)]} – ∆H c [C2H6(g)]
–1
= [(–1301.1) + 2 × (–285.8) – (–1560.7)] kJ mol
–1
= –312.0 kJ mol
–1
 the standard enthalpy change of the reaction is –312.0 kJ mol .

Self-test 35.5

The standard enthalpy changes of combustion of C(graphite), H2(g) and CH4(g) are as follows:

–1
Substance ∆H c / kJ mol
C(graphite) –393.5
H2(g) –285.8
CH4(g) –890.8

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction:

C(graphite) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)

245
VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
All answers
Example 35.6

Calculating standard enthalpy change of combustion from other standard enthalpy

changes
Given:
–1
∆H c [C(graphite)] = –393.5 kJ mol
–1
∆H c [H2(g)] = –285.8 kJ mol
–1
∆H f [C4H10(g)] = –140.9 kJ mol
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of butane, ∆H c [C4H10(g)].

Solution
Given:
–1
4C(graphite) + 5H2(g) C4H10(g) ∆H f [C4H10(g)] = –140.9 kJ mol
By applying Hess’s Law,
∆H = Σ∆H c [reactants] – Σ∆H c [products]
–140.9 = {4 × ∆H c [C(graphite)] + 5 × ∆H c [H2(g)]} – ∆H c [C4H10(g)]
–1
∆H c [C4H10(g)] = [4 × (–393.5) + 5 × (–285.8) – (–140.9)] kJ mol
–1
= –2862.1 kJ mol
 the standard enthalpy change of combustion of butane is –2862.1 kJ mol–1.

Class practice 35.4

1. Given:
–1
∆H c [CO(g)] = –283.0 kJ mol
–1
∆H c [H2(g)] = –285.8 kJ mol
–1
∆H c [CH3OH()] = –726.1 kJ mol
Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction:
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH()
2. Buta-1,3-diene is a gas under standard conditions. It undergoes
hydrogenation to give butane as shown below:

butane

(a) Write the chemical equation for the hydrogenation of buta-1,3-diene.

(b) Given:
–1
Substance ∆H c / kJ mol
Buta-1,3-diene –2541.5
Hydrogen –285.8
Butane –2877.6

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the above reaction.

246
 Hess’s Law 35
TE
35.5 Calculating the standard enthalpy
change of a reaction by summation of
thermochemical equations
Other than what we have learnt in the previous sections, we can
Experiment 35.1
calculate the standard enthalpy change of a reaction by summation of
Determining the enthalpy
thermochemical equations. See Example 35.7.
change of formation of a
metal oxide
We often need to determine experimentally the enthalpy changes of
Experiment video relevant reactions by using simple calorimetric methods, before the
Determining the enthalpy enthalpy change of the desired reaction, under the same experimental
change of formation of a
conditions, is calculated using summation of thermochemical equations.
metal oxide
See Example 35.8.

Example 35.7

Calculating the standard enthalpy change of a reaction by summation of thermochemical

equations
Given the following thermochemical equations:
–1
(1) 2Zn(s) + O2(g) 2ZnO(s) ∆H = –701 kJ mol
–1
(2) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) ∆H = –1648.4 kJ mol
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction:
Fe2O3(s) + 3Zn(s) 2Fe(s) + 3ZnO(s)

Solution
3
1 Multiply equation (1) by so that the stoichiometric coefficients of Zn and ZnO are the same as
2
those in the target equation (i.e. 3Zn(s) and 3ZnO(s)).
3 –1 3 –1
i.e. 3Zn(s) + O2(g) 3ZnO(s) ∆H = –701 kJ mol × = –1051.5 kJ mol
2 2
2 Reverse equation (2) so that Fe and Fe2O3 are on the same sides as those in the target equation.
Remember to reverse the sign of the enthalpy change of reaction when reversing the equation.
–1
i.e. 2Fe2O3(s) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ∆H = +1648.4 kJ mol
3 Then divide the equation by 2 so that the stoichiometric coefficients of Fe2O3 and Fe are the same
as those in the target equation.
–1
3 +1648.4 kJ mol –1
i.e. Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) ∆H = = +824.2 kJ mol
2 2
4 Add the thermochemical equations from 1 and 3 together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation:
3 –1
3Zn(s) + O2(g) 3ZnO(s) ∆H = –1051.5 kJ mol
2
3 –1
+) Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) ∆H = +824.2 kJ mol
2
Fe2O3(s) + 3Zn(s) 2Fe(s) + 3ZnO(s)
Cont’d 247
VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
All answers TE
By applying Hess’s Law,
–1 –1
∆H = [(–1051.5) + (+824.2)] kJ mol = –227.3 kJ mol
 the standard enthalpy change of the reaction is –227.3 kJ mol–1.

Self-test 35.7

Given the following thermochemical equations:

–1
(1) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H = –393.5 kJ mol
1 –1
(2) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O() ∆H = –285.8 kJ mol
2
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction:
C(s) + 2H2O() CO2(g) + 2H2(g)

Example 35.8
Integrated
Calculating enthalpy change of a reaction using experimental data from a simple
calorimetric method
The enthalpy change of formation of magnesium carbonate can be determined indirectly from the
enthalpy changes of the following two reactions. Both of which can be found experimentally.
(1) MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g)
(2) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
In an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of reaction (2), 0.0500 g of magnesium ribbon
3
is added to 100.0 cm of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid in a simple calorimeter. The temperature of the
reaction mixture increases from 25.2°C to 27.5°C.
(a) Suggest a reason why the enthalpy change of formation of magnesium carbonate CANNOT be
determined directly from experiment.
(b) From the experimental data, calculate the enthalpy change of reaction (2). (Assume that the
specific heat capacity and density of the resultant solution are the same as those of water, i.e.
–1 –1 –3
4.2 J g K and 1.0 g cm respectively. Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24.3)
(c) By using the information below and the answer in (b), calculate the enthalpy change of formation
of magnesium carbonate, under the same experimental conditions.

–1
kJ mol
Enthalpy change for the reaction of MgCO3(s) with HCl(aq) –57.6
Enthalpy change for the formation of CO2(g) –393.5

Enthalpy change for the formation of H2O() –285.8

Cont’d

248
 Hess’s Law 35
TE
Solution

(a) It is very difficult for Mg(s), C(graphite) and O2(g) to react in stoichiometric amounts to form
MgCO3(s). Or, MgCO3(s) cannot be produced directly from its elements in the laboratory.
3 –3 –1 –1
(b) Heat released = 100.0 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × [(27.5 + 273) – (25.2 + 273)] K
= 966 J
0.0500 g
Number of moles of Mg = –1
24.3 g mol
–3
= 2.06 × 10 mol
–3 100.0 3
Number of moles of HCl = 1.0 mol dm × dm
1000
= 0.1 mol
–3 –3
From the equation for reaction (2), 2.06 × 10 mol of Mg requires 4.12 × 10 mol of HCl for
complete reaction. Hence, Mg is the limiting reactant.
966 J
Heat released per mole of Mg used = –3
2.06 × 10 mol
–1
= 468 932 J mol
 the enthalpy change for reaction (2) is –468.9 kJ mol–1.
(c) Write the thermochemical equations for all the reactions involved.
–1
(1) MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g) ∆H = –57.6 kJ mol (given)
–1
(2) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) ∆H = –468.9 kJ mol
(part (b) answer)
–1
(3) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H = –393.5 kJ mol (given)
1 –1
(4) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O() ∆H = –285.8 kJ mol (given)
2
The target reaction is:
3
Mg(s) + C(s) + O2(g) MgCO3(s) ∆H = ?
2
Reverse equation (1) so that MgCO3 is on the same side as that in the target equation.
–1
i.e. MgCl2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g) MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ∆H = +57.6 kJ mol
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species on both sides of
the equation:
–1
MgCl2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g) MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ∆H = +57.6 kJ mol
–1
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) ∆H = –468.9 kJ mol
–1
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H = –393.5 kJ mol
1 –1
+) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O() ∆H = –285.8 kJ mol
2

3
Mg(s) + C(s) + O2(g) MgCO3(s)
2
By applying Hess’s Law,
–1
∆H = [(+57.6) + (–468.9) + (–393.5) + (–285.8)] kJ mol
–1
= –1090.6 kJ mol
249
VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
All answers
Class practice 35.5
1. Given:
–1
(1) Ca(s) + O2(g) + H2(g) Ca(OH)2(s) ∆H = –985.2 kJ mol
1 –1
(2) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O() ∆H = –285.8 kJ mol
2
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction:
Ca(s) + 2H2O() Ca(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
2. Given:
–1
(1) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) ∆H = –2043.9 kJ mol
–1
(2) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H = –393.5 kJ mol
1 –1
(3) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g) ∆H = –241.8 kJ mol
2
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction:
3C(s) + 4H2(g) C3H8(g)

Reading to learn

How do bombardier beetles defend themselves?

Bombardier beetles have an organ at the tip of their

abdomen. This organ has two separate parts. One part
contains an aqueous solution of hydroquinone and
hydrogen peroxide. Another part contains a mixture of
enzymes. When a bombardier beetle is threatened, it bends abdomen
its abdomen by tipping towards an attacker. This forces the tip

chemicals in the organ to mix together. Under the action of

the enzymes, the following exothermic reaction takes place.
A bombardier beetle at rest
C6H4(OH)2(aq) + H2O2(aq) C6H4O2(aq) + 2H2O()
hydroquinone hydrogen peroxide quinine

The amount of heat produced is great enough to boil the reaction mixture. A hot spray containing
the reaction mixture is discharged from the abdomen tip of the bombardier beetle to defend themselves.

Questions
1. What is the role of the enzymes in the above reaction?
2. Given the following thermochemical data under the same conditions:
–1
C6H4(OH)2(aq) C6H4O2(aq) + H2(g) ∆H1 = +177.0 kJ mol
1 –1
H2O2(aq) H2O() + O2(g) ∆H2 = –94.6 kJ mol
2
1 –1
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O() ∆H3 = –285.8 kJ mol
2
By applying Hess’s Law, calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction between C6H4(OH)2(aq) and
H2O2(aq) under the same conditions.

hydroquinone 氫醌 abdomen 腹部 defend 保護

250 quinine 奎寧 bombardier beetle 放屁蟲
 Feature reading All answers

Chemistry and space exploration

Space exploration involves the launch of a Space Launch System
(SLS), such as a spacecraft or space probe, into the space. Such
activities require the use of a rocket, which carries the SLS,
powered by igniting a rocket propellant. The reaction produces
a huge amount of energy, which helps the rocket and the SLS
to overcome the pull by the Earth’s gravity.

A typical rocket propellant consists of a fuel (in solid or This spacecraft is launched by a
rocket.
in liquid form), and an oxidizer (provides oxygen for the
combustion). A commonly used solid rocket propellant is a mixture of aluminium powder (fuel) and
ammonium perchlorate NH4ClO4 (oxidizer). The mixture is compressed into the form of small erasers.
When the rocket propellant is ignited, it reacts to give stoichiometric amounts of aluminium oxide,
aluminium chloride, water and nitrogen. The expanded water vapour and nitrogen will lift the rocket
together with the SLS with a tremendous force.

Some other rocket propellant consisting of liquid hydrogen (fuel) and liquid oxygen (oxidizer) is
also used in space exploration. They are used when an SLS is in its desired orbit.

Questions
1. Suggest why rocket propellants are seldom used in the form of gas. (1 mark)
2. (a) Based on the above information, write the chemical equation for the reaction between
aluminium and ammonium perchlorate. (1 mark)
(b) Given the following standard enthalpy changes of formation, calculate the standard enthalpy
change for the reaction in 2(a).

NH4ClO4(s) Al2O3(s) AlCl3(s) H2O()

−1
∆H f / kJ mol −296 −1676 −706 −286
(2 marks)
3. The enthalpy change for the reaction between H2() and O2() is much less negative than that
between Al(s) and NH4ClO4(s).
(a) Suggest one advantage of using the mixture of Al(s) and NH4ClO4(s) over that of H2() and O2()
as a propellant. (2 marks)
(b) Suggest one advantage of using the mixture of H2() and O2() over that of Al(s) and NH4ClO4(s)
as a propellant. (2 marks)
(c) Suggest why the reaction between H2() and O2() is used as a source of energy for the SLS
when it is in its desired orbit. (1 mark)

ammonium perchlorate 高氯酸銨 eraser 橡皮擦 space launch system 太空發射系統

oxidizer 氧化劑 orbit 軌道 space probe 太空探測器
251
propellant 推進劑 tremendous 巨大的
spacecraft 太空船
 Energy changes, enthalpy change of
ti n g c o n
ec

reaction and Hess’s Law

ce
Co nn

p ts
System and surroundings Exothermic reactions

• The system in a chemical reaction refers to • Exothermic reaction is a reaction that gives out heat
the reactants and the products. i.e. heat is transferred to the surroundings.
• The surroundings in a chemical reaction • The temperature of the reaction mixture rises (reaction
refer to everything else outside the system vessel becomes hot).
i.e. the solvent, the reaction vessel, the • Hp < Hr (i.e. ∆H is negative)
atmosphere over the reaction mixture.
heat
universe = system + surroundings
reactants
Hr

heat is given

Enthalpy
heat out to the heat ∆H < 0 (negative)
surroundings
surroundings
products ∆H = Hp – Hr
Hp Since Hp < Hr ,
system (the reactants +  ∆H < 0
heat
the products)
• Energy absorbed to Energy released in
break bonds in < forming bonds in
reactants products
Energy changes

• When a chemical reaction takes place, there

is an energy change.
Endothermic reactions
• The reactants and the products have different
enthalpies (energy content), so energy is • Endothermic reaction is a reaction that takes in heat
transferred to/from the surroundings. i.e. heat is transferred from the surroundings.
• Energy is conserved in all chemical reactions • The temperature of the reaction mixture drops
i.e. the total amount of energy of a system and (reaction vessel becomes cold).
its surroundings before and after the reaction • Hp > Hr (i.e. ∆H is positive)
remains constant.
heat

products
Hp
Enthalpy change of reaction (∆H )
heat is taken
Enthalpy

heat in from the heat

• Enthalpy change (∆H) is the heat change surroundings
∆H > 0 (positive)
–1
measured at constant pressure (unit: kJ mol ). ∆H = Hp – Hr
Since Hp > Hr ,
reactants
• ∆H = Hp – Hr Hr  ∆H > 0

• Heat released/absorbed = mc∆T heat

• The enthalpy change when the numbers • Energy absorbed to Energy released in
of moles of reactants specified in the break bonds in > forming bonds in
thermochemical equation react completely reactants products
under standard conditions (i.e. 298 K, 1 atm)
is called the standard enthalpy change of
reaction (∆H ).

252
Standard enthalpy change Standard enthalpy change
of combustion (∆H c ) of neutralization (∆H n )

• It is the enthalpy change when one mole of the • It is the enthalpy change when one mole of
substance burns completely in oxygen under water is produced from the neutralization
standard conditions. between an acid and alkali under standard
• A metal can is used as a simple calorimeter to conditions.
determine the heat released during combustion • An expanded polystyrene cup is used as a
of the substance. simple calorimeter to determine the heat
released during neutralization.
thermometer
polystyrene board thermometer

stirrer
metal can lid
expanded
clamp
polystyrene cup beaker
water stirrer

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) cotton

spirit burner wool
ethanol

heat released during combustion heat released during neutralization

• ∆H c = − • ∆H n = −
number of moles of the substance burnt number of moles of water formed

Standard enthalpy change Hess’s Law

of formation (∆H f )
• It states that the total enthalpy change of a
• It is the enthalpy change when one mole of the chemical reaction depends on the initial and
substance forms from its constituent elements in final states of the reaction, but is independent
their standard states under standard conditions. of the route taken.

• ∆
 H f of all elements in their standard states are • For example, one can calculate ∆H f [CO(g)] by
zero. applying Hess’s Law:

• ∆H f of a compound may be positive or negative. ∆H f = ?

1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)
• Water is energetically more stable than its 2
constituent elements under standard conditions
as it has a lower enthalpy compared with the 1 1
+ O2(g) + O2(g)
total enthalpies of its constituent elements. 2 2
∆H 1 ∆H 2
1
H2(g) + O2(g) CO2(g)
2
According to the Hess’s Law,
∆H f + ∆H 2 = ∆H 1
Enthalpy

–1
∆H f = –285.8 kJ mol
clockwise route anticlockwise route

• By applying Hess’s Law,

(1) ∆H = Σ∆H f [products] – Σ∆H f [reactants]
H2O(,)
(2) ∆H = Σ∆H c [reactants] – Σ∆H c [products]

253
 VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
TE
Chapter review
Progress check
Chapter review

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

apply Hess’s Law to construct simple enthalpy change cycles
perform calculations involving enthalpy change cycles and relevant energy terms, with particular
reference to determining enthalpy changes that cannot be found directly by experiments
perform calculations on standard enthalpy changes of reactions from given (a) standard enthalpy
changes of formation, (b) standard enthalpy changes of combustion and (c) other standard
enthalpy terms
solve problems of standard enthalpy changes in chemical reactions using different approaches

e-Dictionary
Key terms (For Chapter 35)
Page Page
1. enthalpy change cycle 焓變循環 234 2. Hess’s Law 赫斯定律 233

Key concepts
35.1 Hess’s Law and enthalpy change cycle

1. Hess’s Law states that the total enthalpy change of a chemical reaction depends on the initial
and final states of the reaction, but is independent of the route taken.

2. The different routes of a reaction can be related together by an enthalpy change cycle.

35.2 Calculations involving enthalpy change cycle

3. Hess’s Law can be applied to determine enthalpy changes that cannot be found from
experiments directly.

35.3 Calculating the standard enthalpy change of a reaction from standard enthalpy changes
of formation

4. The standard enthalpy change of a reaction can be calculated from standard enthalpy changes
of formation of reactants and products.
Standard enthalpy change of a reaction

Sum of the standard Sum of the standard

= enthalpy changes of – enthalpy changes of
formation of products formation of reactants

i.e. ∆H = Σ∆H f [products] – Σ∆H f [reactants]

254
 Hess’s Law 35
TE All answers
35.4 Calculating the standard enthalpy change of a reaction from standard enthalpy changes
of combustion

5. The standard enthalpy change of a reaction can be calculated from standard enthalpy changes

Chapter review
of combustion of reactants and products.
Standard enthalpy change of a reaction

Sum of the standard Sum of the standard

= enthalpy changes of – enthalpy changes of
combustion of reactants combustion of products

i.e. ∆H = Σ∆H c [reactants] – Σ∆H c [products]

35.5 Calculating the standard enthalpy change of a reaction by summation of thermochemical

equations

6. Refer to Example 35.7 and Example 35.8 on p.247–249 again.

Concept map
Complete the concept map by filling in the items listed below:

enthalpy change cycle, products, products, reactants, reactants, routes

(b)

can be related
together by

(a)

]_
(c) (d)
Hf [ Hf [ ]

independent of

]_
(e) (f)
Hc[ Hc[ ]
can be
STANDARD calculated by
ENTHALPY CHANGES
OF REACTIONS
summation of thermochemical equations

255
 VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
All answers TE
Chapter exercise
A. Fill in the blanks
Section 35.1
1. Law states that the total enthalpy change of a chemical reaction depends on the initial and final
states of the reaction, but is of the routes taken.
Chapter exercise

B. Multiple-choice questions
–1
Section 35.2 4. Given that ∆H f [Na2O2(s)] is –510.9 kJ mol and
2. Given: 1
∆H for Na2O(s) + O2(g) Na2O2(s) is
2
–1
2H2O2() 2H2O() + O2(g) –96.7 kJ mol . What is the standard enthalpy change
of formation of Na2O(s)?
–1
∆H = 2y ∆H = 2x A. +414.2 kJ mol
–1
B. –414.2 kJ mol
–1
2H2(g) + 2O2(g) C. +607.6 kJ mol
–1
D. –607.6 kJ mol
What is the standard enthalpy change of the
following reaction, expressed in terms of x and y? Section 35.4
1 5. Consider the following reaction:
H2O2() H2O() + O2(g) ∆H = ?
2 CaO(s) + H2O() Ca(OH)2(s) ∆H = ?
A. x–y
Other than ∆H f [Ca(OH)2(s)], which of the following
B. x+y
pieces of information is/are also necessary for
C. 2x – y
calculating ∆H ?
D. 2y – x
(1) ∆H f [CaO(s)]
Section 35.3 (2) ∆H c [CaO(s)]
3. Given: (3) ∆H c [H2(g)]

∆H f [CO(g)] = –110.5 kJ mol

–1 A. (1) only
–1 B. (2) only
∆H f [NH3(g)] = –45.9 kJ mol
–1
C. (1) and (3) only
∆H f [HCN(g)] = +135.1 kJ mol
D. (2) and (3) only
–1
∆H f [H2O(g)] = –241.8 kJ mol
Section 35.5
What is the standard enthalpy change for the
6. Given:
following reaction?
–1
N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g) ∆H = +66.4 kJ mol
CO(g) + NH3(g) HCN(g) + H2O(g)
1 1 –1
A. +49.7 kJ mol
–1 N2(g) + O2(g) N2O4(g) ∆H = +5.6 kJ mol
2 2
–1
B. –49.7 kJ mol What is the standard enthalpy change for the
–1
C. +263.3 kJ mol following reaction?
–1
D. –263.3 kJ mol 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
–1
A. –55.2 kJ mol
–1
B. –60.8 kJ mol
–1
C. –72.0 kJ mol
–1
D. –77.4 kJ mol

256
 Hess’s Law 35
C. Structured questions
Section 35.3
7. The equation for the production of silicon from silicon tetrachloride is shown below.
SiCl4(g) + 2H2(g) Si(s) + 4HCl(g)
Given:

–1
Substance ∆H f / kJ mol

SiCl4(g) –657.0

Chapter exercise
HCl(g) –92.3

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the above reaction. (2 marks)

8. Hydrazine (N2H4(g)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2(g)) react to give nitrogen and steam.
N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) N2(g) + 4H2O(g)
The standard enthalpy changes of formation of some substances are given below.

–1
Substance ∆H f / kJ mol

N2H4(g) +95.4

H2O2(g) −136.3

H2O(g) −241.8

Based on the above enthalpy change data, construct an enthalpy change cycle and calculate the standard enthalpy
change of the reaction. (4 marks)

9. Given:
–1
Reaction ∆H / kJ mol
3 3 1
Al(s) + NH4NO3(s) N2(g) + 3H2O(g) + Al2O3(s) –1015
2 2 2
1
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O() –285.8
2
H2O() H2O(g) +44.0
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) –3351.4

(a) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of H2O(g). (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of Al2O3(s). (1 mark)
(c) Hence, calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of NH4NO3(s). (2 marks)

Section 35.4
−1
10. The standard enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate is +178 kJ mol . The
−1 −1
standard enthalpy changes of formation of CaO(s) and CO2(g) are −635 kJ mol and −394 kJ mol respectively.
(a) Suggest why the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate is endothermic. (1 mark)
(b) Write the thermochemical equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate. (1 mark)
(c) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of calcium carbonate. (2 marks)

257
 VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy

11. Both propanal (CH3CH2CHO) and propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH) undergo complete combustion in oxygen to
give carbon dioxide and water only.
Given:
–1
∆H c [CH3CH2CHO()] = –1822.7 kJ mol
–1
∆H c [CH3CH2COOH()] = –1527.2 kJ mol
–1
∆H c [H2(g)] = –285.8 kJ mol

(a) Write the thermochemical equation for the complete combustion of propanal. (1 mark)
(b) Write the thermochemical equation for the complete combustion of propanoic acid. (1 mark)
(c) Calculate, by constructing an enthalpy change cycle, the standard enthalpy change for the hydrogenation of
Chapter exercise

propanoic acid to give propanal.

CH3CH2COOH() + H2(g) CH3CH2CHO() + H2O()
(2 marks)

Section 35.5
12. Given the following thermochemical equations:
–1
(1) H2S(g) + 2O2(g) H2SO4() ∆H = –793.4 kJ mol
–1
(2) H2O() H2O(g) ∆H = +44.0 kJ mol
–1
(3) SO3(g) + H2O(g) H2SO4() ∆H = –176.5 kJ mol
By using summation of thermochemical equations approach, calculate the standard enthalpy change of the
following reaction:
H2S(g) + 2O2(g) SO3(g) + H2O()
(2 marks)

Learn more: Building a better answer (see p.274)

258
 Hess’s Law 35
TE All answers
Exam practice
A. Multiple-choice questions
Section 35.3 Section 35.5
–1
1. ∆H c for hexane, C6H14(), is –4163.2 kJ mol while 3. Given:
–1
∆H f [CO2(g)] and ∆H f [H2O()] are –393.5 kJ mol 2C(graphite) + O2(g) 2CO(g)
–1
and –285.8 kJ mol respectively. ∆H 1 = –221.0 kJ mol
–1

What is the standard enthalpy change for the 2N2(g) + O2(g) 2N2O(g)
formation of hexane? ∆H 2 = –163.2 kJ mol
–1

–1
A. +198.4 kJ mol What is the standard enthalpy change of the
–1
B. –198.4 kJ mol following reaction?
–1
C. +3483.9 kJ mol
–1
C(graphite) + N2O(g) CO(g) + N2(g)
D. –3483.9 kJ mol –1
A. +28.9 kJ mol
–1
2. The equation for the reaction of aluminium B. +178.6 kJ mol
–1
sulphide, Al2S3, with oxygen is shown below. C. –28.9 kJ mol

Exam practice
–1
2Al2S3(s) + 9O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) + 6SO2(g) D. –384.2 kJ mol

The table shows standard enthalpy changes of 4. Refer to the standard enthalpy changes of
formation, ∆H f . combustion below:

Substance Al2S3(s) O2(g) Al2O3(s) SO2(g)

–1
∆H f / kJ mol −723.8 0 −1675.7 −296.8
–1 –1 –1
–3268 kJ mol –3920 kJ mol –286 kJ mol
What is the standard enthalpy change of combustion
−1 What is the standard enthalpy change of the
of Al2S3 in kJ mol ?
following reaction?
A. −3684.6
B. −1842.3
C. +1842.3
D. +3684.6 –1
A. –206 kJ mol
(OCR AS Level Chemistry A 2018 Jun H032/01 Q11) –1
B. –652 kJ mol
–1
C. +206 kJ mol
–1
D. +652 kJ mol
(HKDSE 2020 Paper 1A Q10)

B. Structured questions
Section 35.5
5. Given the following thermochemical equations:
–1
(1) C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H = –393.5 kJ mol
–1
(2) SrO(s) + CO2(g) SrCO3(s) ∆H = –234.6 kJ mol
–1
(3) 2SrO(s) 2Sr(s) + O2(g) ∆H = +1184.0 kJ mol
By using summation of thermochemical equations approach, calculate the standard enthalpy change of the
following reaction:
2SrCO3(s) 2Sr(s) + 2C(graphite) + 3O2(g)
(2 marks)

259
 VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy

6. Given the following thermochemical equations:

–1
(1) 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) ∆H = −114.2 kJ mol
–1
(2) 2N2(g) + 5O2(g) + 2H2O() 4HNO3(aq) ∆H = −830.2 kJ mol
–1
(3) N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) ∆H = +182.6 kJ mol
By using summation of thermochemical equations approach, calculate the standard enthalpy change of the
following reaction:
3NO2(g) + H2O() 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
(2 marks)

7. The enthalpy change of formation of calcium oxide can be determined indirectly from the enthalpy changes of the
following two reactions:
(1) Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(2) CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O()
3
A simple calorimetric experiment was carried out by adding a known mass of calcium metal to 150 cm of 2.0 M
hydrochloric acid. The experiment was repeated by using calcium oxide instead of calcium metal.
Exam practice

Ca(s) CaO(s)

Mass used / g 1.03 1.04

Initial temperature of the reacting solution / °C 25.5 25.6

Maximum temperature of the reacting solution / °C 42.1 30.0

–3 –1 –1
(a) Assume that the densities and specific heat capacities of both reacting solutions are 1.0 g cm and 4.2 J g K .
From the given data, calculate
(i) the heat released when one mole of calcium reacted completely with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(ii) the heat released when one mole of calcium oxide reacted completely with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(4 marks)
(b) Hence, calculate the enthalpy change of formation of calcium oxide under the experimental conditions.
−1
(∆Hf [H2O()] = −285.8 kJ mol ; relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1) (2 marks)

260
 Chemical Reactions and Energy VIII
TE All answers
Part exercise
A. Multiple-choice questions
1. Which of the following reactions are exothermic? 5. The standard enthalpy change of neutralization
+ –
(1) Ag (aq) + Cl (aq) AgCl(s) between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide is
−1
(2) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) x kJ mol . Which of the following acids, upon
(3) CH3CH2COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) reacting with sodium hydroxide solution, would give
CH3CH2COONa(aq) + H2O() a standard enthalpy change of neutralization very
−1
close to x kJ mol ?
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) (Assume that the volumes of all resultant mixtures
are the same.)
2. Hydrogen chloride and oxygen react according to the
(1) Hydrochloric acid
following equation:
(2) Ethanoic acid
4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2H2O() + 2Cl2(g) (3) Sulphuric acid
–1
∆H = –202.4 kJ mol
A. (1) only
If hydrogen chloride and oxygen react under B. (2) only
standard conditions, which of the following C. (1) and (3) only
statements is correct? D. (2) and (3) only
A. The reaction is endothermic and the volume of 3
6. When 25.0 cm of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid is just
the reaction mixture increases.
neutralized by 1.0 M potassium hydroxide solution,
B. The reaction is endothermic and the volume of
the maximum temperature rise of the mixture is
the reaction mixture decreases.
6.2°C. What would be the maximum temperature
C. The reaction is exothermic and the volume of

Part exercise
3
rise when 50.0 cm of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid is just
the reaction mixture increases.
neutralized by 0.5 M potassium hydroxide solution?
D. The reaction is exothermic and the volume of
the reaction mixture decreases. (Assume that the heat loss by the mixture to the
surroundings is negligible in both cases.)
3. Consider the following thermochemical equation for
A. 1.6°C
the complete combustion of butane:
B. 3.1°C
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 10H2O() C. 6.2°C
–1
∆H = –5755.2 kJ mol D. 12.4°C
What mass of butane needs to be burnt in order to
7. When silver nitrate solution and calcium chloride
release 1000 kJ of heat?
solution are mixed, silver chloride precipitate forms:
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0)
2AgNO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
A. 5.04 g 3
In an experiment, 300.0 cm of 0.25 M AgNO3(aq)
B. 10.08 g 3
and 50.0 cm of 0.50 M CaCl2(aq) were mixed in a
C. 15.12 g
simple calorimeter. The temperature of the resultant
D. 20.16 g
mixture rose from 21.2°C to 23.5°C.
4. The standard enthalpy change of formation of What is the enthalpy change for the precipitation of
–1
aluminium oxide is –1670 kJ mol . What is the one mole of AgCl(s)?
standard enthalpy change of the following reaction?
(Assume that the density and the specific heat
2Al2O3(s) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) –3
capacity of the resultant solution are 1.0 g cm and
–1 –1 –1
A. –835 kJ mol 4.2 J g K respectively.)
–1
B. +1670 kJ mol A. +67.6 kJ mol
–1
–1
C. +3340 kJ mol B. –67.6 kJ mol
–1
–1
D. –3340 kJ mol C. +135.2 kJ mol
–1

–1
D. –135.2 kJ mol 261
 VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
All answers
8. For which of the following reactions must its 10. Under standard conditions, complete combustion
enthalpy change be determined by indirect method? of 0.5 mol of propanoic acid (C2H5COOH) gives
A. N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) 763.5 kJ of heat. Given that ∆H f [CO2(g)] =
–1 –1
B. Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s) –393.5 kJ mol and ∆H f [H2O()] = –285.8 kJ mol ,
9 what is the standard enthalpy change of formation
C. CH3CH2CH2OH() + O2(g) 3CO2(g) +
2 of propanoic acid?
4H2O() –1
D. Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + A. +510.9 kJ mol
–1
2H2O() B. –510.9 kJ mol
–1
C. +3564.9 kJ mol
–1
D. –3564.9 kJ mol
9. The enthalpy changes for some conversions are
11. Consider the following thermochemical equations:
shown below:
–1 –1 –1
(1) C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g)
∆H = –150 kJ mol ∆H = +100 kJ mol ∆H = +60 kJ mol –1
W X Y Z ∆H1 = x kJ mol
(2) 2C(graphite) + O2(g) 2CO(g)
Which of the following combinations is correct? –1
∆H2 = y kJ mol
W Z Z X 1
(3) CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g)
A. exothermic endothermic 2 –1
∆H3 = z kJ mol
B. exothermic exothermic
Which of the following expressions shows a correct
C. endothermic exothermic
relationship of x, y and z?
D. endothermic endothermic
A. z=x+y
(HKDSE 2020 Paper 1A Q13)
y
B. x= +z
2
C. x = y + 2z
y
Part exercise

D. =z–x
2

B. Structured questions
12. The reaction between iron and dilute sulphuric acid is exothermic. An experiment, using a simple calorimeter, was
carried out to determine the enthalpy change of this reaction.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up used. (The iron used was in powdered form.) (2 marks)
(b) State and explain the effect of each of the following on the enthalpy change of the reaction determined in this
experiment.
(i) The heat insulation of the calorimeter is improved.
(ii) Some iron powder was lost when it was transferred to the calorimeter.
(4 marks)

262
 Chemical Reactions and Energy VIII
TE
3
13. An experiment was carried out to determine the empirical formula of a hydroxide of copper. 20.0 cm of
1.0 M of a nitrate solution of copper was placed in an expanded polystyrene cup and its temperature was recorded.
3
2.0 M sodium hydroxide solution was added to the cup from a burette. For every 2.00 cm portion of sodium
hydroxide solution added, the temperature of the reaction mixture was recorded. The results obtained were plotted
on the graph as shown below.

Temperature / °C

Part exercise
3
Volume of NaOH(aq) added / cm

(a) Explain the variation of temperature of the reaction mixture as shown in the above graph. (2 marks)
(b) What volume of sodium hydroxide solution was required for complete reaction? (1 mark)
(c) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide required for complete reaction. (1 mark)
(d) Calculate the number of moles of copper ions originally present. (1 mark)
(e) Deduce the empirical formula of the hydroxide of copper. (2 marks)
(f) By drawing two best-fit lines on the graph, determine the maximum temperature rise of the reaction mixture.
(1 mark)
(g) Hence, calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction. (Assume that the density and specific heat capacity of the
–3 –1 –1
reacting solution are the same as those of water, i.e. 1.0 g cm and 4.2 J g K respectively.) (2 marks)

14. Given the following thermochemical equations:

–1
H3BO3(aq) HBO2(aq) + H2O() ∆H = –0.02 kJ mol
–1
H2B4O7(aq) + H2O() 4HBO2(aq) ∆H = –11.3 kJ mol
–1
H2B4O7(aq) 2B2O3(s) + H2O() ∆H = +17.5 kJ mol
Calculate the ∆H for the following reaction:
2H3BO3(aq) B2O3(s) + 3H2O()
(2 marks)

263
 VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy

15. In a blast furnace, carbon monoxide reduces iron(III) oxide to iron metal.
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reduction of iron(III) oxide by carbon monoxide. (Hint: the iron is in the
solid state.) (1 mark)
(b) Using the following thermochemical equations, calculate the standard enthalpy change of the reaction in (a).
–1
Fe(s) + CO2(g) FeO(s) + CO(g) ∆H = +11.0 kJ mol
–1
3Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) 2Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g) ∆H = –47.2 kJ mol
–1
Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) 3FeO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H = +19.4 kJ mol (2 marks)

16. Methanol is a liquid fuel. An experiment using a simple calorimeter was conducted to determine the enthalpy
change of combustion of methanol. When 2.30 g of methanol was burnt in a spirit burner, the temperature of
150 g of water in the calorimeter rose from 298 K to 372 K.
(a) Define the term ‘standard enthalpy change of combustion of methanol’. (1 mark)
(b) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of methanol under the experimental conditions. (Given: specific
–1 –1 –3
heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g K ; density of water = 1.0 g cm ) (2 marks)
(c) Methanol can be synthesized from methane and steam in two stages:
–1
Stage 1: CH4(g) + H2O(g) 3H2(g) + CO(g) ∆H = +205.9 kJ mol
–1
Stage 2: CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ∆H = ? kJ mol
–1 –1
The standard enthalpy changes of formation of CO(g) and CH3OH(g) are –110.5 kJ mol and –201.0 kJ mol
respectively. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of Stage 2. (2 marks)
(d) Write the overall equation for the two stages in (c). (1 mark)
(e) Hence, calculate the standard enthalpy change for the overall reaction in the two stages. (2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
Part exercise

17. Hexamine (C6H12N4) is the main component of a portable solid fuel. It is a solid under room conditions and its
structure is shown below:

(a) Suggest why the combustion of hexamine is exothermic in terms of the breaking and forming of covalent
bonds. (2 marks)
(b) It is given that:

–1
Compound Standard enthalpy change of formation / kJ mol
C6H12N4(s) +123
CO2(g) –394
H2O() –286

NO2(g) +33

(i) Write a thermochemical equation for the standard enthalpy change of formation of hexamine.

264
 Chemical Reactions and Energy VIII
(ii) Hexamine combusts as shown by the equation below:
C6H12N4(s) + 13O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O() + 4NO2(g)
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of hexamine.
(3 marks)
(c) The following diagram shows an experimental set-up for determining the enthalpy change of combustion of
hexamine under certain experimental conditions.

thermometer

glass beaker

water

hexamine

The data obtained are shown below:

Mass of hexamine combusted: 2.40 g

Mass of water: 600.0 g

Initial temperature of water: 23.5°C

Part exercise
Final temperature of water: 47.5°C
Molar mass of hexamine: 140.0 g
–1 –1
Specific heat capacity of water: 4.20 J g K

Assuming that the heat capacity of the glass beaker is negligible, calculate the enthalpy change of combustion
of hexamine under these experimental conditions. (3 marks)
(HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q5)

If you miss any of the questions, review the section(s) again.

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Section 33.3 33.3 34.1 34.7 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 35.1 35.4 35.5 34.4 34.6 35.5 35.5 35.5 35.5

265
 VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
All answers TE
Revision test Time: 40 minutes Total: 32 marks

Instructions
1. Section A contains multiple-choice questions and Section B contains structured questions.
2. Answer ALL questions. You may write the answers on single lined paper.

Section A (11 marks)

3 –3
1. For which of the following exothermic reactions, will 4. 50.0 cm of 2.00 mol dm HCl(aq) was mixed with
3 –3
the reacting system do work on the surroundings at 50.0 cm of 2.00 mol dm NaOH(aq) in a simple
constant pressure? calorimeter. A temperature rise of T°C was observed.
A. 2O3(g) 3O2(g) Which of the following combinations of reactants
B. H2(g) + F2(g) 2HF(g) would give the same temperature rise?
3 –3 3
C. Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O() (1) 50.0 cm of 1.00 mol dm HCl(aq) + 50.0 cm of
–3
D. 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 1.00 mol dm NaOH(aq)
3 –3 3
2H2O() (2) 25.0 cm of 2.00 mol dm HCl(aq) + 25.0 cm of
–3
2.00 mol dm NaOH(aq)
3 –3
(3) 50.0 cm of 2.00 mol dm CH3COOH(aq) +
3 –3
2. Which of the following statements about an 50.0 cm of 2.00 mol dm NaOH(aq)
endothermic reaction is/are correct? (Assume that there is no heat loss to the
(1) The enthalpy change, ∆H, is positive. surroundings in each case.)
(2) The temperature of the surroundings increases. A. (1) only
(3) The products have a higher total enthalpy than B. (2) only
the reactants. C. (1) and (3) only
A. (1) only D. (2) and (3) only
B. (2) only
5. To which of the following reactions does the symbol
C. (1) and (3) only
∆H f [HNO3()] represent?
D. (2) and (3) only
A. H(g) + N(g) + O3(g) HNO3()
Revision test

3. Which of the following combinations about chemical 1 1 3

B. H2(g) + N2(g) + O2(g) HNO3()
reactions and their enthalpy changes is/are correct? 2 2 2
Chemical reaction Enthalpy change 1 1
C. H2(g) + N2(g) + O3(g) HNO3()
2 2
(1) CO2(g) + CaO(s) positive
D. 2H2(g) + 2N2(g) + 4O3(g) 4HNO3()
CaCO3(s)
(2) 2H2O() 2H2(g) + O2(g) positive 6. When 0.560 g of Na(s) reacts with 3.000 g of F2(g)
+ –
(3) H (aq) + OH (aq) H2O() negative to form NaF(s), 13.5 kJ of heat is released under
A. (1) only standard conditions. What is the standard enthalpy
B. (2) only change of formation of NaF(s)?
C. (1) and (3) only (Relative atomic masses: F = 19.0, Na = 23.0)
D. (2) and (3) only A. –171 kJ mol
–1

–1
B. –342 kJ mol
–1
C. –278 kJ mol
–1
D. –556 kJ mol

266
 Chemical Reactions and Energy VIII
All answers
7. For which of the following reactions can their 10. Consider the following statements and choose the
enthalpy change be determined directly from best answer:
experiments?
1st statement 2nd statement
(1) 2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O()
Precipitation of barium There are strong ionic
1
(2) N2(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) carbonate is an bonds between the
2
9 exothermic reaction. oppositely charged ions
(3) CH3CH2CH2OH(g) + O2(g) 3CO2(g) +
2 in solid barium
4H2O()
carbonate.
A. (1) and (2) only
A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement
B. (1) and (3) only
is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C. (2) and (3) only
B. Both statements are true but the 2nd statement
D. (1), (2) and (3)
is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st
8. Carbon reacts with oxygen to form two oxides: statement.
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Given: C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement
∆H f [CO(g)] = –110.5 kJ mol
–1 is true.
–1 D. Both statements are false.
∆H f [CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ mol
Which of the following statements is/are correct? 11. Consider the following statements and choose the
(1) Both CO(g) and CO2(g) are energetically less best answer:
stable than their constituent elements under 1st statement 2nd statement
standard conditions. The standard enthalpy During the combustion
(2) The heat released in forming 1 mol of change of combustion of ethane, energy is
CO2(g) is greater than that in forming 1 mol of of ethane has a negative released when forming
CO(g). value. bonds in carbon dioxide
(3) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of and water.
–1
C(graphite) is +393.5 kJ mol .
A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement
A. (1) only
is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B. (2) only
B. Both statements are true but the 2nd statement
C. (1) and (3) only
is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st
D. (2) and (3) only
statement.
9. Octane (C8H18) undergoes complete combustion C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement

Revision test
according to the following thermochemical equation: is true.
2C8H18() + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O() D. Both statements are false.
–1
∆H = –10 940.2 kJ mol
–1
Given that ∆H f [CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ mol and
–1
∆H f [H2O()] = –285.8 kJ mol , what is the
standard enthalpy change of formation of octane?
–1
A. +250.1 kJ mol
–1
B. –250.1 kJ mol
–1
C. –357.8 kJ mol
–1
D. +357.8 kJ mol

267
 VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy

Section B (21 marks)

12. A student attempted to find the enthalpy change for the conversion of propene to cyclohexane.

propene cyclohexane

In a simple calorimetric experiment, the student found that complete combustion of 0.19 g of liquid cyclohexane
–1
(molar mass = 84.0 g mol ) raised the temperature of 200 g of water by 10.5°C.
(a) Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of cyclohexane. (1 mark)
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up used in this experiment. (2 marks)
(c) From the experimental results, calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of cyclohexane. (Specific heat
–1 –1
capacity of water = 4.2 J g K ) (2 marks)
(d) It is known that under the same experimental conditions, the enthalpy change of combustion of propene is
–1
–2058 kJ mol . Construct an enthalpy change cycle to calculate the enthalpy change of conversion of propene
to cyclohexane under the experimental conditions. (4 marks)

13. A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of the following reaction:

MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O()

3 –3
The student added 0.806 g of magnesium oxide to 100.0 cm of 1.0 mol dm hydrochloric acid in a simple
calorimeter. The temperature of the hydrochloric acid (T0) was initially 25°C. Right after the addition of
magnesium oxide, the temperature of the reacting solution was taken every minute for 10 minutes. The student
then found graphically that the maximum temperature rise of the reacting solution (T1) to be 7.0°C.
(a) Explain why the enthalpy change determined in this experiment is NOT regarded as ‘enthalpy change of
neutralization’. (1 mark)
(b) According to the data recorded by the student, the maximum temperature of the reacting solution (T2) was
Revision test

30.5°C. Explain why it is inappropriate to find the maximum temperature rise of the reacting solution by
subtracting T0 from T2. (2 marks)
(c) From the above results, calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction. (Assume that the density and specific
–3 –1 –1
heat capacity of the reacting solution are the same as those of water, i.e. 1.0 g cm and 4.2 J g K respectively.
Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3) (3 marks)
(d) The student learnt that the enthalpy change of this reaction could be found indirectly using the following data
and by applying Hess’s Law.

MgO(s) HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) H2O()

–1
∆H f / kJ mol –601.6 –167.2 –801.2 –285.8

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of reaction between magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid from
the given data. (2 marks)
(e) Give TWO reasons why the enthalpy change obtained in (c) is less negative than the one obtained in (d).
(2 marks)

268
 Chemical Reactions and Energy VIII
14. Given:
–1
(1) N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) ∆H = +182.6 kJ mol
–1
(2) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ∆H = –91.8 kJ mol
1 –1
(3) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g) ∆H = –241.8 kJ mol
2
Calculate, by using summation of thermochemical equations, the standard enthalpy change of the following
reaction:
5
NO(g) + H2(g) NH3(g) + H2O(g)
2
(2 marks)

If you miss any of the questions, review the section(s) again.

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Section 33.2 33.3 33.3 34.4 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7 35.3 33.4 34.2 35.3 35.3 35.5

Revision test

269
 Part VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
Exam corner

1. The standard enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol thermometer

(CH3CH2CH2OH) was determined using the set-up shown in the
diagram on the right. The results are listed in the table below.

Mass of burner and propan-1-ol clamp

102.73
before combustion / g water
beaker
Mass of burner and propan-1-ol
100.92
after combustion / g
3
Volume of water in the beaker / cm 125 spirit burner
propan-1-ol
Initial temperature of water / °C 25.0

Maximum temperature of water / °C 87.0

(a) What is the meaning of the term ‘standard enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol’? (1 mark)
(b) Write an equation to represent the standard enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol. (1 mark)
−3
(c) Calculate the heat released, in joules, of this reaction. (Density of water = 1.0 g cm ; specific heat capacity
−1 −1
of water = 4.2 J g K ) (1 mark)
(d) Hence, calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol. (Relative atomic masses:
H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0) (2 marks)
(e) Suggest a reason why the temperature rise of water was less than expected in this experiment. (1 mark)
(f) At the end of the experiment, the student noticed that there was a layer of black solid on the base of the
beaker. Suggest what the black solid might be. (1 mark)

Sample answers
1. (a) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol is the enthalpy change when
propan-1-ol burns completely in oxygen under standard conditions.
9 1
(b) C3H7OH() + O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O()
2
(c) Heat released
= [125 × 1.0 × 4.2 × (87.0 – 25.0)] J = 32 550 J 1

(d) ∆Hc[CH3CH2CH2OH()]
32 550
1000 –1
1
=– kJ mol
102.73 – 100.92
12.0 × 3 + 16.0 + 1.0 × 8
−1
= −1079 kJ mol 1

(e) There was heat loss to the surroundings. 1

(f) Carbon 1

270
 Exam corner

Teacher’s feedback

1. (a) Remember to include key words like ‘one mole of propan-1-ol’, ‘burns completely’ and ‘standard
conditions’ in your answer.
(b) • Well answered. The stoichiometric coefficient of propan-1-ol must be 1.
• The thermochemical equation must include the correct state symbols of all reactants and
products.
(c) Well answered. The heat released from the reaction can be calculated by using the formula: heat
released = mc∆T.
–1
 ell answered. You should give your answer as –1079 kJ mol . The negative sign indicates that the
(d) W
reaction is exothermic.
(e) Well answered. Other possible reasons for the lower temperature rise than expected in this
experiment include:
• Incomplete combustion of propan-1-ol occurred.
• The beaker and thermometer absorbed heat.
• There was heat absorption by propan-1-ol due to evaporation.
(f) Well answered. The formation of carbon (or soot) indicates that incomplete combustion of
propan-1-ol occurred. The layer of carbon also absorbed heat and insulated the water from the
flame. This would lead to a less negative enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol.

2. The enthalpy change of decomposition of calcium carbonate (∆H1) CANNOT be determined by simple
calorimetric methods.
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H1
However, it can be determined indirectly from the enthalpy changes of the following two reactions (∆H2 and
∆H3):
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g) ∆H2
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O() ∆H3
(a) Suggest why ∆H1 CANNOT be determined by simple calorimetric methods. (1 mark)
(b) In a simple calorimetric experiment to determine ∆H2, 2.30 g of CaCO3(s) was added to excess dilute
HCl(aq) in an expanded polystyrene cup. The results obtained are tabulated below:

Initial temperature of the reacting solution / °C 25.5

Maximum temperature of the reacting solution / °C 27.2

Mass of the resultant mixture / g 52.5

(i) Explain why, in this experiment, the dilute HCl(aq) was used in excess.
(ii) Suggest how each of the following properties of expanded polystyrene cup increases the accuracy of
∆H2 determined.
(I) Good thermal insulation
(II) Low specific heat capacity

271
 Exam corner

(iii) Calculate ∆H2 under the conditions of the experiment. (Assume that the specific heat capacity of
−1 −1
the reacting solution is the same as that of water i.e. 4.2 J g K ; relative atomic masses: C = 12.0,
O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1)
(5 marks)
−1
(c) In another experiment performed under the same conditions, ∆H3 was found to be −193.6 kJ mol . It is
known that ∆H1 can be calculated from ∆H2 and ∆H3 by constructing an enthalpy change cycle and
applying Hess’s Law.
(i) Complete the following enthalpy change cycle for calculating ∆H1 by adding an appropriate arrow,
the relevant chemical species and enthalpy change symbol(s).

∆H1
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

(ii) Hence, calculate ∆H1.

(3 marks)

Sample answers
2. (a) Heat is applied to the system. It is difficult to measure the temperature change of the system. 1
(b) (i) To ensure that all the CaCO3(s) has reacted 1

(ii) (I) This reduces heat loss to the surroundings. 1

(II) Little heat is used to heat the container. 1

(iii) Heat released = [52.5 × 4.2 × (27.2 – 25.5)] J = 374.85 J

374.85
1000 –1
1
∆H2 = – kJ mol
2.30
40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3
−1
= −16.3 kJ mol 1

(c) (i) ∆H1

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

∆H2 ∆H3
+ 2HCl(aq) + 2HCl(aq)

CaCl2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g) 1

–1
(ii) ∆H1 = [(–16.3) – (–193.6)] kJ mol 1
–1
= +177.3 kJ mol 1

272
 Exam corner

Teacher’s feedback

2. (a) Well answered. An alternative answer is:

CaCO3(s) and CaO(s) are solids. It is difficult to measure the temperature of solids experimentally.
[1]
(b) (i) Well answered. To ensure that all CaCO3(s) has reacted, it is necessary to use excess dilute
HCl(aq).
(ii) Well answered. For part (I), common mistake: no heat loss will occur.
–1
(iii) Well answered. You should give your answer as –16.3 kJ mol . The negative sign indicates that
the reaction is exothermic.
(c) (i) Well answered. The answer of this two-mark question comprises the following two points:
• Fill in the box with formulae of the chemical species involved, the correct stoichiometric
coefficients and state symbols.
• Put in labels of ∆H2, ∆H3 and +2HCl(aq) alongside the arrows to complete the enthalpy
change cycle.
(ii) Well answered.
• By applying Hess’s Law,
∆H1 + ∆H3 = ∆H2
∆H1 = ∆H2 − ∆H3
• Your final answer should include a correct sign and unit.

273
 Part VIII C
 hemical Reactions
Building a better answer and Energy

All answers
Read the following questions and the answers of student A. Rewrite and improve the answers based on the
teacher’s feedback.

Question 1 Related to: section 34.4

Explain why the standard enthalpy change of neutralization between CH3COOH(aq) and NaOH(aq) is less negative
than that between HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq). (1 mark)

Student A’s answer

CH3COOH(aq) is a weak acid and HCl(aq) is a strong acid. Therefore, the neutralization between CH3COOH(aq)
and NaOH(aq) releases less heat.

Teacher’s feedback
The explanation is not precise enough. In neutralization reactions involving a weak acid or weak alkali, some energy
has to be supplied for a process. Therefore, less heat is released to the surroundings.

Question 2 Related to: section 35.1

Ethene is a gaseous hydrocarbon with molecular formula C2H4. Suggest why the enthalpy change of formation of
C2H4 CANNOT be determined directly from experiment. (1 mark)

Student A’s answer

The reaction gives other products.

Teacher’s feedback
Your answer should refer specifically to the formation of C2H4. Besides, the reaction gives C2H4, but C2H4 is not the
only product.

274
Answers to Chapter exercise C. Multiple-choice questions (p.41)
7. C
Chapter 28 8. D
9. A
A. Fill in the blanks (p.17)
10. B
1. electricity; chemical
Statement (3): NaCl(aq) allows ions, but not
2. Primary cells; secondary cells
electrons, to pass through it when the cell operates.
3. (a) heavy metals
Electrons move between the two electrodes
(b) carcinogenic
through the external circuit.
(c) corrosive
11. D
B. Multiple-choice questions (p.17) Magnesium is the negative electrode and copper is
4. A the positive electrode of this chemical cell. In the
2+
5. D left beaker, the formation of Mg (aq) ions creates
2–
6. D excess positive charge in the solution. SO4 (aq)
7. B ions from the salt bridge flow to this half cell to
8. B balance the positive charge. In the right beaker, the
2+
9. C consumption of Cu (aq) ions creates excess
+
10. C negative charge in the solution. Na (aq) ions from
11. C the salt bridge flow to this half cell to balance the
negative charge.
C. Structured question (p.18)
12. (a) 2.4 V 1 D. Structured questions (p.42)
(b) (i) Alkaline manganese cells are not 12. (a) From metal X to metal Y. This is because
rechargeable. 1 metal X can displace metal Y from
(ii) The maximum voltage of lithium ion cells YSO4(aq), suggesting that metal X loses
is 3.7 V, which is (much) higher than electrons more readily. 1
the operating voltage of the phone. 1 (b) (i) Negative electrode 1
2+ –
(c) Nickel metal hydride cells 1 (ii) Y (aq) + 2e Y(s) 1
(c) Metal X reacts directly with YSO4(aq) (i.e.
Chapter 29 displacement reaction occurs) and less
A. Fill in the blanks (p.40) electrons would be ‘pumped’ through the
1. metals; electrolyte external circuit. Hence, the voltage of the
2. voltage; losing cell drops rapidly soon. 1
3. higher OR
4. salt bridge When metal Y forms on the surface of metal
5. porous device X strip, the potential difference between the
two electrodes would decrease. Hence, the
B. Practice question (p.40) voltage of the cell drops rapidly soon. (1)
6. (a) Positive electrode: copper strip 13. (a) The sodium chloride solution provides a
Negative electrode: metal X strip medium that allows movement of ions to
Direction of electron flow in the external circuit: complete the circuit. 1
from metal X to copper (b) Copper is at a higher position than silver
(b) Positive electrode: metal Y strip in the E.C.S. and releases electrons. The
Negative electrode: copper strip electrons pass from the negative pole of
Direction of electron flow in the external circuit: digital multimeter to the positive pole.
from copper to metal Y Hence, a positive reading is recorded. 1
(c) Positive electrode: metal Y strip (c) The reading will drop to zero. 1
Negative electrode: metal X strip (d) The cell voltage will increase as iron is at a
Direction of electron flow in the external circuit: higher position than copper in the E.C.S.
from metal X to metal Y (or iron and silver are further apart in the
E.C.S. than copper and silver). 1
T1
 14. (a) (i) Copper container 1 (b) Cu(s) is at a lower position than H2(g) in the
(ii) Zinc strip 1 E.C.S.. The reducing power of Cu(s) is weaker
2+ 2+
(b) Zn(s) + Cu (aq) Zn (aq) + Cu(s) 1 than that of H2(g). Thus, the reaction between
+
(c) Any TWO of the following: Cu(s) and H (aq) is not feasible.
Zinc strip gradually dissolves, becomes (c) I2(aq) is at a higher position than Cl2(g) in the
smaller and thinner. 1 E.C.S.. The oxidizing power of I2(aq) is weaker
A (thin layer of) brown deposit forms on than that of Cl2(g). Thus, the reaction between
the inner wall of copper container. 1 I2(aq) and NaCl(aq) is not feasible.
The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate 11. (a) Copper metal dissolves to give a blue solution.
solution becomes paler gradually. (1) Brown fumes form (or a brown gas evolves).
– +
Cu(s) + 2NO3 (aq) + 4H (aq)
Chapter 30 2+
Cu (aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
A. Fill in the blanks (p.82) (b) The purple acidified potassium permanganate
1. (a) gains solution changes to yellowish brown.
2+ – +
(b) loses 5Fe (aq) + MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq)
3+ 2+
(c) oxidizes; losing 5Fe (aq) + Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l)
(d) reduces; gaining (c) The orange acidified potassium dichromate
2. (a) loses solution changes to green.
2– 2– +
(b) gains 3SO3 (aq) + Cr2O7 (aq) + 8H (aq)
2– 3+
3. (a) loses 3SO4 (aq) + 2Cr (aq) + 4H2O(l)
(b) gains
C. Multiple-choice questions (p.83)
4. loses; stronger; weaker
12. B
5. charge; ion
Option (A): O2 undergoes reduction as it gains
6. (a) increases
hydrogen.
(b) decreases
Option (C): NH3 is oxidized as it loses hydrogen.
7. disproportionation
Option (D): NH3 is the reducing agent and it
B. Practice questions (p.82) undergoes oxidation.
8. (a) +3 13. D
(b) –2 The oxidation number of chlorine in Cl2, HCl, NaOCl
(c) +1 and NaClO3 are 0, –1, +1 and +5 respectively.
(d) +3 14. C
–
(e) –1 Statement (1): IO3 (aq) is reduced as the oxidation
(f) +2 number of iodine decreases from +5 to 0.
(g) +3 15. C
9. (a) The reaction is a redox reaction because the Reaction (1): it is a redox reaction because the
oxidation number of nitrogen increases from oxidation number of silver decreases from +1 to 0
+2 to +4 and that of oxygen decreases from 0 and that of oxygen increases from –2 to 0.
to –2. Reaction (3): it is a redox reaction because the
(b) The reaction is not a redox reaction because oxidation number of nitrogen decreases from +5 to
the oxidation number of every element +3 and that of oxygen increases from –2 to 0.
remains unchanged in the reaction. 16. C
+
(c) The reaction is a redox reaction because the Ag (aq) is a common oxidizing agent. Refer to Table
oxidation number of oxygen increases from –2 30.5 on p.57–58 again.
to 0 and that of fluorine decreases from 0 to 17. B
–1. Both Cl2(aq) and Fe2(SO4)3(aq) are oxidizing
10. (a) Ni(s) is at a higher position than Cu(s) in the agents. They do not undergo redox reaction with
E.C.S.. The reducing power of Ni(s) is stronger acidified potassium permanganate solution, which
than that of Cu(s). Thus, the reaction between is also an oxidizing agent.
CuSO4(aq) and Ni(s) is feasible.

T2
Chapter 31 5. Electroplating
A. Fill in the blanks (p.104) 6. cathode; anode
1. (a) anode 7. alkalis; heavy metal
(b) cathode B. Multiple-choice questions (p.151)
2. anode; cathode 8. B
3. hydrogen; oxygen Statement (3): negative ions are oxidized at the
– –
4. (a) H2(g) + 2OH (aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e positive electrode, which is the anode of an
– –
(b) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq) electrolytic cell.
B. Multiple-choice questions (p.104) 9. A
+
5. D H (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form
–
As copper is a stronger reducing agent than silver, H2(g) at electrode X. The amount of OH (aq) ions
+
it loses electrons more readily than silver. increases at this electrode as H (aq) ions are
6. C consumed. Thus, the solution near this electrode
–
– +
At electrode P: MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq) + 5e
– becomes alkaline. Cl (aq) ions are preferentially
2+
Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l) discharged to form Cl2(g) at electrode Y. When
2–
At electrode Q: SO3 (aq) + H2O(l)
2–
SO4 (aq) + Cl2(g) dissolves in water, HOCl(aq) forms and it
+
2H (aq) + 2e
– bleaches the solution around this electrode.
2– –
SO3 (aq) ions are oxidized and MnO4 (aq) ions are 10. C
–
reduced. Cu(s) is a stronger reducing agent than OH (aq)
–
7. D and NO3 (aq). Thus, copper anode itself dissolves
2+ 2+
to form Cu (aq) ions. At the cathode, Cu (aq) ions
C. Structured question (p.105) are preferentially discharged to form Cu(s) because
2+ +
8. (a) (i) Iodine is produced at electrode X and Cu (aq) is at a lower position than H (aq) in the
then reacts with the starch solution to E.C.S..
give a product which is dark blue in 11. B
colour. 1
–
(ii) 2I (aq) I2(aq) + 2e
–
1 Electrolytic Cathodic
Anodic reaction
solution reaction
(iii) Potassium iodide solution undergoes
oxidation because the oxidation 10 M silver – + –
4OH (aq) Ag (aq) + e
number of iodine increases from –1 to nitrate –
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e Ag(s)
0. 1 solution
3+ – 2+
(b) (i) Fe (aq) + e Fe (aq) 1 10 M – + –
2Cl (aq) 2H (aq) + 2e
(ii) Iron(III) sulphate solution acts as an hydrochloric –
Cl2(g) + 2e H2(g)
oxidizing agent because the oxidation acid
number of iron decreases from +3 to 10 M sodium – + –
4OH (aq) 2H (aq) + 2e
+2. 1 hydroxide –
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e H2(g)
(iii) The solution gradually changes from solution
yellow to pale green. 1
12. D
(c) From electrode X to electrode Y 1
13. A

Chapter 32 C. Structured question (p.152)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.151) 14. (a) Pure water is a poor conductor of electricity.
1. Electrolysis; electrical; chemical When hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in
+
2. cathode; anode water, it ionizes to form mobile ions (H (aq)
–
3. electrons; ions and Cl (aq)) for conducting electricity. 1
4. (a) position (b) Oxygen gas is produced at electrode X and
(b) concentration hydrogen gas is produced at electrode Y. 2
(c) electrodes

T3
 (c) At electrode X: (b) (i) Energy absorbed during bond-breaking
– – –1
4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 1 = (413 × 4 + 463 × 2) kJ mol
+ – –1
At electrode Y: 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) 1 = 2578 kJ mol 1
(d) The equation for the overall reaction in this (ii) Energy released during bond-forming
–1
electrolysis is 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g). = (1072 + 436 × 3) kJ mol
–1
From the equation, the mole ratio of H2 to = 2380 kJ mol 1
O2 formed is 2 : 1. According to Avogadro’s (c) The energy released during bond-forming
Law, the theoretical volume ratio of H2 to O2 is smaller than that absorbed during
formed is 2 : 1. 1 bond-breaking. Hence, the reaction is
Hence, different volumes of gases are endothermic. 1
produced at the two electrodes. (d) Enthalpy change of the reaction
–1 –1
= (2578 – 2380) kJ mol = +198 kJ mol 1
Chapter 33 (e)
A. Fill in the blanks (p.190)
1. created; destroyed; remains constant
2. volume

Enthalpy
3. pressure
4. releases/gives out; smaller
5. absorbs/takes in; greater
6. greater

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.190) 2

7. A (1 mark for correct diagram; 1 mark for correct
Let the work done be x kJ. labelling)
–211 = –256 + x
x = 45 Chapter 34
8. C A. Fill in the blanks (p.223)
(1): there is no change in the total gas volume after 1. reaction
the reaction. 2. combustion
(3): no gaseous reactants or products are involved 3. neutralization; water
in the reaction. 4. calorimetric
9. A 5. formation
C. Structured questions (p.191) B. Multiple-choice questions (p.223)
10. (a) Potassium, water, potassium hydroxide and 6. D
hydrogen 1 7. C
(b) Water trough, the atmosphere over the 8. B
solution, water, etc. 1 The enthalpy change of this reaction
(Note: in this reaction, water is one of the (50.0 + 50.0) × 1.0 × 4.2 × [(23.1 + 273) – (21.2 + 273)]
reactants as well as the solvent.) 1000
=–
(c) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) 1 50.0
0.20 ×
(d) From chemical energy to thermal energy, –1 1000
= –79.8 kJ mol
light energy and sound energy 1
(Note: from the equation, mole ratio of Pb(NO3)2 to KI is
(e) The temperature rises. Heat is transferred
1 : 2. 0.01 mol of KI required only 0.005 mol of Pb(NO3)2
from the system to the surroundings. 1
for complete reaction. Hence, KI was the limiting
(f) The total enthalpy of the reactants is
reactant.)
greater than that of the products. 1
11. (a) Covalent bonds broken: 4C–H, 2O–H 1
Covalent bonds formed: C≡O, 3H–H 1

T4
9. A (d) Any TWO of the following:
Statement (2): as one of the reactants is added by • Hold the reaction mixture using an
portions, it is inappropriate to find the maximum expanded polystyrene cup instead of
temperature rise of the reacting solution by a glass beaker. 1
subtracting the initial temperature of sodium • Cover the container with a lid. 1
hydroxide solution from the highest temperature • Stir the reaction mixture thoroughly
recorded for the reacting solution. with a stirrer. (1)
Statement (3): the enthalpy change of neutralization 14. (a) This is for breaking the strong ionic bonds
3+ 2–
between HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) was being between the Al and O ions in Al2O3. 1
determined. (b) The ∆H f of Al2O3(s)
10. C 3351.4 –1 –1
=– kJ mol = –1675.7 kJ mol 1
2
C. Structured questions (p.224) 3
(c) 2Al(s) + O2(g) Al2O3(s)
11. (a) Propane 1 2 –1
∆H f = –1675.7 kJ mol 1
(b) It releases a large amount of heat during
combustion. 1
Chapter 35
(c) (i) Number of moles of ‘propagas’ required
3000 kJ A. Fill in the blanks (p.256)
= –1 = 1.352 mol 1
2219.2 kJ mol 1. Hess’s; independent
Mass of ‘propagas’ required
–1 B. Multiple-choice questions (p.256)
= 1.352 mol × (12.0 × 3 + 1.0 × 8) g mol
2. A
= 59.5 g 1 2x – 2y
∆H = =x–y
(ii) Heat produced 2
–1 3. A
= 14.5 mol × 2219.2 kJ mol
By applying Hess’s Law,
= 32 178.4 kJ 1 –1
∆H = [(+135.1) + (–241.8) – (–110.5) – (–45.9)] kJ mol
12. (a) Heat released –1
3 –3 –1 –1 = +49.7 kJ mol
= 400 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × [(70
4. B
+ 273) – (20 + 273)] K
= 84 000 J = 84 kJ 1 1 ∆H f [Na2O(s)]
2Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O(s)
Mass of propan-1-ol needed 2
84 kJ 1 1
= –1 × (12.0 × 3 + 1.0 × 8 +
+ O2(g) + O2(g)
2021.3 kJ mol 2 2
–1 –1 –1
16.0) g mol ∆H = –510.9 kJ mol ∆H = –96.7 kJ mol
Na2O2(s)
= 2.5 g 1
By applying Hess’s Law,
(b) A greater mass of propan-1-ol is needed –1
∆H f [Na2O(s)] = [(–510.9) – (–96.7)] kJ mol
because there will be heat loss to the –1
= –414.2 kJ mol
surroundings during combustion. 1
5. C
13. (a) Precipitation 1
∆H
(b) AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s)
NaNO3(aq) 1
OR ∆H f [CaO(s)] + ∆H c [H2(g)] ∆H f [Ca(OH)2(s)]
+ –
Ag (aq) + Cl (aq) AgCl(s) (1)
(c) Standard enthalpy change for the reaction Ca(s) + O2(g) + H2(g)
3 –3 –1 –1
150 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × 1.3 K 6. A
=– 1 2NO2(g) N2(g) + 2O2(g) ∆H = –66.4 kJ mol
–1
–3 50 3
1.0 mol dm × dm N2(g) + 2O2(g) N2O4(g) ∆H = +5.6 × 2 kJ mol
–1

–1
1000
–1
= –16 380 J mol +) = +11.2 kJ mol
–1
= –16.4 kJ mol 1 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
–1
∆H = [(–66.4) + (+11.2)] kJ mol
–1
= –55.2 kJ mol

T5
 C. Structured questions (p.257) 7
(b) CH3CH2COOH(l) + O2(g)
7. ∆H = [4 × (–92.3) – (–657.0)] kJ mol
–1
1 2
= +287.8 kJ mol
–1
1 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
–1
8. ∆H c [CH3CH2COOH(l)] = –1527.2 kJ mol 1
∆H
N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) N2(g) + 4H2O(g) (c)
∆H
CH3CH2COOH(l) + H2(g) CH3CH2CHO(l) + H2O(l)
∆H f [N2H4(g)]
+ 2 × ∆H f [H2O2(g)] 4 × ∆H f [H2O(g)]
∆H c [CH3CH2COOH(l)] + 4O2(g) + 4O2(g)
∆H c [CH3CH2CHO(l)]
N2(g) + 4H2(g) + 2O2(g) 2 + ∆H c [H2(g)]
(Two marks for any TWO the following: 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) 1
• drawing arrows pointing in the correct By applying Hess’s Law,
direction ∆H = [(–1527.2) + (–285.8) – (–1822.7)] kJ mol
–1

• writing correct enthalpy changes alongside = +9.7 kJ mol

–1
1
the arrows 12. H2S(g) + 2O2(g) H2SO4(l)
• giving correct formulae of the chemical ∆H = –793.4 kJ mol
–1

species involved, the stoichiometric H2O(g) H2O(l) ∆H = –44.0 kJ mol

–1

coefficients and the state symbols) H2SO4(l) SO3(g) + H2O(g)

∆H = 4 × ∆H f [H2O(g)] – ∆H f [N2H4(g)] – 2 × ∆H = +176.5 kJ mol
–1

∆H f [H2O2(g)] Add the above thermochemical equations

= [4 × (–241.8) – (+95.4) – 2 × together and cancel the same species on the
–1
(–136.3)] kJ mol 1 two sides of the equation.
–1
= –790 kJ mol 1 H2S(g) + 2O2(g) H2SO4(l) ∆H = –793.4 kJ mol
–1
–1
9. (a) ∆H f [H2O(g)] = [(–285.8) + (+44.0)] kJ mol H2O(g) H2O(l) ∆H = –44.0 kJ mol
–1
–1
= –241.8 kJ mol 1 +) H2SO4(l) SO3(g) + H2O(g) ∆H = +176.5 kJ mol
–1

3351.4 –1
(b) ∆H f [Al2O3(s)] = – kJ mol H2S(g) + 2O2(g) SO3(g) + H2O(l)
2
= –1675.7 kJ mol
–1
1 By applying Hess’s Law,
–1
(c) By applying Hess’s Law, ∆H = [(–793.4) + (–44.0) + (+176.5)] kJ mol 1
–1
1 = –660.9 kJ mol 1
–1015 = 3 × ∆H f [H2O(g)] + × ∆H f [Al2O3(s)]
2
3
– × ∆H f [NH4NO3(s)]
2
1 Answers to Exam practice
–1015 = 3 × (–241.8) + × (–1675.7)
2
3 Chapter 28
– × ∆H f [NH4NO3(s)] 1
2
–1 A. Multiple-choice questions (p.19)
∆H f [NH4NO3(s)] = –365.5 kJ mol 1
1. B
10. (a) The energy released during bond-forming
2. A
is smaller than that absorbed during
Statement (2): potassium hydroxide (electrolyte of
bond-breaking. 1
nickel metal hydride cells) is corrosive while
(b) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
–1 ammonium chloride (electrolyte of zinc-carbon
∆H = +178 kJ mol 1
cells) is mildly acidic with a pH between 4.5 and 6.
(c) By applying Hess’s Law,
Statement (3): nickel(II) hydroxide (positive
+178 = ∆H f [CaO(s)] + ∆H f [CO2(g)]
electrode of nickel metal hydride cells) contains
– ∆H f [CaCO3(s)]
nickel, which is a heavy metal.
+178 = (–635) + (–394) – ∆H f [CaCO3(s)]
3. B
∆H f [CaCO3(s)] = [(–635) + (–394)
–1 Lithium ion cells (3.7 V) are suitable for use in high-
– (+178)] kJ mol 1
–1 drained portable electronic devices such as mobile
= –1207 kJ mol 1
phones, digital cameras, notebook computers,
11. (a) CH3CH2CHO(l) + 4O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
–1 tablet computers, etc.
∆H c [CH3CH2CHO(l)] = –1822.7 kJ mol 1

T6
B. Structured questions (p.19) (c) Nickel-cadmium cells contain two heavy
4. (a) Silver oxide cells 1 metals, namely nickel and cadmium. Both
This is because they are small in size and of them are toxic to animals and plants. 1
lightweight. 1 (d) Lithium ion cells 1
(b) Lithium ion cells 1
This is because they provide a high and Chapter 29
steady voltage to power tablet computers. A. Multiple-choice questions (p.43)
Besides, they have a high energy density 1. D
and can be recharged many times after X is the positive electrode of the chemical cell.
use. 1 Hydrogen ions are discharged on this electrode to
(c) Lead-acid accumulators 1 give H2.
This is because they provide a very large 2. C
current and a very high voltage (or provide A positive voltage is recorded in both chemical
electricity at a relatively low cost) to power cells, suggesting that P is the negative electrode of
wheelchairs. Besides, they can be these cells and it has a higher tendency to lose
recharged many times after use. 1 electrons in aqueous solutions compared to Q and
(d) Zinc-carbon cells 1 R. The chemical cell formed by the P/Q couple
This is because they are of low cost and it gives a higher voltage than that formed by the P/R
is economical to use them in low-drained couple, suggesting that Q has a lower tendency to
electrical devices such as remote controls. 1 lose electrons in aqueous solutions compared to R.
5. (a) Zinc-carbon cells 3. B
This is because they are of low cost. 1 The overall reaction taking place in this cell is Zn(s)
Alarm clocks often require only a small +
+ 2Ag (aq)
2+
Zn (aq) + 2Ag(s). Precipitate of
current to operate. 1 silver chloride forms when silver ions (from silver
(b) Alkaline manganese cells nitrate solution) react with chloride ions (from
This is because they provide a steady sodium chloride solution).
voltage to power flashlights. 1 4. B
Besides, they have a wide operating Electrons flow from P to Q through the external
temperature range. 1 circuit, suggesting that P is the negative electrode
(c) For zinc-carbon cells, each dollar can run of this cell. The overall reaction taking place in this
65 minute + +
the motorized toy robot for cell is P(s) + Q (aq) P (aq) + Q(s). The voltmeter
2.5 × 2
= 13 minute 1 gives a positive reading only when its negative
For alkaline manganese cells, each dollar terminal is connected to the negative electrode of
can run the motorized toy robot for the cell (i.e. P).
170 minute
= 15.5 minute 1 B. Structured questions (p.44)
5.5 × 2
Although nickel metal hydride cells are 5. (a) It acts as an electrolyte of this cell. 1
2+ –
rechargeable, the total price for the cells (b) (i) Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e 1
+ –
and the battery charger for running the (ii) 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) 1
motorized toy robot is $100 + 20.0 × 2 = (c) (i) The voltage of this cell is positive,
$140, which is rather high. Besides, nickel indicating that electrons flow from strip
metal hydride cells have a relatively short of V to copper strip through the external
shelf life compared to alkaline manganese circuit. Hence, copper strip gains
cells. 1 electrons when the cell operates. 1
Thus, alkaline manganese cells are more (ii) The voltmeter reading increases (or is
economical to buy. greater than +0.92 V) because the
6. (a) Nickel 1 difference in tendency of losing
(b) Nickel(II) hydroxide 1 electrons between V and silver is
This is because this substance is greater than that between V and
carcinogenic. 1 copper. 1

T7
 The greater the difference in tendency 8. B (85%)
of losing electrons between two metals, AgNO3(aq) decomposes in the presence of
the higher is the cell voltage. light. The equation for the reaction involved is
6. (a) Electrons flow from magnesium to iron 2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g).
because magnesium is at a higher position 9. C
than iron in the E.C.S.. It loses electrons Reaction (1): the oxidation number of oxygen in
more readily than iron. 1 H2O2, H2O and O2 are –1, –2 and 0 respectively.
(b) Iron electrode is the positive electrode Reaction (3): the oxidation number of chlorine in
because it gains electrons. 1 Cl2, CaCl2 and Ca(OCl)2 are 0, –1 and +1
2+ –
(c) Mg(s) Mg (aq) + 2e 1 respectively.
(d) Interchange copper electrode and iron 10. B (70%)
electrode in Strawberry I. 1 The balanced equation for this redox reaction is
– – +
(e) The voltmeter reading drops to zero. 1 2I (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 4H (aq) I2(aq) + 2NO2(g)
+ 2H2O(l).
Chapter 30
B. Structured questions (p.86)
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.85)
11. (a) Hydrogen/H2 1
1. C
(b) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 1
The oxidation number of nitrogen in NO2, N2O, NO,
OR
HNO3 and HNO2 are +4, +1, +2, +5 and +3 + 2+
Zn(s) + 2H (aq) Zn (aq) + H2(g) (1)
respectively.
(c) (i) The copper(II) oxide changes from
2. A (70%)
black to reddish brown. 1
C4H10 undergoes oxidation as it gains oxygen (or
(ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(l) 1
loses hydrogen) in the reaction.
It involves a redox reaction. 1
3. D
(d) Any one of the following:
Option (A): the oxidation number of sulphur
This saves chemicals. 1
decreases from +6 to +4.
This saves time on carrying out the
Option (B): the oxidation number of sulphur does
experiment. (1)
not change.
This minimizes the potential hazards of the
Option (C): the oxidation number of sulphur
experiment. (1)
decreases from +6 to –2.
This reduces chemical wastes produced. (1)
Option (D): the oxidation number of sulphur
12. HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q8
increases from –2 to 0. 2+ 3+
13. (a) The Fe (aq) ions are oxidized to Fe (aq)
4. C (51%)
ions by HClO3(aq) in the presence of acid.
CO2(g) has no reaction with acidified KMnO4(aq), 3+
Fe (aq) is yellowish brown in colour. 1
whereas it acts as an oxidizing agent in some
(b) Chlorine/Cl2 1
reactions, e.g., 2Mg(s) + CO2(g) 2MgO(s) + – + –
(c) 2ClO3 (aq) + 12H (aq) + 10e
C(s).
Cl2(g) + 6H2O(l) 1
5. C – + 2+
(d) 2ClO3 (aq) + 12H (aq) + 10Fe (aq)
The balanced equation for this redox reaction is 3+
– – – Cl2(g) + 6H2O(l) + 10Fe (aq) 1
3I (aq) + 2MnO4 (aq) + H2O(l) 3IO (aq) + – – +
– 14. (a) (i) 2MnO4 (aq) + 10Cl (aq) + 16H (aq)
2MnO2(s) + 2OH (aq). 2+
2Mn (aq) + 5Cl2(g) + 8H2O(l) 1
6. D
(ii) Acidified KMnO4(aq) is the oxidizing
The balanced equation for this redox reaction is
2+ – + 3+ agent because the oxidation number of
5Fe (aq) + MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq) 5Fe (aq) +
2+ manganese decreases from +7 to +2. 1
Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l).
Concentrated hydrochloric acid is the
7. D
reducing agent because the oxidation
The balanced equation for this redox reaction is
– + + number of chlorine increases from –1
3Ag(s) + NO3 (aq) + 4H (aq) 3Ag (aq) + NO(g)
to 0. 1
+ 2H2O(l).

T8
 2–
(b) (i) The drop of KI(aq) changes from SO3 (aq) + Br2(aq) + H2O(l)
2– – +
colourless to brown. 1 SO4 (aq) + 2Br (aq) + 2H (aq) 1
– –
(ii) Cl2(g) + 2I (aq) 2Cl (aq) + I2(aq) 1 (ii) The limewater turns milky. 1
(c) (i) The drop of FeSO4(aq) changes from CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
pale green to yellowish brown. 1 CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) 1
(ii) The reaction is a redox reaction (d) The purple acidified potassium
because the oxidation number of iron permanganate solution is decolourized. 1
2– – +
increases from +2 to +3 and that of 5SO3 (aq) + 2MnO4 (aq) + 6H (aq)
2– 2+
chlorine decreases from 0 to –1. 1 5SO4 (aq) + 2Mn (aq) + 3H2O(l) 1
3+
15. (a) Cr (aq) would react with zinc metal
because Zn(s) is at a higher position than Chapter 31
Cr(s) in the E.C.S.. (or because Zn(s) is a A. Multiple-choice questions (p.106)
stronger reducing agent than Cr(s)). 1 1. B
3+ 2+
3Zn(s) + 2Cr (aq) 3Zn (aq) + 2Cr(s) 1 The green colour of nickel(II) sulphite solution
2+
(b) Mn (aq) is the weakest oxidizing agent gradually fades out. This suggests that Ni (aq)
2+

because it is at a higher position than ions are discharged at the nickel electrode.
2+ 3+
Zn (aq) and Cr (aq) in the E.C.S.. 1 2+
At nickel electrode: Ni (aq) + 2e
–
Ni(s)
2+
Mn (aq) has the lowest tendency to lose At chromium electrode: Cr(s)
3+
Cr (aq) + 3e
–

electrons. 1 2. A (79%)
(c) Manganese-manganese(II) ion half cell and 3. D
chromium-chromium(III) ion half cell 1 2+
At electrode Y: Cu (aq) + 2e
–
Cu(s). Thus,
16. Add aqueous chlorine to potassium bromide electrolyte Z is copper(II) sulphate solution.
solution and potassium iodide solution At electrode X: Fe(s)
2+ –
Fe (aq) + 2e . For this
respectively. 1 cell to operate, the anodic reaction cannot be
Both solutions of potassium bromide and 2+
Fe (aq)
3+ – 2+
Fe (aq) + e . This is because Fe (aq)
potassium iodide change from colourless to is a weaker reducing agent than Cu(s). It cannot
brown. This suggests that chorine has a 2+
reduce Cu (aq) to Cu(s). Therefore, X is iron and Y
stronger oxidizing power than bromine and is carbon.
iodine. 1 4. D (43%)
Add aqueous bromine to potassium chloride X is oxygen and Y is hydrogen. The equation for
solution and potassium iodide solution the change at electrode B is: H2(g) + 2OH (aq)
–

respectively. 1 2H2O(l) + 2e
–

The colourless potassium iodide solution turns

brown while there is no observable change for B. Structured questions (p.107)
potassium chloride solution. This suggests that 5. (a) Electrons flow from electrode X to
the oxidizing power of bromine is stronger than electrode Y because sodium atoms lose
that of iodine but is weaker than that of chlorine. 1 electrons and nickel(II) ions accept
Add aqueous iodine to potassium chloride electrons when the cell operates. 1
+ –
solution and potassium bromide solution (b) At electrode X: Na(l) Na (aq) + e 1
2+ –
respectively. There is no observable change in At electrode Y: Ni (l) + 2e Ni(l) 1
both the solutions of potassium chloride and (c) This is to keep both the sodium and the
potassium bromide. This further suggests that electrolyte in the molten state. 1
iodine has the weakest oxidizing power. 1 (d) No exhaust gas is emitted. 1
Communication mark 1 6. HKDSE 2019 Paper 1B Q7
17. (a) C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 7. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q6
CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 1 8. (a) X is the cathode and Y is the anode. 1
(b) Oxidizing property 1 (b) Unreacted oxygen 1
– –
(c) (i) The brown bromine water turns (c) (i) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq) 1
– –
colourless. 1 (ii) H2(g) + 2OH (aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e 1

T9
 +
(d) They have high energy conversion (d) (i) Hydrogen gas will be produced. H (aq)
efficiency. 1 ions are preferentially discharged to
+
They can operate continuously when there form H2(g) because H (aq) is at a lower
2+
is a continuous supply of H2 and O2. 1 position than Mg (aq) in the E.C.S.. 1
–
(e) Disagree. Currently, hydrogen gas used in (ii) Oxygen gas will be produced. OH (aq)
hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells is mainly ions are preferentially discharged to
–
produced by heating fossil fuels/coal/ form O2(g) because OH (aq) is at a
–
natural gas with steam. Carbon dioxide is higher position than Cl (aq) in the
emitted during the process. 1 E.C.S.. 1
6. (a) (i) Region 1 around electrode X turns
Chapter 32 blue. 1
–
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.153) The amount of OH (aq) increases at
+
1. D this electrode as the H (aq) ions are
At electrode X: 4OH (aq)
–
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
– consumed. Litmus solution turns blue
2+
At electrode Y: Cu (aq) + 2e
–
Cu(s) under alkaline conditions. 1
The blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution (ii) Region 2 around electrode Y turns
fades gradually because the concentration of brown. 1
–
2+
Cu (aq) ions decreases during electrolysis. I (aq) ions are preferentially
2. B discharged to form I2(aq), which
(1): it is actually the electrolysis of water. The nitric dissolves in NaI(aq) to form brown
–
acid thus becomes more and more concentrated. I3 (aq). 1
+ –
(2): as the electrolysis goes on, both the amounts (b) 2H (aq) + 2I (aq) H2(g) + I2(aq) 1
– +
of Cl (aq) ions and H (aq) ions decrease. The (c) No. This is because copper cannot accept
hydrochloric acid thus becomes more and more electrons at the negative electrode to form
dilute. negative ions. 1
(3): it is actually the electrolysis of water. The OR
neutral potassium sulphate solution thus becomes Yes. This is because copper and carbon
more and more concentrated. have different electrical conductivities.
3. A (69%) Region 1 around electrode X will turn blue
–
OH (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form more quickly. (1)
–
O2(g) at electrode A (anode) because OH (aq) is at 7. (a) (i) At electrode P: hydrogen gas 1
–
a higher position than Cl (aq) in the E.C.S.. At electrode Q: chlorine gas 1
4. B (50%) (ii) At electrode P:
+ –
Rod II is the cathode of the left electrolytic cell. 2H (aq) + 2e (aq) H2(g) 1
2+
Cu (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form At electrode Q:
– –
2+
Cu(s) at this electrode because Cu (aq) is at a 2Cl (aq) Cl2(g) + 2e 1
+
lower position than H (aq) in the E.C.S.. (b) The solution around electrode P turns blue. 1
Rod IV is the cathode of the right electrolytic cell. The solution around electrode Q turns red
2+
However, as Mg (aq) is a weaker oxidizing agent and then colourless very quickly. 1
+ +
than H (aq), H (aq) ions are preferentially (c) (i) Electrode X is the cathode and
discharged to form H2(g) at this electrode. electrode Y is the anode. 1
(ii) Colourless gas bubbles evolve at
B. Structured questions (p.154) electrode X. 1
5. (a) (i) Negative terminal 1 Electrode Y dissolves/becomes thinner. 1
(ii) Positive terminal 1 (d) (i) Colourless gas bubbles evolve at both
(b) (i) A silvery liquid forms. 1 platinum electrodes X and Y. 2
2+ –
Mg (l) + 2e Mg(l) 1 (ii) As electrolysis goes on, water is
(ii) A yellowish green gas evolves. 1 decomposed. The concentration of
– –
2Cl (l) Cl2(g) + 2e 1 ZnSO4(aq) thus increases. 1
(c) The electrolysis should be carried out in a
fume cupboard. 1
T10
 – 2+ –
8. (a) (i) OH (aq) ions are preferentially (d) (i) Ni(s) Ni (aq) + 2e 1
2+ –
discharged and oxidized to form O2(g) (ii) Ni (aq) + 2e Ni(s) 1
2+
at electrode X. Hence, this electrode is (e) No. For every Ni (aq) ion discharged at
2+
the anode. 1 the cathode, one Ni (aq) ion forms at the
(ii) At electrode X: anode during electroplating. The
– –
4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 1 concentration of nickel(II) sulphate solution
At electrode Y: does not change. 1
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) 1 (f) Add iron powder to the wastewater
(b) (i) Electrode P is the anode. 1 containing nickel(II) ions, nickel can be
(ii) At electrode P: displaced out from the wastewater, and it
2+ –
Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e 1 can be collected and reused. 1
At electrode Q: OR
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) 1 Add sodium hydroxide solution to the
(iii) Electrode P dissolves/becomes thinner. 1 wastewater containing nickel(II) ions to
Reddish brown solid deposits on the precipitate out nickel(II) hydroxide. The
surface of electrode Q. 1 precipitate is then filtered off before
(c) Electrode X is an inert electrode. It does not discharge. (1)
–
take part the cell reaction. Since OH (aq) is
a stronger reducing agent than SO4 (aq),
2–
Chapter 33
–
OH (aq) ions are preferentially discharged A. Multiple-choice questions (p.192)
to form O2(g). 1 1. D
Electrode P is not an inert electrode. Since 2. B
Cu(s) is a stronger reducing agent than 3. C
– 2–
OH (aq) and SO4 (aq), Cu(s) is Sublimation is an endothermic process in which
2+
preferentially discharged to form Cu (aq). 1 energy is absorbed to separate the constituent
2+
(d) In Cell 1, as the concentration of Cu (aq) particles.
ions decreases, the blue colour of the 4. C (72%)
electrolytic solution fades gradually. 1 5. C
OR The reaction also involves bond-breaking processes.
2+ –
In Cell 1, as Cu (aq) and OH (aq) ions
+
are consumed and H (aq) and SO4 (aq)
2– B. Structured questions (p.193)
ions remain, the electrolytic solution 6. (a) The reaction in set-up P is carried out at a
eventually changes to acidic (with H2SO4). (1) constant volume while the reaction in set-up
2+
In Cell 2, as the Cu (aq) ions discharged Q is carried out at a constant pressure. 1
2+
at the cathode and the Cu (aq) ions formed In set-up Q, the hydrogen gas produced
at the anode are equal in amounts. The from the reaction has to push back the air
concentration of copper(II) sulphate in the atmosphere. Work is done against
solution does not change. Hence, there is the atmospheric pressure and this
no observable change in the electrolytic consumes energy. As a result, less heat is
solution. 1 given out in the reaction in set-up Q
9. HKDSE 2017 Paper 1B Q4 compared to the reaction in set-up P. 1
10. (a) Plastic is a poor conductor of electricity. (b) The reaction in set-up Q and that in set-up
Spraying the plastic handle with graphite R are carried out at constant pressure and
powder can increase its electrical the volumes of the reaction mixtures in the
conductivity. 1 two set-ups are almost the same. 1
(b) Nickel 1 However, the numbers of moles of Mg and
(c) Electrolyte is a compound that conducts dilute H2SO4 reacting in set-up Q are
electricity when melted or dissolved in greater than that in set-up R. Hence, more
water. 1 heat is produced in the reaction in set-up Q
compared to the reaction in set-up R. 1

T11
 –
7. (a) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 1 and that between NO3 ions and water
(b) From light energy to chemical energy 1 molecules. 1
(c) The total enthalpy of the reactants is Therefore, heat is taken in from the
smaller than that of the products. 1 surroundings and the dissolution is
(d) endothermic. 1

Chapter 34
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.226)
Enthalpy

1. C
2. C (50%)
3. A
4. B
From sets 1 and 2, alkali X is stronger than alkali Y.
1
From sets 2 and 3, acid B is stronger than acid A.
8. (a) Calcium oxide 1
From sets 3 and 4, alkali Z is stronger than alkali Y.
(b) CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s) 1
Alkali X reacts with a weaker acid A but yet has a
(c) Aluminium is a good conductor of heat. 1
larger ∆H n than that of the reaction between alkali
(d) It is cheap and non-toxic. 1
Z and a stronger acid B. Hence, alkali X is stronger
9. (a) Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) 1
than alkali Z.
(b) The oxidation number of aluminium
5. A (45%)
increases from 0 to +3 and that of iron
6. A (66%)
decreases from +3 to 0. 1
(c) The reactants have a greater total enthalpy B. Structured questions (p.227)
because heat is given out to the 7. (a) Any TWO of the following:
surroundings in this reaction. 1 • Same volume of water in the metal can 1
(d) No. This is because copper is a weaker • Same distance between the metal can
reducing agent than iron. 1 and the spirit burner 1
OR • Same stirring speed of water (1)
No. This is because copper loses electrons • Same type of metal can/stirrer/
less readily than iron. (1) thermometer/spirit burner/electronic
(e) This reaction can be used for welding balance used (1)
railway tracks. 1 • Same temperature rise of water (when
10. (a) It is an endothermic process. 1 the number of moles of fuel burnt was
a dependent variable) (1)
• Same number of moles of fuel burnt
(when the temperature rise of water
was a dependent variable) (1)
Enthalpy

(b) Any one of the following:

• Some fuels were lost by evaporation or
vaporization when heated. 1
• The gaseous product formed in the
reaction escaped from the reaction
1 mixture in the spirit burner during
(b) The energy absorbed for breaking the ionic burning. (1)
bonds in NH4NO3(s) and overcoming the (c) (i) Energy released
intermolecular forces between water –1 –1
= 250.0 g × 4.2 J g K × [(53.0 + 273)
molecules is greater than the energy – (28.5 + 273)] K
released from the formation of attraction = 25 725 J
+
between NH4 ions and water molecules, = 25.7 kJ 1

T12
 (ii) The enthalpy change of combustion Chapter 35
for this fuel A. Multiple-choice questions (p.259)
25.7 kJ –1
=– = –456.9 kJ mol 1 1. B
(62.8 – 61.0) g
–1 The equation for the complete combustion of
32.0 g mol
hexane is:
8. HKDSE 2018 Paper 1B Q6b
19
9. (a) The enthalpy change of neutralization C6H14(l) + O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 7H2O(l)
2
between H3PO4(aq) and NaOH(aq) –4163.2 = 6 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] + 7 × ∆H f [H2O(l)]
–1
150.3 kJ mol –1
– ∆H f [C6H14(l)]
=– = –50.1 kJ mol 1
3
–4163.2 = 6 × (–393.5) + 7 × (–285.8) – ∆H f [C6H14(l)]
(b) The enthalpy change of neutralization for –1
∆H f [C6H14(l)] = –198.4 kJ mol
Reaction 2 is smaller than that for Reaction
2. B
1. This is because some energy has to be
∆H c [Al2S3(s)]
supplied for the complete ionization of
2 × (–1675.7) + 6 × (–296.8) – 2 × (–723.8) –1
H3PO4(aq), which is a weak acid. 1 = kJ mol
2
10. (a) = –1842.3 kJ mol
–1

3. C
1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)
2
221.0 –1 –1
∆H 1 = – kJ mol = –110.5 kJ mol
Temperature / °C

2
1
N2O(g) N2(g) + O2(g)
2
163.2 –1 –1
∆H 2 = + kJ mol = +81.6 kJ mol
2
Add the above thermochemical equations together
and cancel the same species on the two sides of
the equation.
1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)
2 –1
3 ∆H 1 = –110.5 kJ mol
Volume of HCl(aq) added / cm 1 –1
+) N2O(g) N2(g) + O2(g) ∆H 2 = +81.6 kJ mol
From the graph, the maximum temperature 2
C(graphite) + N2O(g) CO(g) + N2(g)
rise was (34.6 – 25.4)°C = 9.2°C. 1
By applying Hess’s Law,
(b) Volume of HCl(aq) required to reach the –1
3 ∆H = [(–110.5) + (+81.6)] kJ mol
titration end point is 18.0 cm . –1
= –28.9 kJ mol
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
4. A (71%)
Number of moles of NaOH –1
20.0 ∆H = [(–3268) + 3 × (–286) – (–3920)] kJ mol
= 1.50 × mol = 0.0300 mol = –206 kJ mol
–1
1000
Molarity of HCl(aq)
0.0300 B. Structured questions (p.259)
–3
= mol dm 1 5. 2CO2(g) 2C(graphite) + 2O2(g)
18.0 –1
1000 ∆H = +393.5 × 2 kJ mol
–3 –1
= 1.67 mol dm 1 = +787.0 kJ mol
(c) At the titration end point, volume of the 2SrCO3(s) 2SrO(s) + 2CO2(g)
–1
resultant solution ∆H = +234.6 × 2 kJ mol
3 3 –1
= (20.0 + 18.0) cm = 38.0 cm 1 = +469.2 kJ mol
The enthalpy change of neutralization for 2SrO(s) 2Sr(s) + O2(g)
–1
this reaction ∆H = +1184.0 kJ mol
3 –3 –1 –1
38.0 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × 9.2 K Add the above thermochemical equations
=– 1
0.0300 mol together and cancel the same species on the
–1
= –48 944 J mol two sides of the equation.
–1
= –48.9 kJ mol 1
T13
 2CO2(g) 2C(graphite) + 2O2(g) ∴ heat released when one mole of
–1
∆H = +787.0 kJ mol calcium reacted completely with
2SrCO3(s) 2SrO(s) + 2CO2(g) dilute hydrochloric acid
–1
∆H = +469.2 kJ mol 10 458
–1
+) 2SrO(s) 2Sr(s) + O2(g) ∆H = +1184.0 kJ mol 1000
= kJ 1
2SrCO3(s) 2Sr(s) + 2C(graphite) + 3O2(g) 0.0257
By applying Hess’s Law, = 406.9 kJ 1
∆H = [(+787.0) + (+469.2) + (+1184.0)] kJ mol 1
–1 (ii) CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
= +2440.2 kJ mol
–1
1 Number of moles of CaO
3 1.04
6. 3NO2(g) 3NO(g) + O2(g) = mol = 0.0185 mol
2 40.1 + 16.0
3 –1 From the equation, mole ratio of CaO
∆H = +114.2 × kJ mol
2 to HCl = 1 : 2. 0.30 mol of HCl required
–1
= +171.3 kJ mol 0.15 mol of CaO for complete reaction.
5 However, there was only 0.0185 mol of
N2(g) + O2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq)
2
830.2 –1
CaO available. Hence, CaO is the
∆H = – kJ mol limiting reactant.
2
–1
= –415.1 kJ mol Heat released
–1 3 –3 –1 –1
2NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g) ∆H = –182.6 kJ mol = 150 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K ×
Add the above thermochemical equations [(30.0 + 273) – (25.6 + 273)] K
together and cancel the same species on the = 2772 J
two sides of the equation. ∴ heat released when one mole of
3 calcium oxide reacted completely
3NO2(g) 3NO(g) + O2(g)
2 with dilute hydrochloric acid
–1
∆H = +171.3 kJ mol
5 2772
N2(g) + O2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) 1000
2 –1
= kJ 1
∆H = –415.1 kJ mol 0.0185
–1
+) 2NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g) ∆H = –182.6 kJ mol = 149.8 kJ 1
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) (b) First approach:
By applying Hess’s Law, 1
–1 Ca(s) + O2(g) CaO(s) ∆Hf = ?
∆H = [(+171.3) + (–415.1) + (–182.6)] kJ mol 1 2
–1
= –426.4 kJ mol 1 1 ∆Hf
Ca(s) + O (g) CaO(s)
7. (a) (i) Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) 2 2
Number of moles of Ca –406.9 kJ mol
–1 –1
–149.8 kJ mol
1.03 + 2HCl(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
= mol = 0.0257 mol
40.1
Number of moles of HCl 1
CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) + O (g) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
150 2 2 –285.8 kJ mol
–1

= 2.0 × mol = 0.30 mol

1000 By applying Hess’s Law,
From the equation, mole ratio of Ca to –1
∆Hf = [(–406.9) + (–285.8) – (–149.8)] kJ mol 1
HCl = 1 : 2. 0.30 mol of HCl required = –542.9 kJ mol
–1
1
0.15 mol of Ca for complete reaction. Second approach:
However, there was only 0.0257 mol of Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Ca available. Hence, Ca is the limiting ∆H = –406.9 kJ mol
–1

reactant. CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

Heat released ∆H = –149.8 kJ mol
–1
3 –3 –1 –1
= 150 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × 1
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)
[(42.1 + 273) – (25.5 + 273)] K 2 –1
∆H = –285.8 kJ mol
= 10 458 J
Reverse the second equation and we get:
CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq)
–1
∆H = +149.8 kJ mol

T14
 Add the above thermochemical equations 11. D (40%)
2+ –
together and cancel the same species on At copper electrode X: Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e
2+ –
the two sides of the equation. At copper electrode Y: Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s)
Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) 12. D
–1
∆H = –406.9 kJ mol 13. B (24%)
CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) In order to slow down the corrosion of an iron-
–1
∆H = +149.8 kJ mol made object, the object should be made as the
1 –1 cathode of a chemical cell, namely cathodic
+) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) ∆H = –285.8 kJ mol
2 protection.
1 14. B
Ca(s) + O2(g) CaO(s)
2 15. A
By applying Hess’s Law,
16. B
∆Hf [CaO(s)] = [(–406.9) + (+149.8) +
–1 17. A (62%)
(–285.8)] kJ mol 1
–1
= –542.9 kJ mol 1 Electrolytic cell 1 Electrolytic cell 2
–
Anodic 4OH (aq) Cu(s)
– 2+ –
reaction O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e Cu (aq) + 2e
Answers to Part exercise Cathodic
2+
Cu (aq) + 2e
– 2+
Cu (aq) + 2e
–

reaction Cu(s) Cu(s)

Chapter 32
18. C
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.157) +
At the cathode in Cell 1: Ag (aq) + e
–
Ag(s)
1. D At the anode in Cell 2:
+
H (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form –
4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
–
+
H2(g) at the lead electrode because H (aq) is a Number of moles of electrons required to produce
2+
stronger oxidizing agent than Pb (aq). 1.08 g
1.08 g of Ag(s) = –1
2. A 107.9 g mol
3. B Number of moles of O2 produced
4. B (64%) 1.08 g 1
= –1 ×
107.9 g mol 4
5. C
19. C
6. C
2+ During electrolysis, positive ions in the electrolyte
Option (C): Pb (aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent
2+ move towards the cathode.
than Co (aq).
7. D B. Structured questions (p.160)
The equation for the redox reaction is Cl2(aq) + 20. (a) Air/atmosphere 1
– –
2I (aq) 2Cl (aq) + I2(aq). Chlorine water is (b) From chemical energy to electrical energy 1
– –
reduced in the reaction because the oxidation (c) (i) H2(g) + 2OH (aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e 1
– –
number of chlorine decreases from 0 to –1. (ii) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq) 1
8. B (74%) (d) Hydrogen is flammable. It may lead to
2– – +
5C2O4 (aq) + 2MnO4 (aq) + 16H (aq) explosion. 1
2+
10CO2(g) + 2Mn (aq) + 8H2O(l) (e) The electrolyte inside hydrogen-oxygen
Minimum volume of 0.010 M acidified KMnO4(aq) fuel cells freezes below 0°C. Then no ions
required would be allowed to move between the two
–3 15.00 3 2
0.020 mol dm × dm × electrodes. 1
1000 5
= –3 21. (a) From magnesium to chromium 1
0.010 mol dm
3 (b) The concentration of chromium(III) ions in
= 0.012 dm 3+
3 the solution decreases because Cr (aq)
= 12.00 cm
ions are reduced to form Cr(s) in the left
9. D (53%)
half cell. 1
10. D

T15
 (c) Magnesium electrode dissolves/becomes Chapter 35
thinner. 1 A. Multiple-choice questions (p.261)
2+ –
Mg(s) Mg (aq) + 2e 1 1. D
+
(d) The K (aq) ions from the KNO3(aq) in the 2. D
salt bridge move to the left half cell to 3. D
balance the excess negative charge in the By simple proportion, number of moles of butane
solution created by the consumption of needed
3+
Cr (aq) ions. 1 2 mol
= 1000 kJ × = 0.3475 mol
–
The NO3 (aq) ions from the KNO3(aq) in 5755.2 kJ
Mass of butane needed
the salt bridge move to the right half cell to
= 0.3475 × (12.0 × 4 + 1.0 × 10) g = 20.16 g
balance the excess positive charge in the
4. C
solution created by the formation of 3 –1
2+ 2Al(s) + O2(g) Al2O3(s) ∆H f = –1670 kJ mol
Mg (aq) ions. 1 2
3+ 2+
(e) 3Mg(s) + 2Cr (aq) 3Mg (aq) + 2Cr(s) 1 By reversing this equation and then multiplying it
(f) Decrease in mass of Mg by 2, we get the target equation.
0.520 3 2Al2O3(s) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g)
= × × 24.3 g 1
52.0 2 –1
∆H = +1670 × 2 kJ mol = +3340 kJ mol
–1

= 0.365 g 1 5. C
22. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q1 6. B
23. (a) (i) It completes the circuit by allowing the 3
25.0 cm of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid is neutralized
movement of ions between two 3
to give 0.025 mol of water. 50.0 cm of 0.5 M
electrodes. 1 hydrochloric acid is neutralized to give 0.025 mol
(ii) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) 1 of water. However, the volume of solution is doubled
(iii) Any TWO of the following: in the second reaction. As a result, the maximum
• Controlling possible ignition sources temperature rise is halved.
since hydrogen is highly flammable 7. B
in the presence of a spark in air 1 Number of moles of AgNO3
• Ensuring storage vessels are –3 300.0 3
= 0.25 mol dm × dm = 0.075 mol
appropriate since hydrogen is stored 1000
under pressure 1 Number of moles of CaCl2
• Using hydrogen-release detectors (1) –3 50.0 3
= 0.50 mol dm × dm = 0.025 mol
• Regular maintenance of hydrogen 1000
From the equation, mole ratio of AgNO3 to CaCl2 =
containers (1)
2 : 1. 0.075 mol of AgNO3 required 0.0375 mol of
• Safe storage/location of hydrogen
CaCl2 for complete reaction. However, there was
containers (1)
only 0.025 mol of CaCl2 available. Hence, CaCl2
(b) (i) Any TWO of the following:
was the limiting reactant.
• No toxic/hazardous products are
Number of moles of AgCl formed
generated from PEM fuel cells. 1
= 0.025 mol × 2 = 0.050 mol
• Fuel cells are more efficient. 1
Heat released
• High energy density of H2 means 3 –3 –1 –1
= 350.0 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × [(23.5 +
less fuel needs to be carried. (1)
273) – (21.2 + 273)] K
• PEM fuel cells generate less heat. (1)
= 3381 J
• Less noise is generated from PEM
∴ the enthalpy change for the precipitation of one
fuel cells. (1)
mole of AgCl(s)
• Water produced in PEM fuel cells
3381 –1
could be used in the submarine. (1) =– J mol
0.050
(ii) Electrolysis of water (seawater) 1 = –67 620 J mol
–1

using energy from the diesel engine = –67.6 kJ mol

–1

or solar energy 1

T16
 8. A As heat loss to the surroundings is
It is impossible to determine the enthalpy change reduced, a greater/more accurate
of formation of nitrogen monoxide. This is because maximum temperature rise would be
nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form both nitrogen recorded. The heat released from the
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. reaction mixture calculated would be
9. C (82%) greater. 1
Enthalpy change for the conversion of W Z (ii) The enthalpy change of the reaction
–1 –1
= [(–150) + (+100) + (+60)] kJ mol = +10 kJ mol determined in the experiment would be
Enthalpy change for the conversion of Z X less negative. 1
–1 –1
= [–(+60) – (+100)] kJ mol = –160 kJ mol As less iron reacted, less heat would
10. B be released from the reaction mixture. 1
763.5 –1
∆H c [C2H5COOH(l)] = – kJ mol 13. (a) The temperature of the reaction mixture
0.5
= –1527 kJ mol
–1 rose because heat was given out when
7 sodium hydroxide solution was added to
C2H5COOH(l) + O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
2 nitrate solution of copper. 1
By applying Hess’s Law, Then the temperature of the reaction
–1527 = 3 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] + 3 × ∆H f [H2O(l)] – mixture reached the maximum because
∆H f [C2H5COOH(l)] sodium hydroxide solution had just
–1527 = 3 × (–393.5) + 3 × (–285.8) – completely reacted with nitrate solution of
∆H f [C2H5COOH(l)] copper. 1
–1
∆H f [C2H5COOH(l)] = –510.9 kJ mol Finally, the temperature of the reaction
11. B mixture fell because addition of excess
Divide the second thermochemical equation by 2, sodium hydroxide solution cooled the
we get: reaction mixture. 1
1 y –1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g) ∆H = kJ mol (b)
2 2
Add the above thermochemical equation to the third
one, we get:
1 y –1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g) ∆H = kJ mol
2 2
1 –1
+) CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H = z kJ mol
2
Temperature / °C

y –1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H = + z kJ mol
2
B. Structured questions (p.262)
12. (a)
thermometer
stirrer

expanded polystyrene cup lid

H2SO4(l) beaker
3
cotton wool Volume of NaOH(aq) added / cm
iron powder
2 From the graph, the volume of sodium
(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct hydroxide solution required for complete
3
labelling) reaction is 19.60 cm . 1
(b) (i) The enthalpy change of the reaction (c) Number of moles of NaOH required
determined in the experiment would be 19.60
= 2.0 × mol = 0.0392 mol 1
1000
more negative/closer to that found in
data books. 1

T17
 2+
(d) Number of moles of Cu originally present 2FeO(s) + 2CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 2CO2(g)
–1
20.0 ∆H = –22.0 kJ mol
= 1.0 × mol = 0.020 mol 1
1000 1 2 1
Number of moles of Cu
2+
0.020 Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g)
(e) 3 3 3
– = –1
Number of moles of OH 0.0392 ∆H = –15.7 kJ mol
= 0.51 ≈ 0.5 1 2 2 2
∴ the empirical formula of the hydroxide of Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) 2FeO(s) + CO2(g)
3 3 3
–1
copper is Cu(OH)2. 1 +) ∆H = +12.9 kJ mol
(f) From the graph, the maximum temperature Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
rise of the reaction mixture is By applying Hess’s Law,
–1
(28.4 – 21.2)°C = 7.2°C. 1 ∆H = [(–22.0) + (–15.7) + (+12.9)] kJ mol 1
–1
(g) Enthalpy change of the reaction = –24.8 kJ mol 1
3 –3 –1 –1
(20.0 + 19.6) cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × 7.2 K 16. (a) Standard enthalpy change of methanol is
=– 1
0.020 mol the enthalpy change when one mole of
–1
= –59 875.2 J mol methanol burns completely in oxygen
–1
= –59.9 kJ mol 1 under standard conditions. 1
14. 4H3BO3(aq) 4HBO2(aq) + 4H2O(l) (b) Enthalpy change of combustion of methanol
–1
∆H = –0.02 × 4 kJ mol –1 –1
150 g × 4.2 J g K × (372 – 298) K
= –0.08 kJ mol
–1 =– 1
2.30 mol
4HBO2(aq) H2B4O7(aq) + H2O(l) 12.0 + 1.0 × 4 + 16.0
–1
∆H = +11.3 kJ mol = –648 626 J mol
–1

–1
H2B4O7(aq) 2B2O3(s) + H2O(l) = –648.6 kJ mol 1
–1
∆H = +17.5 kJ mol (c) By applying Hess’s Law, the standard
Add the above thermochemical equations enthalpy change of Stage 2
–1
together and cancel the same species on the = [(–201.0) – (–110.5)] kJ mol 1
–1
two sides of the equation. = –90.5 kJ mol 1
–1
4H3BO3(aq) 4HBO2(aq) + 4H2O(l) ∆H = –0.08 kJ mol (d) CH4(g) + H2O(g) H2(g) + CH3OH(g) 1
–1
4HBO2(aq) H2B4O7(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H = +11.3 kJ mol (e) By applying Hess’s Law, the standard
–1
+) H2B4O7(aq) 2B2O3(s) + H2O(l) ∆H = +17.5 kJ mol enthalpy change for the overall reaction in
4H3BO3(aq) 2B2O3(s) + 6H2O(l) the two stages
–1
By applying Hess’s Law, the enthalpy change of = [(+205.9) + (–90.5)] kJ mol 1
–1
the target reaction = +115.4 kJ mol 1
–0.08 + 11.3 + 17.5 –1 17. HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q5
∆H = kJ mol 1
2
–1
= +14.4 kJ mol 1
15. (a) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) 1
(b) 2FeO(s) + 2CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 2CO2(g)
Answers to Revision test
–1 –1
∆H = –11.0 × 2 kJ mol = –22.0 kJ mol
Chapter 32
1 2 1
Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g) A. Multiple-choice questions (p.163)
3 3 3
1 –1 –1 1. A
∆H = –47.2 × kJ mol = –15.7 kJ mol
3 2. D
2 2 2 3. C
Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) 2FeO(s) + CO2(g)
3 3 3 4. B
2 –1 –1
∆H = +19.4 × kJ mol = +12.9 kJ mol 5. D
3
Add the above thermochemical equations 6. B
–
together and cancel the same species on H2(g) is a stronger reducing agent than Cl (aq). It
the two sides of the equation. undergoes oxidation by losing electrons to form
+
H (aq). The pH of the solution in the left half cell
decreases gradually because the concentration of
+
H (aq) in the solution increases when the cell
operates.
T18
7. A (c) It acts as the electrolyte/allows ions to
8. B move between the two electrodes within
+ –
As H (aq) and Cl (aq) ions are consumed and the cell. 1
+ –
Rb (aq) and OH (aq) ions remain, the electrolytic (d) The cell voltage decreases. 1
2+
solution eventually changes to alkaline (with This is because Cu (aq) ions accept
+
RbOH(aq)). electrons less readily than Ag (aq) ions/
2+
9. C Cu (aq) is a weaker oxidizing agent than
+
Lead conducts electricity but it is not an electrolyte. Ag (aq). 1
10. D (e) Any TWO of the following:
11. D Silver oxide cells are small in size/
lightweight. 1
B. Structured questions (p.165)
Silver oxide cells have a wide operating
12. (a) H2SO4(l) temperature range. 1
Silver oxide cells provide a steady voltage
anhydrous CaCl2(s)
to power digital watches. (1)
Silver oxide cells have a high energy
density. This means that it can operate for
a relatively long period of time. (1)
2+ –
14. (a) Zn(s) Zn (aq) + 2e 1
(b) Brass anode dissolves/becomes thinner. 1
2+
(c) Cu (aq) ions are preferentially discharged
SO2(g) 2+
Copper at the platinum cathode because Cu (aq)
+
turnings is at a lower position than H (aq) in the
heat 2 E.C.S.. 1
(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct (d) The blue colour of electrolytic solution
labelling; accept the drawing without a drying fades gradually. 1
tube and a drying agent.) (e) If the brass electrode is replaced by a
(b) Cu(s) + 2H2SO4(l) copper electrode, Cu(s) will be oxidized
2+ 2+
CuSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 1 to form Cu (aq) ions. For every Cu (aq)
(c) Any one of the following: ion discharged at the copper electrode,
2+
Perform the experiment in a fume cupboard. 1 one Cu (aq) ion forms at the platinum
Wear safety spectacles and protective electrode. 1
gloves. (1) The concentration of the copper(II) sulphate
(d) (i) Since the reducing power of SO2(g) is solution remains unchanged. Thus, there is
–
stronger than that of Br (aq), it can no observable change in the electrolytic
–
reduce Br2(aq) to Br (aq). 1 solution. 1
Br2(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
– 2– +
2Br (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq) 1 Chapter 35
OR A. Multiple-choice questions (p.266)
2–
Br2(aq) + SO3 (aq) + H2O(l) 1. A
– 2– +
2Br (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2H (aq) (1) 2. C
2+
(ii) No reaction occurs because Fe (aq) is 3. D
a weaker reducing agent than SO2(g). 4. B
2–
It cannot reduce SO2(g) to SO4 (aq). 1 5. B
13. (a) Ag2O(s) is the oxidizing agent of the
reaction because it loses oxygen to form
Ag(s). 1
(b) X is zinc powder because it loses electrons
in the cell reaction. 1

T19
 6. D (d) ∆H
2C3H6(g) C6H12(l)
2Na(s) + F2(g) 2NaF(s)
0.560 + 9O2(g) + 9O2(g) ∆H [C H (l)]
Number of moles of Na = mol = 0.0243 mol 2 × ∆Hc[C3H6(g)] c 6 12
23.0
3.000
Number of moles of F2 = mol = 0.0789 mol 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) 2
19.0 × 2
From the equation, mole ratio of Na to F2 is 2 : 1. (Two marks for any TWO the following:
0.0243 mol of Na requires 0.01215 mol of F2 for • Drawing arrows pointing in the correct
complete reaction. Hence, Na is the limiting direction
reactant. • Writing correct enthalpy changes
13.5 –1 –1
alongside the arrows
∆H f [NaF(s)] = – kJ mol = –556 kJ mol
0.0243
7. C • Giving correct formulae of the
NaHCO3(s) and Na2CO3(s) are solids. It is difficult chemical species involved, the
to measure the temperature of solids experimentally. stoichiometric coefficients and the
8. B state symbols)
Statement (3): the thermochemical equation that By applying Hess’s Law, the enthalpy
represents the complete combustion of C(graphite) change of the conversion of propene
is: C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) to cyclohexane
–1
∆H c [C(graphite)] = –393.5 kJ mol
–1
= [2 × (–2058) – (–3899.4)] kJ mol 1
–1
9. B = –216.6 kJ mol 1
By applying Hess’s Law, 13. (a) MgO is insoluble in water. It is not an alkali. 1
–10 940.2 = 16 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] + 18 × ∆H f [H2O(l)] (b) The temperature of the reacting solution
– 2 × ∆H f [C8H18(l)] was not taken continuously during the
course of the reaction. 1
∆H f [C8H18(l)]
Hence, T2 may not necessarily be the
16 × (–393.5) + 18 × (–285.8) + 10 940.2 –1
= kJ mol maximum temperature of the reacting
2
= –250.1 kJ mol
–1
solution. 1
10. B (c) Number of moles of MgO
11. B 0.806
= mol = 0.0200 mol
24.3 + 16.0
1
B. Structured questions (p.268) Number of moles of HCl
12. (a) C6H12(l) + 9O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) 1 100.0
= 1.0 × mol = 0.10 mol
1000
(b)
From the equation, mole ratio of MgO to
thermometer HCl = 1 : 2. 0.10 mol of HCl required
stirrer
0.050 mol of MgO for complete reaction.
However, there was only 0.0200 mol of
water MgO available. Hence, MgO was the
metal can limiting reactant.
∴ enthalpy change of the reaction
3 –3 –1 –1
100.0 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × 7.0 K
spirit burner =– 1
cyclohexane 2 0.0200 mol
–1
(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct = –147 000 J mol
–1
labelling) = –147 kJ mol 1
(c) Enthalpy change of combustion of cyclohexane (d) By applying Hess’s Law, the standard
–1 –1
200 g × 4.2 J g K × 10.5 K enthalpy change of the reaction
=– 1 –1
0.19 mol = [(–801.2) + (–285.8) – (–601.6) – 2 × (–167.2)] kJ mol 1
–1
84.0 = –151.0 kJ mol 1
–1
= –3 899 368 J mol
–1
= –3899.4 kJ mol 1

T20
 (e) Any TWO of the following:
• There was heat loss to the
surroundings by conduction and
convection. 1
• The simple calorimeter, stirrer and
thermometer absorbed heat. 1
• The density and specific heat capacity
of the reacting solution were different
from those of water. (1)
1 1
14. NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g)
2 2
182.6 –1 –1
∆H = – kJ mol = –91.3 kJ mol
2
1 3
N2(g) + H2(g) NH3(g)
2 2
91.8 –1 –1
∆H = – kJ mol = –45.9 kJ mol
2
1
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g)
2
–1
∆H = –241.8 kJ mol
Add the above thermochemical equations
together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation.
1 1 –1
NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g) ∆H = –91.3 kJ mol
2 2
1 3 –1
N2(g) + H2(g) NH3(g) ∆H = –45.9 kJ mol
2 2
1 –1
+) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g) ∆H = –241.8 kJ mol
2
5
NO(g) + H2(g) NH3(g) + H2O(g)
2
By applying Hess’s Law,
–1
∆H = [(–91.3) + (–45.9) + (–241.8)] kJ mol 1
–1
= –379.0 kJ mol 1

T21