REVIEWER
A. Global Demography and Population
1. Malthusian Theory
● Thomas Robert Malthus
● The Malthusian Theory of Population is the theory of exponential population and
arithmetic food supply growth.
● It is a condition where the population will stop growing due to
● the shortage of food supply.
● starvation and misery
● Positive Checks" (Malthus 1798):
○ War
○ Famine
○ Disease
● Preventive Checks" (Malthus 1798):
○ Celibacy
○ Chastity
○ Birth control
● Three reasons why Malthus Theory did not happen: Technological increases in food
production have increased both the amount and quality of calories we can produce per
person.
● Human ingenuity has developed new medicine to curtail death from disease.
● The development and widespread use of contraception and other forms of family
planning have decreased the speed at which our population increases.
2. Demographic Transition Theory
● The Demographic Transition Theory shows shifts in the demographics of a population
during economic and social development. This transition is two fold: both death and birth
rates go from high to low over time as development progresses.
STAGE 1 - High Population Growth Potential
● This is generally a pre-industrial society in which both birth and death rates are quite
high. Birth rates and death rates are effectively in balance. The lack of food availability
as well as adequate medical care or effective sanitation and hygiene means the
population does not grow very much due to disease and starvation.
STAGE 2 - Population Explosion
● This is the point at which the country begins to experience social and economic
development. With more productive agriculture (and thus more food supply), better
medical care, and more effective sanitation and hygiene, death rates fall quickly and
lifespans are longer.
STAGE 3 - Population Growth Starts to Level Off
● At this stage, birth rates decline. This can be attributed to a wide array of social
factors, including
○ Contraception access
○ Higher wages
○ Fewer families participating in agriculture (meaning less need for
○ large families to work on farms)
○ Improvement in education and social status of women
STAGE 4 - Stationary Population
● Both birth and death rates are now low at this [Link] rates may drop to well below
replacement level as has happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading
to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth.
STAGE 5 - Further Changes in Birth Rates
● This stage is a bit more uncertain. At this stage, some demographers say that fertility
rates will experience shifts to either above or below replacement levels. While some
experts argue that fertility levels will increase, others state the opposite.
3. Solutions to overpopulation
● Family Planning Programs: Promoting access to contraceptives, education on family
planning, and reproductive health services.
● Education and Empowerment: Educating women and promoting gender equality often
lead to lower birth rates. Women with access to education and careers tend to have
smaller families.
● Government Policies: Implementing policies like China's former one-child policy
(though controversial) or incentivizing smaller family sizes.
● Sustainable Urban Planning: Creating efficient housing, transport, and resource
distribution systems to manage population density.
● Promoting Awareness: Educating the public about the impact of overpopulation on
resources, the environment, and quality of life.
● Investment in Healthcare: Ensuring child survival through better healthcare reduces the
need for large families as an economic safety net.
4. Demographic indicators
Demographic indicators help assess the characteristics of a population. Key indicators include:
● Population Growth Rate: The rate at which a population is increasing or decreasing in
a given time period.
● Birth Rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people annually.
● Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people annually.
● Fertility Rate: The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her
lifetime.
● Life Expectancy: The average number of years a person is expected to live.
● Infant Mortality Rate: The number of infant deaths (under 1 year old) per 1,000 live
births.
● Dependency Ratio: The proportion of dependents (aged 0-14 and 65+) to the
working-age population (15-64).
● Migration Rate: The difference between people entering and leaving a country or
region.
These indicators provide insights into the population's structure, growth trends, and
socio-economic conditions.
B. Global Migration
1. Neoclassical Theory of Migration
● migration is usually associated with individual’s efforts to maximize their income my
moving from low-income to high wage economies. This is the most common reason for
migration especially the migration of one coming from a developing nation to a
developed one with high proportion of underemployment in the country of origin
2. Brain Drain phenomenon
● Brain drain refers to the emigration of highly skilled, educated, or talented individuals
from their home country to another, often in search of better opportunities. This
phenomenon is common in developing countries where professionals like doctors,
engineers, and scientists move to developed nations for higher salaries, advanced
research facilities, or better living conditions.
Examples:
● India: Many IT professionals and engineers move to the US for jobs in Silicon Valley.
● Philippines: Healthcare workers like nurses and doctors migrate to countries such as th
Causes:
● Lack of opportunities or resources in the home country.
● Political instability or corruption.
● Better pay and benefits abroad.
Impacts:
● Negative: Loss of talent weakens the home country's development.
● Positive: Remittances sent by migrants can boost the home economy.
3. Special Types of Migrants
● Irregular Migrants
also known as undocumented or illegal migrants, are people who enter a country, usually
in search of employment, without the necessary documents and permits.
● Migrants in Human Trafficking
Trafficking in Persons, also known as “Human Trafficking”,is defined as the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of threats, force,
abduction, deception, abuse of power, etc
4. Push-Pull Factor Theory
● The Most Popular theory explaining the causes of migration is one propounded by
Ravenstein (1889) known as the Push-Pull Theory. This theory states that some people
move because they are pushed out of their former location (push factors), or because
they have been pulled or attracted to some places elsewhere (pull factor). Ravenstein
further opined that pull factors were more important than the push factors because in
most instances, people move in order to improve themselves in material respects, but
they would rather endure the conditions in their current residence unless attached by the
above mention pull factors. To do this however, a potential migrant usually weighs the
cost-benefit of migration. Most of movement or migration has been considered as an
“implementing strategy” in order to attain the goal of migration.
C. Global Technology
1. Paradox of Progress
● The Paradox of Progress refers to the idea that while advancements in technology,
science, and modern society have improved quality of life, they often bring unintended
negative consequences. It highlights the tension between progress and its downsides.
Examples:
● Communication Technology: Social media connects people worldwide but also
contributes to mental health issues, misinformation, and reduced face-to-face interaction.
● Industrial Growth: While boosting economies, it leads to environmental degradation and
climate change.
● Healthcare Advancements: Prolongs life expectancy but raises ethical issues like
overpopulation and resource scarcity.
The paradox challenges us to balance progress with sustainability and ethical considerations.
2. Advantages and disadvantages of technology
● Advantages:
Improved communication allows for faster and more efficient global connections, such as
email and video calls. Technology enhances productivity by saving time and increasing
efficiency through automation and tools like construction machines and AI.
Healthcare improvements include advanced medical devices, telemedicine, and AI,
leading to better diagnostics and treatment.
The internet provides access to information, promoting education and awareness.
Smart devices offer convenience, simplifying tasks like online shopping and home
automation.
● Disadvantages:
Automation can displace jobs, leading to unemployment in certain industries.
Cybersecurity risks such as data breaches and identity theft have become significant
issues. Social isolation can result from over-reliance on virtual interactions, weakening
real-world relationships. Excessive screen time contributes to health problems like eye
strain, poor posture, and mental health challenges. The environmental impact of
manufacturing and e-waste includes pollution and resource depletion.
3. Types of digital divide
● USAGE GAP
This is the first example of a digital divide. This refers to the lack of sufficient digital skills
to use ICTs on a personal or professional level.
● ACCESS GAP
This is one of the main causes of the digital divide. This is related
to certain population groups being unable to access ICTs. This is
usually due to socioeconomic inequalities among individuals and
different regions, as public funding is not available everywhere
to implement infrastructures that facilitate Internet access, and
not everybody has sufficient resources to afford the devices and
services that would enable them to connect.
● GENERATION GAP
According to Eurostat data, almost half of the population between 65 and 74 years of
age has low digital skills, which has been further highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Furthermore, this gap tends to widen among people with lower purchasing power or
those who live in rural areas.
● DIGITAL GENDER GAP
This leads to women having reduced access to ICT, which in turn results in fewer girls
choosing STEM careers. Although in Spain Internet connection is equal between the
sexes, worldwide, 62% of men use the Internet compared to 57% of women. In certain
countries (such as Africa or the Arab States), the gender gap is more pronounced.
4. Solutions to digital divide
● The digital divide refers to the gap between people with access to technology and the
internet and those without. To address this, solutions include providing affordable
devices and internet plans, especially for low-income families. Developing infrastructure
in rural and underserved areas is crucial. Digital literacy programs can teach people how
to use technology effectively. Public access points, such as free Wi-Fi in libraries,
schools, and public spaces, help bridge the gap. Governments and NGOs can also
promote policies and programs to make technology accessible to everyone
5. Access to the Internet as a human right
● Access to the internet is increasingly essential for modern life, enabling communication,
learning, and access to vital services. Declaring it a human right ensures equal
opportunities by providing access to education, job prospects, and information. It
empowers marginalized communities to participate in the digital world and supports
freedom of expression by allowing people to share ideas and opinions freely online.
Additionally, it improves quality of life through access to e-health, e-learning, and
e-commerce. Governments, organizations, and companies must collaborate to make the
internet accessible for all.
D. Global Health
1. Threats to global health
● Infectious Disease:
An infectious disease is caused by the Invasion and multiplication of pathogens (such as
bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) within an individual's body. These pathogens can
be transmitted from one person to another through various means.
● Communicable Disease:
A communicable disease is a subset of infectious diseases that specifically refers to
diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another directly or indirectly.
Communicable diseases infectious Involve agents the or spread their products between
individuals
2. Measures to prevent or address HIV, Malaria/Dengue and Depression
● For HIV, prevention includes safe practices, testing, and PrEP, while treatment relies on
ART. Malaria and dengue prevention focus on mosquito control and vaccines, with
treatment involving early diagnosis and appropriate care. Depression is managed
through awareness, therapy, medications, and mental health policies.
3. Mandates or goals of the World Health Organization
● The WHO focuses on achieving universal health coverage, addressing global health
threats, supporting maternal and child health, and tackling noncommunicable diseases
like heart disease and diabetes. It also advocates for health equity, global vaccination
programs, and strengthening mental health services.
4. Universal Health Care
● Universal health care ensures that everyone has access to necessary health services,
including preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative care, without facing financial
hardship. Key principles include accessibility, affordability, and quality. Examples include
the UK's National Health Service and the Philippines’ PhilHealth. Challenges include
sustainable financing, addressing healthcare disparities, and maintaining the quality of
care amidst increasing demand.
E. Global Gender Sensitivity
1. Sex vs Gender vs Sexual Orientation
● Sex refers to biological traits like male or female. Gender is about social roles and
identities, such as being masculine, feminine, or non-binary. Sexual orientation is who
someone is attracted to, like heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
2. Problems and Issues in Global Gender Sensitivity
● There are still many problems, such as unequal opportunities in jobs, education, and
politics, gender-based violence, and limited access to reproductive health. Cultural
stereotypes and the lack of representation of women and LGBTQ+ individuals in
leadership also remain issues.
3. Gender Sensitization
● Gender sensitization is teaching people to understand and respect all genders. It helps
reduce stereotypes, promote equality, and create inclusive communities.
4. Yogyakarta Principles
● The Yogyakarta Principles are guidelines to protect the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals.
They promote equality and non-discrimination in areas like work, education, healthcare,
and freedom of expression.
F. Global Climate Change
1. Precautionary Principle
2. Intergenerational Responsibility
3. Causes and effects of Climate Change
4. Kyoto Protocol
5. Paris Agreement on Climate Change
G. Global Peace and Order
1. Conditions that disrupt global peace and order
2. International Humanitarian Law
3. Renunciation of war policy of the Philippines