IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

CHAPTER 1: TYPES & COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Describe the difference between Hardware and Software?

Hardware are the physical components which make up the computer system. Software is a collection of
instructions that can be ‘run’ on a computer. These instructions tell the computer what to do

Describe the difference between Application and System Software?

Application software are designed to allow users to complete specific tasks. For example a Word Processor is
used to write a letter. System software is used to manage and maintain the computer system. An operating
system such as Windows 10 is used to manage the functions of the computer system

APPLICATION SOFTWARES
OFF THE SHELF SOFTWARE Commercial or off-the-shelf software is a ready-to-use software that
is pre-installed on a device or system
 Photo Editing
 Graphics Manipulation
 Video Editing
 Spreadsheet
 Database
 Word Processing

BESPOKE SOFTWARE Bespoke software is built on the basis of specific requirements and
specifications i.e customize software
SYSTEM SOFTWARES:
Device Drivers: Allows hardware devices to run on the computer including printers, sound, graphics
and network cards
Compiler: Translates a program written In a specific language which Can be understood by the
computer.
Linkers: Combines object files produced by a complier into a single program it also link a particular
module into system library
Utilities: Utility software is software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer

Describe the main functions of the operating system?

 The operating system provides the user interface which allows the user to interact with the system. In
addition the operating system provides security and prevents unauthorized access to a system.
 Files and folders can be created and organized.
 Furthermore the operating system allows users to load, run and store applications also decides what
should be loaded into the computer memory (RAM).
 The operating system also manages the input/output/storages devices
MEASURING AND CONTROL SOFTWARE: are responsible for changing physical conditions in an environment

 Measuring: Sensors take readings which are processed by the computer or microprocessor.
 Control Software: By comparing sensor readings to a pre-set level the control software will decide on an
output (For example to increase or decrease the heat in a green house.

APPs VS APPLETS
 Applications are stand-alone programs that can be run independently without having to use a
web browser. Applets are small programs/application usually embedded in HTML page on a
website.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
Describe the difference between the CACHE, RAM & ROM?

 The Cache memory is the fastest type of memory. It is located between the CPU and RAM. It holds
commonly used data.
 RAM (Random Access Memory) is a volatile type of memory which means all data is lost on startup.
In contrast ROM (Read Only Memory) is non-volatile which means data is not lost on startup.
 The ROM memory is Read Only and contains boot up instructions. The RAM memory hold temporary
data which is processed by the CPU.

PHABLET
Phone-TABLET. Phablets are essentially smartphone-tablet hybrids. They're feature-rich with
screen sizes between 5 and 6 inches that offer the portability and functionality of a smartphone
crossed with the dynamic, big-screen experience of a tablet
Advantage: Good battery life & Working efficiency
Disadvantage: Prone to scratches, Slower Typing & Costly
Super Computer: Big size, expensive and multiple processor based system used for heavy stuff like
weather maps, construction of atom bombs etc
Main Frame Computer: Big size, expensive and multiple processor based system used for hospitals,
air reservation as it can retrieve data on huge basis
Types of User Interfaces

 CLI : Command Line Interface (DOS )

 GUI : Graphic User Interface (Windows)
 Touch Screen : Graphic with POST-WIMP (Mobile Phone)
 Dialog Based : Voice Commands (Apple's Siri, Google Assistant)
 Gesture Based : Human interacts with digital resources without using input devices
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
ANALOG VS DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Analog Computers: takes input in the form of signals in physical quantity like temp, pressure,
speed velocity example: speedometer
Digital Computer: Takes input in the form of digits & alphabets and converted into binary
format: Example Personal Computer

IMPACT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

IMPACTS OF Artificial Intelligence ON EVERYDAY LIFE:

Accurate AI software will soon be used to sift through weather data

prediction of more accurately that humans can and will be used
weather to predict approaching storms and automatically issue
warnings.

Increased leisure Robotic vacuum cleaners are becoming more and more
time popular. These can detect walls and other objects in order
to vacuum around them.

People can leave them running whilst they enjoy extra

spare time.

Safer Driverless trains already exist in some countries!

transport

Increased Personal
safety

Improved medical Robotic surgery assistants are being used

care to quickly and accurately pass the correct surgical tools to
doctors.

Impacts of Biometrics on everyday life:

Better airport Iris recognition is already in use in some airports.

security Travelers have their eyes and iris scanned into a system and
this data is later matched up when the person is
performing airport checks.

Increased Fingerprint access to buildings have been replacing the

building security older methods of locks and keys.
This methods ensures that only authorised people can
enter restricted buildings or rooms.

Reduced car theft

Impacts of Robotics on everyday life:

 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
Increased If robots can carry out domestic chores, this frees up
personal time more time for us to spend as we wish.
This could mean more time spent at work or for more
enjoyable activities such as socialising.

More efficient Robots can manufacturer products such as cars

manufacturing much faster and cheaper than humans can.

This means that companies can make more

products at less cost and this means greater
business profits.

Loss of jobs

Safer working
environments

Why Encryption is important? In Cryptography Encryption is the process of encoding

information. The process converts the original representation of the information, known as
plaintext, into an alternative form known as cipher-text. Ideally, only authorized parties can
decipher a cipher-text back to plaintext and access the original information.
Encryption allows you to securely protect data that you don't want anyone else to have access to.

Impacts of Quantum Encryption on everyday life:

Completely secure Citizens of countries have the right to vote-in new

voting governments but history is littered with examples of where
these votes have been tampered with in order to influence
election outcomes.
Securing votes with quantum encryption methods ensures
that they cannot be tampered with or changed.

Completely secure Messages sent by the military often include the locations of
communication squadrons or special op's teams. If enemy forces intercepted
these messages it could have severe consequences.

secure bank
transfers

Completely secure Health records, bank details and other types of personal
personal information will be absolutely secure from hackers and
information other people wishing to commit identity theft crimes.

Impacts of Computer Aided Translation on everyday life:

 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
More Spell checkers can quickly scan your word processed
accurate documents and automatically find spelling errors.
documents

A more Anyone with an Internet connection can access tools such

multilingual as Google Translate and the vast collection of language
society databases that the tools can search through.

Quicker and Foreign visitors to countries can be communicated

more efficient with much easier through these CAT tools.
translations They are especially useful in places like embassies where
a wide-range of foreign visitors may need to communicate
with local officials about problems or ask for advice etc.

Impacts of 3D Imaging on everyday life:

Improved Credit cards, ID cards, software and some bank

security notes include holograms as a way of trying to prevent
forged duplicates being created.

NOTE: Forgeries don't usually include a hologram as they

are difficult and expensive to reproduce.

Better movie Hollywood have been using 3D imaging within

experiences the production of movies for many years.

Impacts of Virtual Reality on everyday life:

 Allowing architects to walk around a virtual version of their design (this

gives a better idea of what the finished building will look like)
 Training soldiers in combat (flight simulation, battlefield simulation)
 Training surgeons (virtual patients can be operated on to provide experience
to trainee surgeons).

Improved Surgeons can be trained using virtual patients. This allows

medical them to practice over and over until they have perfected a
surgeons particular surgery without risk to a real patient.
For example: Imagine a new surgeon performing surgery on
you and accidentally cutting off your leg!!.

Larger and Virtual buildings allow architects to walk around to

stronger experience what the building would look like when completed
buildings and check for potential errors before the actual building is
constructed.

Virtual Reality VS Augmented Reality VS Mixed Reality

Virtual reality (VR) immerses users in a fully artificial digital environment.
Augmented reality (AR) overlays virtual objects on the real-world environment.
Mixed reality (MR) not just overlays but anchors virtual objects to the real world.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

Chapter 2: Input & Output Devices

What are the manual input devices?
 Concept keyboard. Each button on a concept keyboard relates to a particular item or function.
 Trackball. Used as an alternative to a mouse.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
 Joystick. Joysticks used to be popular with gamers but have slowly been replaced by other types of
game controller.
 Digital camera.
 Touch screen.

What are examples of automatic input devices?

 Barcode readers & QR Code Readers

 Optical mark reader (OMR)
 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Magnetic Stripe Readers.
 Sensors.
 Biometric devices.

1) MAGNETIC STRIPE READER

Used to read data from magnetic stripes on mostly banking cards
Advantages: information can be put into very quickly, more accurate than typing
Disadvantages: Not secure as data stored on the chip, very limited storage capacity in the stripe

2) Chip readers– read data from the chip on bank cards

Advantages: more secure than magnetic stripe system, can hold lots of data, data protected with
PIN (personal identification number)
Disadvantages: it is not widely available as magnetic stripe readers.

3) PIN pads– use to enter data into Automated Teller Machines (ATM), EFTPOS system, Entry
doors and handheld devices
Advantages: PIN codes help prevent un-authorized access, secure entry doors can be accessed
without physical key cards.
Disadvantages: people can be seen entering the code, anyone with the correct code can use the
device, PIN code can be forgotten

4) Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR): used to input/read data from bank cheques
Advantages:
 Information can be read quickly add therefore processed much more quickly.
 Data does not have to be input manually, increasing accuracy.
Disadvantages
 The equipment needed to carry out the reading is very expensive.
 The paper which information can be printed can be damaged, which may result n
incorrect information.

5) BARCODE READER
Used to scan codes directly from the products, books and can hold max 30 digits.
It Contain: Item name, Origin & GSI office license

Advantages: faster, more accurate than manually inputting data, barcodes are used internationally
to identify the product
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
Disadvantages: barcode only contains (1D) numerical code, barcodes can be easily damaged.
6) QUICK RESPONSE CODES (QR): It is made up of a (2 dimensional) matrix of filled in dark
squares on a light background are able to hold 7000 digits. They are scanned usually via a mobile
phone using its camera. The QR code can take you to a website, it can play audio, it may hold
information for a company etc.
 There is no need to have to write down information that can be saved to a QR code
 They are an effective way of advertising since the codes can be scanned easily on a phone

7) CONTACTLESS CARDS Readers are used by customers to pay for

products at the POS without the need to enter a PIN Number using RFID
technology. Transactions are normally restricted to a small amount (up
to £20)
Advantages: Quicker Transaction meaning less time spent at POS.
• Don’t have to use PIN
• Transaction data (account details) is encrypted.
Less secure than chip and pin method.
Disadvantages
• Anyone could use card if lost.
• It is easier for thieves to copy details of the card.
• Only small payments can be made

8) RFID READERS:
Information stored on tags (small silicon chip that can be placed on a sticker) using radio waves.
RFID tags can be attached to objects or animals/people.
USES
• Track movement of animals (livestock) or people
• Stock Control: Scan stock items for quantity
• Airports: Track Luggage to make sure nothing is lost
Advantages
 Data chip can be read within a specified area, without a line of sight.
 Can be used as a security device, allowing access based on the chip data.
Disadvantages
 Chip can be damage when colliding with other objects.
 Security concerns; chips could be illegally accessed and data compromised.

9) OPTICAL MARK READER (OMR):

Used to read and input information from a MCQ form, class register or test paper.
Advantages
 Whole page of information can be read quickly.
 Only small pencil marks are required to complete a form.
Disadvantages
 Incorrectly completed forms can results in errors.
 Characters or numbers cannot be read.

10) OPTICAL CHARACTER READER (OCR):

Used to transfer handwritten or printed text into editable text on a computer.
Advantages
Much quicker than manually re-typing information.
Disadvantages
 Handwriting must be neat and legible.
 Errors can often be made and text will still need proofreading.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
 Information displayed in tables can be read inaccurately.

A SENSOR is an input device that converts a real world property into data that a computer can process.

AIR SENSORS: Measure the quality of the air we breathe

ACOUSTIC Picks up sounds (e.g. footsteps when used inburglar alarm)

pH Measures acidity in river water or soil of ground.

WEATHER STATIONS:

Humidity, temperature & pressure sensors are used to measure the moisture, heat and
wind pressure.

MEASURING POLLUTION IN A RIVER

pH & oxygen sensors are used to measure the level of acidity in the water.

COMPARE & CONTRAST THE USE OF MOUSE, TOUCHPAD AND TRACKER BALL AS A POINTING DEVICE?

 The mouse is normally used with a desktop computer and is the most familiar pointing device used.
However the mouse requires a flat surface to be used and is more likely to be damaged.
 The touch pad is a fixed device commonly found on laptops. It is more difficult to use compared to a
mouse.
 The tracker ball pointing device is used by users who have limited motility in their wrist

OUPUT DEVICES

MONITORS:
1- CATHODE RAY TUBE MONITORS (CRT): A CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green,
and blue phosphor dots that glow when struck by an electron beam.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
2- INKJET CRYSTAL DIODE/DISPLAY (LCD): The front layer of the monitor is made up of liquid
crystal diodes which are grouped together and known as pixels. They use CRT as the backlighting
method.
3- LIGHT EMITTING DIODE/DISPLAY (LED): These are the modern LCDs which use light emitting
diode as backlighting.
4- ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (OLEDs): They use organic material. They do not use any
backlighting. OLED displays provide better power efficiency and brighter pictures; hence, they are
ideal for gadgets powered by batteries.
5- MUTIMEDIA PROJECTORS: It receive signals from a computer, television or DVD player.

INKJET PRINTER
The Inkjet printer works by injecting ink from the nozzle on a paper at high speed. The nozzle
injects the ink by applying pressure on the ink. The pressure pulse is generally created by two
methods – piezoelectric and thermal bubble.
LASER PRINTING is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces high-quality text and
graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth
over a negatively-charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially-charged image
DOT MATRIX PRINTERS are a lot like inkjet printers. They work by implementing a moving head
that prints in a line by line motion. However, in contrast to inkjets, dot matrix printers employ an
impact ‘head and ribbon’ method of printing
3-D PRINTERS: It is based on inkjet or laser printer technology but builds a 3-D object layer by layer
using material such as powdered metal, paper or ceramic.
USES:
 Prosthetic limbs can be made to fit exactly on to the injured body.
 Aerospace manufacturing & Fashion and art 3-D printing.

HOW 3-D PRINTER WORKS:

1- A design is made using Computer Aided Design Software (CAD).
2- The design is imported into special software from where 3-D printer can understands the design.
3- The 3-D printer is set up to allow the solid object to be made.
4- The object is built up layer by layer.
5- The object is removed from the printer and is then may be given final touch by hand sometimes.

CONTROL APPLICATIONS
ACTUATORS: These are transducers which take signals from computer and convert them into some form of
motion are used in control process.
MOTORS: use in Automatic washing machines.
BUZERS: use in Bugler Alarm System
HEATERS: use in microwave own and hot-plate
LIGHERS: use in security lights & Automatic Glasshouse to control light
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
CHAPTER 3:
TYPES OF STORAGE (MAIN MEMORY):
PRIMARY Memory (RAM / ROM) & SECONDARY Memory (HDD,SDD,USB,CDS)
Secondary Storage Device/HDD
The Magnetic Storage (HDD's) electronics control the movement of the actuator and the rotation of
the disk and perform reads and writes on demand from the disk controller in the form of tiny
magnetized dots, used by all computers to store:
USE TO STORE: Operating Systems, System Files & Applications Software’s

A SOLID-STATE DRIVE (SSD) is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit
assemblies to store data persistently & without making any noise, Solid-state storage
devices store data using a special type of memory called flash memory.
SERIAL ACCESS
Is used in old magnetic tapes where speed of access is unimportant also used in batch
processing application like: Payroll System & Utility Bills preparation

DIRECT ACCESS (RANDOM ACCESS)

Is used in most modern devices where speed is important like in Online Booking System

MAGNETIC TAPE contains thin plastic ribbon is used for storing data. It is a sequential access
memory. So, the data reads/write speed is slower. It is mainly used for data backups. used in Large
organizations make daily backups of their networks on to Magnetic Tapes (Bath processing Apps)
MAGNETIC DISK contains circular disk made of metal or plastic. Both side of disk is usually used
for storing data. The disk is coated by magnetic oxide. The disk is divided into multiple concentric
circles known as track and tracks are divided into sectors in which data are stored.

Data transfer rate for magnetic Data transfer rate for magnetic DISK
1. TAPE is comparatively less. is more.

MAGNETIC TAPE is used for MAGNETIC DISK is used as a

2. backups. secondary storage.

In magnetic tape data accessing rate In magnetic disk data accessing rate
3 is [Link] is high or fast.

Magnetic tape contains reels of tape Magnetic disk contains round platters
4 which is in form of strip of plastic. which is made up of plastic or metal.

In magnetic tape for data recording, While in magnetic disk for data
magnetic material is coated on only recording, magnetic material is coated
5. one side of the tape. on only both side of the platters.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
OPTICAL STORAGE: is a storage type in which data is written and read with a laser. Optical
storage devices save data as patterns or dots. Data is read by bouncing the laser beam off the surface
off the medium used to store: Audio CDs • Software Applications • Device Drivers

Uses
 Blu-ray disks are used in
home video consoles
 Used for storing and
playing back films
 PCs can use this
technology for data storage or
backing up hard drives
 Camcorders can use this
media to store film footage
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

Advantage
 Very large storage
capacity
 Data transfer rate is very
fast
 Data access speed is faster
than with other optical media
Disadvantage
 Disks are relatively
expensive
 Blu-ray disks still have
encryption problem
BLU-RAY DISKS
Uses
 Blu-ray disks are used in home video consoles
 Used for storing and playing back films
 PCs can use this technology for data storage or backing up hard drives
 Camcorders can use this media to store film footage
Advantage
 Very large storage capacity  Data transfer rate is very fast
 Data access speed is faster than with other optical media
Disadvantage
 Disks are relatively expensive
 Blu-ray disks still have encryption problem
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
Q: Discuss why you use a USB to backup data compared to optical disks? Key Words: larger
capacity, more portable, more robust, accessibility to USB ports
A USB drive is more suitable to backup data compared an optical disk because it tends to have a higher
storage capacity. In addition it is much quicker to copy files to a USB Drive rather than burning files onto an
optical disk. Furthermore the USB drive is more portable and robust. Finally not all computers would have an
optical disk drive however many have accessibility to USB ports.

Q: Discuss why you would have to make a backup?

The reason for making a backup is that you could delete a file by accident. Also the computer may
breakdown which would mean you would lose all of your files. In addition if your computer is infected by a
virus then the data could be edited, corrupted or encrypted. Furthermore your laptop could also be stolen
or damaged which would result in losing your original files

CHAPTER 4: NETWORK DEVICES:

1-MODEM (Modulator demodulator): It coverts a computer’s digital signal into an analogue signal for
transmission over an existing telephone line and also the reverse process.

 Dial up modems operate at transmission speed of about 60Kbs

 Modern broadband or ADSL modems operate at up to 100Mbs.

2- HUBS: It has a number of devices or computers connected to it (LAN). When it receives data it broadcasts
every packet of data to every computer attached to it.

3- SWITCHES: It has a number of devices connected to it (LAN). When it receives data it checks the
destination address (MAC) and sends data to the appropriate computer/device. If destination is not
connected with it, it sends the data packet to next switch until packet reaches the final destination.

4- BRIDGE: It connects one local area network (LAN) with another LAN so that both work as a single LAN.

5- ROUTER: It connects LAN to a wide area network (WAN). It transmits the data packet by looking the
Internet protocol (IP) address of the destination (which can be a device or a network) from its routing table.
If the destination is not connected with it, it sends the data packet to next router until packet reaches the
final destination.
DATA PACKETS: The data packets contain the following information in router.
a- Header to identify the data packets.
b- Sender’s IP address.
c- Receiver’s IP address.
d- Whole message.
e- Identify number of each packet.
6- NETWORK CABLES: These can be either copper cable or optical fiber. It is used for faster data transfer and
usually more secure than wireless networks.

7-INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP): Logical Address of NIC/LAN/Network Card

a- This is a 32-bit number written in the form of [Link].

b- It is assigned by internet service provider (ISP) or administrator
c- It is unique for a particular internet session.
d- It gives the location of a device on the internet.
e- It can also be used instead of URL to visit a website.
8-MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL ADDRESS or Network Card: Physical Address of NIC/LAN/Network Card
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
a- It is 48-bit address.
b- It is assigned by manufacturer at the time of manufacturing.
c- It is unique and remains same for every internet session.
d- It identifies the device on the internet or LAN

MAC Address VS IP Address

MAC Address is used to ensure the physical address of the computer. It uniquely identifies the
devices on a network. While IP addresses are used to uniquely identify the connection of the
network with that device takes part in a network.
A MAC address consists of two parts. The Block ID is the first six characters of a MAC address.
The Device ID is the remaining six characters. The Block ID is unique to the manufacturer.
Gateway VS Firewall
A gateway is used to link two separate networks together, allowing users to communicate
across several networks. In contrast, a firewall secures a network by deciding which data packets
are allowed to pass through a network

WI-FI: (Wireless) LAN

a- A wireless access point (WAP) receives data from a network through cable/broadband.
b- It provides data to the connected computers/devices through radio waves.

BLUETOOTH: PERSONAL AREA NETWORK

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and
mobile devices over short distances using radio waves.

SHOULD THE INTERNET BE POLICED?

Arguments in favor of:
 It will help to prevent illegal material being posted on websites.
 It will help to prevent easy search of un-ethical material such as how to hack
 It will help to prevent children and other vulnerable groups from being subjected to
undesirable websites.
Arguments against it:
 It would be very expensive to police all websites.
 It would be difficult to enforce rules and laws on global scale.
 Strict policing would go against freedom of information.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN): The interconnection of computers or devise over a longer
distance from each other geographically. Usually, a number of LANs are connected to form a WAN
using router.
WIRELESS LANs (WLANs): It is similar to LAN but devices are connected with each other using
wireless access point(s) rather than cables.
Advantages:
 All computers can access the same services and resources.
 It increases the flexibility to use the network as user does not have to remain at their desk.
 Adding new computers and devices is very easy.
Disadvantages:
 Security can be an issue as anyone can access the WAP.
 Problems of interference can happen.
 Data transfer rate is slower than a wired LAN.

INTERNET, INTRANET & EXTRANET

 The Internet is a globally-connected network of computers that enables people to share information
and communicate with each other.
 An intranet, on the other hand, is a local or restricted network that enables people to store, organize,
and share information within an organization.
 An extranet is a web portal that is accessible by an organization and its external vendors, partners,
customers, or any other users that require access to restricted information

DIGITAL DIVIDE: The difference between those people who have the necessary IT skills & the people who
lack necessary IT skills due to lack of money, skills, infrastructure.

NETWORK COMMUNICATION:
FAX MACHINES:
It allows documents to be sent to another fax machine using a normal telephone line.
ELECTRONIC FAXING:
It is associated with an email address and a fax number.
ELECTRONIC MAIL (email): It requires a valid email id for both sender and receiver from an email server and
an internet connection.
VIEDO CONFERENCING: It is a communication method that uses both video and sound. It requires following
items to begin:
1- Webcams.2- Monitors/television.3- Microphones.4- Speakers.
WEB CONFERENCING (WEBINAR): It is carried out in real time using multiple computers connected over the
internet. It helps to carry out
1- Business meetings to discuss new ideas.
2- Online education or training.

What is the difference between cache and cookies?

The main difference between Cache and Cookie is that, CACHE is used to store online
page resources during a browser for the long run purpose or to decrease the loading time.
On the other hand, COOKIES (small files) are employed to store user choices such as
browsing session to trace the user preferences
IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
CHAPTER 5: EFFECT OF ICT & WORKING PATTERNS
EFFECTS OF IT ON EMPLOYMENT:

AREAS OF INCREASED EMPLOYMENT

 WEBSITE DESIGNERS JOBS

 DELIVERY DRIVERS JOB (ONLINE SHOPPING)
 Network Manager & Computer Programmers Jobs

AREAS OF INCREASED UNEMPLOYMENT

 OFFICE WORKER REDUCE

 MANUFACTURING : Robots have replaced human workers
 RETAILER: Local retailer shop are closed because of online products

EFFECTS OF IT ON WORKING PATTERNS WITHIN ORGANISATION:

The use of computers have changed the way we complete our work. Employees now don’t
necessarily have to be in the office to complete set tasks.

ADVANTAGES:
EMPLOYEE:
• Do not have to make child care arrangements–spend more time with family.
• Employee can work at a convenient time for them.
• Save time/costs on travelling.
EMPLOYER:
• No need to provide desk/office space.
• Employees may be happier and productive working at home.

DISADVANTAGES:
EMPLOYEE:
• Lack of interaction (including social) with staff and management.
• Employee could be easily distracted from working at home.
• Could be overlooked for promotion opportunities.
EMPLOYER:
• It could be harder to check what the employee is up to.

REASONS FOR HAVING DIFFERENT WORK PATTERN.

 Contended workforce stays in job, thus company’s recruitment and training cost is reduced.
 Flexi-time allows offices to remain open for longer hours.
 Job sharing allows more than one person for one particular skill set.
 Compressed hours lead the staff to be more focused on their work.
 Varied work patterns give more flexibility during busy times and staff sickness.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED DEVICES IN HOMES:

Microprocessors are found in many household devices. These devices could either be labor-saving devices,
leisure or more for conveyance.

ADVANTAGES:
1- Devices do much of the housework chores including:
 Cooking Food &Washing clothes or dishes
2- Tasks do not need to be done manually which means:
 Do not need to be in the house when food is cooking or clothes are being washed.
 More time to spend with family and friends.
 More time for leisure activities or to complete work.
3- Can encourage a healthy lifestyle because of smart fridges analyzing food ingredients.
DISADVANTAGES:
1- People can become over reliant on these devices and can become lazy.
2- Can lead to unhealthy eating due to dependency on ready meals.
3- Manual household skills are lost.

CHAPTER 6: ICT APPLICATIONS

 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
CHAPTER 6: ICT APPLICATIONS
1- Communication Applications
PAPER BASED COMMUNICATION
News Letter:
It contains local information which is read by company employees or club members. It might include;
1- News of marriage, death or birthdays of employees or members.
2- Fundraising.
3- Advertisement.
4- Recap of all the events.
BROCHURES.
A single sheet is often called as a flyer or a leaflet, whereas, booklets are referred to as
BROCHURE
USES: Brochures and flyers are often sent out to every household in a particular area, this will
ensure a certain group of people will get the company’s advertisement.
Posters:
They are eye catching and attractive. These are displayed on billboards, notice boards or buildings
as part of an advertising campaign to target a specific audience.

COMPUTER BASED COMMUNICATION

1- Websites
Companies use websites as a mean to communicate with existing and potentially new customers.
2- Multimedia Presentations
3- Cartoons/Animation
Animations can be created using specialist software and to promote new products.
Music Scores: Music can now be created and edited on computers. It can be used as part of
advertisement or slogans.
5- Mobile Communication
6- Internet Telephony (VoIP): WHTSAPP & SKYPE
7- Business Cards and Letterheads
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

2-DATA HANDLING APPLICATIONS

Data handling is concerned with how data is inputted, stored and output in
computer systems.

Advantages of Data Handling Applications

1- Data can be updated, organized, sorted and searched indifferent ways.
2- Data can display or printed in different formats.
3- Data can be backed up or moved using storage media.
4- Huge storage space not required (filing cabinets)
Disadvantages:
Hardware and software requirement to run the database
Time and effort required to transfer all the data from the paper into the database.

3- MEASUREMENT APPLICATIONS
1- Sensors are placed to measure physical quantities. The data from sensors are measured in analogue.
2- The analogue signal is then converted to a digital signal using ADC (analogue to digital converter).
3- Data is sent to microprocessor where it is processed (microprocessor takes decision on the data by
comparing the value with stored one).
4- The action of the microprocessor is sent towards actuator using DAC (digital to analogue converter).
5- Actuator performs the action.

ICT APPLICATIONS
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

Q: DOCTORS OFTEN USE EXPERT SYSTEMS TO DIAGNOSE ILLNESSES OF PATIENTS DESCRIBE HOW AN
EXPERT SYSTEM DIAGNOSES ILLNESSES.

Q: A MINING COMPANY HAS ASKED A KNOWLEDGE ENGINEER TO DEVISE AN EXPERT SYSTEM TO HELP
THEM WITH THEIR PROSPECTING FOR VALUABLE MINERALS. DESCRIBE HOW THIS EXPERT SYSTEM WOULD
BE CREATED

Q: AN OFFICE HAS A MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEM. DESCRIBE HOW THE
MICROPROCESSOR WOULD KEEP THE TEMPERATURE OF THE OFFICE AT A CONSTANT 19°C
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
A CHEMISTRY STUDENT WANTS TO MEASURE HOW QUICKLY A LIQUID COOLS AFTER IT HAS BOILED.
SHE WILL USE A SENSOR CONNECTED TO A COMPUTER TO DO THIS. Describe how the computer would
process the data into a form the student could use to analyze the results.

COMPUTER MDELING/SIMULATION: Aim to mimic (Copy) real life systems in order to see
the outcomes of different scenarios. Computer simulations can be created for a range of
applications including: Financial Simulation, Flight Simulation, Driving Simulation & 3D Model
USES:
Prediction: Models can predict outcomes based on inputs we enter (e.g. spreadsheets)
Training: For example, allowing pilots or surgeons to learn their skills safely.
Design: Architects can produce very accurate 3D models of buildings
Advantages of using computer models/simulations

Dis- Advantages
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

Automatic Number Plate Recognition System (ANPR):

1. Sensor detects the vehicle and sends a signal to a microprocessor to instruct a
camera to capture an image of the front of the vehicle.
2. An algorithm is used to isolate the image of the number plate from rest of the picture.
3. The algorithm also checks if the number plate is damaged or not.
4. Characters on the number plate are recognized using optical character reader
(OCR) software.
5. The software converts the image of number plate characters into string of text.
6. The string is then stored on a database or used by microprocessor.
7. In case of car parking, the barrier is raised and a parking ticket is issued to the owner
of the car.
8. When owner returns to the car, he inserts parking ticket into a machine which calculates
the car park charges

EMPLOYEE CALL MONITOR:

Managers listen to employee’s telephone calls for the following reasons;
 It improves the employee’s performance in call center.
 Manager can join in a call where necessary.
 Company may be sensitive regarding its security of information.
 Can be used as a training tool.
TYPES OF CALL MONITORING:
 Monitor: Manager can just listen the call.
 Whisper: Manager can speak to employees to help them.
 Barge: Both employee and customer can listen the manager
GLOBAL POSITIONING SATELLITE (GPS): GPS can determine a specific location using satellite
navigation systems.
 Cars, Ships, Planes can use GPS when navigating to specific locations.
 Walkers to locate position on hills/mountains.
 Used by runners to calculate distance.

GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM): GIS allows us to map, model/query and analyze
large amount of data according to location. GIS will allow users to see specific details on a location.
Uses:
 Emergency service use GIS to send closest location.
 Biologist can use it to protect marine life
 Availability of potential retail outlets mapped by the GIS to give options to the business
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION: The satellite system is used to transmit data from one part of the
planet to another using radio waves. Due to often great distances, cables would be too costly it
contain;
 Antennas (allow receiving and sending of data).
 Solar panels (for power from sun).
 Propulsion (to ensure the satellite is in correct orbit).
 Signals are sent and received as radio waves.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE

IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

With this method only

one part of the new
systems is introduced
and, only when it proves
to work satisfactorily is
the next part introduced
and so on until the old
system is fully replaced
With this method the
new system is
introduced into one
branch or office of the
company and its
performance assessed
before being introduced
elsewhere in the
company
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

EVALUATION:

Once a system is up and running it is necessary to do dome evaluation and carry out
any maintenance if necessary.
 Compare the final solution with original task requirements
 Identify the limitation of the system
 Identify any necessary improvement
 Evaluate the user’s responses of using the new system
 Compare performance of new system with results from old system
 Observe users performing set tasks (compare old with new)
 Give out questionnaires to gather responses about the ease of use of the new
system

Some results from the evaluation may lead to two things happening.

 Update of hardware : new hardware comes on the market

 Update of software : Change in legislation that may require modifications
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
Chapter 8: Safety & Security

DISCUSS WHY E-SAFETY IS NEEDED:

These days youngsters are not fully aware of the dangers the internet poses and the potential risks they may
put themselves under. For that reason e-Safety lessons are taking place in schools to educate young people
about the potential risks of using the internet appropriately so that they know how to stay safe whilst being
online.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

E-safety

Strategies to prevent HACKING to protect data

• Use of firewalls – sometimes part of the operating system.
• Use of strong passwords which are frequently changed.
• Use of protection software to detect and block possible hacking attempts.
• Hire a professional hacker to test the weaknesses of your system
Strategies to prevent COMPUTER VIRUS
• Install antivirus software and regularly update it.
• Do not use software or USB from unknown sources.
• Be careful about clicking on links from untrusted websites.
• Be careful about downloading attachments from unknown email addresses.

What is Phishing?
The recipient will receive an email which looks legitimate. The email will normally request the user to update
their details which could be their password or payment details. To update the users details they will have to
click on a link which will take them to a fake website.

Strategies to prevent Phishing

• Use a filter on your email account so that only emails from an allowed users appear in your inbox.
• Always double check the URL and email address.

What is PHARMING? A malicious code installed onto a web server or computer will redirect users to a fake
website even though they have typed in a legitimate URL address.
Strategies to prevent Pharming
• Anti spyware software could eliminate pharming code from a computer.
• Always double check the URL to see if the same one is you typed in.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
WHAT IS CREDIT CARD FRAUD?

When a user is tricked into giving their personal and financial information. This could be via phishing,
pharming or the use of spyware software.

Strategies to prevent credit card fraud.

• Have a strong password on your account.
• Ensure website has a secure connection.
• Install and update spyware software.
• Regularly check bank statement for any suspicious activity.
IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
CHAPTER 9: AUDIENCE

Copyright Legislation
Works That Can be protected under Copyright Law

 Architectural drawings, plans, and buildings.

 Sound recordings.
 Any audiovisual work, including motion pictures.
 Graphic, pictorial, and sculptural works.
 Choreographic works and pantomimes.
 Any dramatic work and its accompanying music.

You will know the importance of researching your audience before an ICT solution is
implemented
IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

CHAPTER 10: COMMUNICATIONS

COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER ICT USERS USING EMAIL

Email is very popular form of communication between people. However many countries have laws
to protect people from the misuse of emails:

 Emails must not have false or misleading subject lines.

 Organizations must include valid postal address.
 Organizations are not allowed to capture and store lists of email addresses.
 There should be a clear way for recipients to unsubscribe from receiving email.
 Organizations are required to ask for permission before they can send emails to individuals.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
CONSTRAINTS:
a) LEGISLATION: Email Sending Laws

1. Opt-In

2. Opt-out

3. SUBSCRIBE/UNSUBSCRIBE: must be in company list

4. PRIVACY POLICIES:

5. EMAIL ADDRESS HARVESTING (EMAIL HARVESTING)

6. SENDER EMAIL ADDRESS

7. MISLEADING SUBJECT
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
b) ACCEPTABLE LANGUAGE:
 The Language of the email must be appropriate.
 It must not include abusive, threatening and racist language.
 The email sent within the organization must be formal.

c) NETIQUETTE:
It is the short form of internet etiquettes. There are as follows
[Link]’t be abusive.
[Link]’t send spam.
[Link] check the spelling and grammar.
[Link] privacy of others
[Link]’t plagiarize.
[Link]’t use too many emotions as they might annoy your reader.
[Link]’t capitalize everything

d) COPYRIGHT : Sending Email

e) SECURITY AND PASSWORD PROTECTION

f) EMAIL GROUPS
it’s easier for a user to send out multiple emails if the address are all grouped together
under a single name:

OTHER OPERATION OF SENDING EMAIL: TO, CC and BCC options

 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
When referring to email, “cc” means carbon copy and “bcc” means “blind
carbon copy”. Both “cc” and “bcc” are additional fields you can enter when
sending an email.

Every recipient email address you enter into the “to” and “cc” fields will be able
to see each other. The email addresses you add to the “bcc” field will not be
visible to the “to” and “cc” recipients or the other “bcc” recipients.

When should you use CC?

 Sending to multiple people

 You want everyone to know that the email has multiple recipients
 You’re sending it to a third party to add weight to your email

When should you use BCC?

 To avoid alerting the primary recipient

 When sending to a large number of people
 In situations where you only want the extra recipients to get a single email

Spam Email:
It is basically an unwanted email. It is sent to the recipient from a mailing list. It can be a part of
phishing scam.
Effects of spam email:
 It can make the network slower through flooding of traffic.
 If part of phishing scam it can obtain recipient’s personal details and data.
How to prevent spam email?
 Use junk email filter.
 Do not sign up for commercial email list.
 Do not reply the spam email

INTERNET vs WWW

The main difference between Internet and World Wide Web is that the Internet refers to the
hardware while the World Wide Web refers to the software
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

Internet uses IP address. WWW uses HTTP.

Internet is a global network of networks. WWW stands for World wide Web.

Internet is a means of connecting a World Wide Web which is a collection of

computer to any other computer information which is accessed via the
anywhere in the world. Internet.

INTERNET INTRANET(LAN) EXTRANET (VPN)

It is the type of network

It is an internal that allows users from
private network outside to access the
Accessibility built within an Intranet (LAN) of an
of network Public organization organization.

To share information with

suppliers and vendors it
Specific to an makes the use of public
Availability Global system. organization. network.

It is accessible only Accessible only to the

It is accessible to the members of members of organization
Accessibility to everyone organization and external members with
of content connected. behind firewall logins.

Blogs and Blogging:

 A blog is based on personal experiences and usually updated by one author.
 Blog entries are in order (most recent entries are shown first).
 Blogs cannot be changed by other users of the internet.
 Bloggers can be prosecuted for posting offensive material.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
Microblogs: These are similar to blogs but are most often used on social networking sites to make
short, frequent posts.

B-Blog: It is short for business blog-which is used by businesses to promote themselves on the
internet.

Wikis: These are the websites that allows users to create and edit web pages using any web
browser.
Wiki Features:
 Anyone can edit, delete or modify the content
 Many authors can be involved in a wiki
 allows large documents to be seen by many people
 show/keeps track of all entries
Social Networking Sites:
Focus on building online communities of users who share the same interest and activities. They
enable people to share photos videos and music, hobbies, favorite eating palaces and son.
 Each members is provided with free web space
 Each member can build their own private and public profiles
 It is possible to write on each other’s walls
INTERNET FORUM, or message board, is an online discussion site where people can hold
conversations in the form of posted messages
Internet forum types:
 A moderated forum refers to an online forum for discussion in which all posts are pre-
approved by a moderator before being posted for the group
 Un-moderated forums are less secure than moderated forums and there is more risk of being
exposed to spam and phishing attempts.

FUNCTIONALITY OF THE INTERNET (Web add, URLs, hyperlinks and web browsers)

Web Browser: It is a software which is used to display a web page on the computer screen.
It translates HTML from websites and show the result of the translation.
Features of web browser:
 It has home page.
 It stores the user’s favorite website.
 It keeps a history of all the websites visited by the user.
 It has hyperlinks, so that user can navigate between web pages.

Internet Service Provider (ISP): These are the companies which provide user access to the
internet, usually by charging a fee.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL):

Web browser uses URL to access websites. URLs are represented by numbers
([Link] however it is not very user friendly.
So Therefore an alphanumeric format ([Link] is used.
A URL contains the following information.
[Link]

Protocol Web-server name File name

 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
An error will occur if any part of the URL is incorrect. (HTTP 404).

INTERNET PROTOCOLS
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): These are the rules which must be obeyed while transferring
data between webserver and the web browser.

HTTPS: It is an extension of http. It is used for secure communication over a computer

network.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP): It is protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client
and a server on a computer network.

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and its successor, TLS (Transport Layer Security), are protocols for
establishing authenticated and encrypted links between networked computers.
SSL USES:
 Online banking
 Online shopping
 Sending and receiving email
 Using cloud storage
 Intranet and extranet

How can cybercriminal obtain credit cards details?

 Key logging software’s
 Hacking into e-commerce websites
 Phishing
 Setting up bogus websites (Pharming)
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

CLOUD STORAGE:

Online storage medium used to backup files. Files can be accessed from any device with
an internet connection. Data is saved on more than one server so in case of maintenance or repair
data is always accessible.

Public Cloud:
The storage environment where client and storage provider are different companies.
Private Cloud:
The storage environment where client and storage provider are single entity
Advantages:
 Files can be accessed from any location using an internet connection.•
 Users don’t have to carry storage devices around with them.
 Offer backup solutions.
 Unlimited storage capacity.
Disadvantages:
 Files could be hacked.
 Dependent on a good quality internet connection to download and upload files.
 Storage Company can charge the client.

Online Data Protection

HTTPS or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encrypts information sent between a website and a user's
machine. When purchasing or entering personal information on websites, always check for an
“[Link] or a padlock icon in your browser's URL bar to verify that a site is secure before entering
any personal information.
 SSL /TLS (handshake & Record Layer) Security Protocols
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
 Digital Certificate
A digital Certificate can be attached with Email and Websites to prove who has sent the
message. A digital Certificate consist of the following:
 Sender Email Address

 Name of the Sender

 Serial No

 Certificate Expiry Date

 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
PAST PAPERS QUESTION /ANSWERS
2021 M/JUNE P11 ICT APPLICATIONS
a) Many banks have reduced the number of staff in their branches and replaced them with
automatic teller machines (ATMs). These ATMs, which can be located within the bank,
can be used by customers to deposit and withdraw money from their bank accounts. 4
ATMs can be used to deposit cheques.
Describe the computer processing involved in depositing a cheque at an ATM
 Customer is asked to enter their debit card in the ATM
 Customer’s bank computer is contacted
 The card details are searched in the bank database
 Card is checked to see if valid/in date/stolen
 Customer is asked to enter their PIN
 PIN is compared to the PIN stored on the chip
 Customer is asked to deposit cheque
 The system checks whether the cheque is valid
 The cheque is scanned/read by the ATM
 Amount is scanned
 Bank account is checked for sufficient funds
 The image of the scan is saved
 The customer is asked to select the account to deposit money
 Money is deducted from the bank of the cheque
 Money is added to the account of the payee
 A receipt is sent to the printer at the ATM

b) Customers can visit these banks or use internet banking. Discuss the advantages
and disadvantages to a customer of visiting the bank rather than using internet
banking.
Advantages:
 Retention of banks therefore all customers could use them
 Easier for customers to speak to a member of the banking staff
 Customers do not have to purchase expensive computer equipment
 Safer than carrying out transactions over the internet
Disadvantages:
 Have to pay to travel to the bank to use the service
 Customers could waste time standing in queues/travelling to the bank
 More difficult for people who have a condition which affects their mobility
 Smaller customer base as it is local
 No 24/7 available

2021 M/JUNE P12

 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
2. Humans can send unmanned aircraft into storms to collect wind speeds and temperature
data. The unmanned aircraft have sensors attached to them which send the data back to
computers at the weather station. The computers analyse the data.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the unmanned aircraft rather
than using the manned aircraft.
Advantages
 Less expensive to fly the aircraft into the storm
 Less risk to life as there is no flight crew
 It can be flown closer to the storm
 Results are processed immediately
 On board computers can analyse the data continuously
 Readings can be taken more frequently
Disadvantages
 The sensors could malfunction and there is no way of repairing them easily
 You can lose the signal due to the electrical charges in the storm
 Less responsive
 Slower to react
 May go out of range

2021 M/JUNE P13

3. A mobile phone is used for communications, either for making phone calls or text messaging.
 Chang is planning an expedition to the Southern Alps in New Zealand. There is often a limited
mobile phone signal in these areas. He has set his phone up so that if there is an emergency he
can communicate with the rescue teams using text messaging rather than making a phone call.
Give two advantages of using text messaging in this way.

 He may be tired/injured therefore text messaging is easier than trying to talk

 The text message is sent even though the sender’s phone is in limited signal strength
 Limited signal strength can result in a break of voice
 A text message is quicker to send
4. The terminals in the school use electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFTPOS).
Describe the computer processing that takes place to pay for a meal at the EFTPOS terminal using
the card
 The cost of the meal is totaled
 The reader reads the details from the card
 The amount of money on the card is checked
 The total is compared to the amount of money on the card
 If it is greater the transaction is rejected
 If it is less than or equal to then the transaction is accepted
 Checked whether card it is correct type/stolen/blocked
 The cost is deducted from the amount on the card
 slip is produced//Message is prepared
Q1-Modern supermarkets have automated stock control systems, which use data from the
checkouts.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
Describe how food items can be ordered by an automated stock control system so they are
delivered before the stock in the supermarket runs out.
 Each item is scanned/bar code is read at the POS terminal
 Bar code is searched in the database
 The quantity of products is reduced
 The stock database is updated
 When the minimum stock number/level/reorder level is reached
 Reads re-order quantity
 Goods flagged as ordered
 The automated stock system sends a signal to the warehouse computer to
 order new items
 The warehouse sends the items to the supermarket
 Re-order quantity is found in the database
 Flags removed
 The stock control system updates the stock levels in the stock control
 database with the new stock

Q2- An author is writing a new textbook about ICT. He has used a large number of images in the
document and wishes to send the document as an email attachment to his publisher, but the file is
currently too large.

Describe how he could reduce the size of the document without reducing the number of images.

 Compress the images to a smaller size // reduce image resolution

 Compress/zip the document to a smaller size
 Change the file type/format of each image
 Save as PDF

Q3- Describe the features that you would look for in a browser to indicate it has a secure
connection to a website.
 The URL will start with HTTPS
 A padlock appears as an icon on the web page
 SSL security certificate warning
 The background colour of the URL is set to green

Q5- most smart phones can carry out may functions which, until recently, only a computer could perform.
Explain why computers of all types are still needed.
 Mainframes/PCs/laptops needed for applications which require high speed processing
 Mainframes/ PCs/laptops needed for applications which require greater internal memory capacity
 Mainframes/ PCs/laptops needed for applications which require greater backing storage capacity
 Mainframes/ PCs/laptops/tablet computers needed for applications which require bigger displays
 Mainframes/ PCs/laptops needed for applications which require more manageable keyboards
 Mainframes/ PCs/laptops have access to wider range of application software
 Still need mainframes to carry out complex mathematical functions
 Mainframes/ PCs/laptops are easier to monitor use

Q5- Compare and contrast Dialogue-based interface and Gesture Based Interface?

DIALOGUE User Interface

This is a way of interacting with your environment by means of the spoken word.
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
For example; many modern cars have a dialogue interface to allow control of the radio and mobile phone w
hilst driving. The driver simply says a certain command word such as 'Radio 2' whilst the car is in 'listening m
ode'. The computer controlling the interface will make sense of the command and take action, switching the
radio to radio 2.

Advantage/Dis-Advantages

 Allows hands free control

 Limited amount of visual and textual clues
 Useful to ensure safety when driving
 May not operate reliably if there is
 No need to learn new skills
background noise or user has a cold.
 Voice provides a realistic feel
 Expensive to develop
Gestural User Interface
Refers to using specific gestures, like scrolling, pinching, and tapping to operate an interface. Gestural user in
terface and gesture recognition technology has evolved from very basic motions and applications to the com
plex, and it is now part of everyday life for a huge number of people
The Samsung Galaxy S4 is an example of one smartphone that has taken gesture UI a step further. The phon
e tracks and recognizes your eye movement and automatically scrolls down as your eyes reach the bottom of
the page.

Advantage/Dis-Advantages  Irrelevant object might overlap with hand

 Relives burden of learning syntax  Limited distance recognition
 Easily recognition static and dynamic gestures  Ambient light affect the color detection
 Simple, fast and easy to implement threshold
 No training is required

DATABASE
1. A systems analyst has created a new computer system to keep records in a medical centre. She has
created a relational database to store the medical records of patients. 7 The database uses primary
and foreign keys.
(a) Describe what is meant by a relational database
 Contains more than one table
 Tables are linked
 It uses relationships
 Removes redundancy of data
 Saves storage space

(b) Explain the difference between a primary key and a foreign key.
 Primary key holds unique data
 Primary key identifies the record
 Primary key can be automatically indexed
 Each table has one primary key whereas a table can contain a number of foreign keys
 Foreign key is used to link with the primary key of another table

(c) A dentist works at the medical centre. The dentist stores the medical records of his patients.
Describe four other uses of the database software that the dentist can use to help him in his work.
 Searches/queries can be used to search details of patients
 Reports can be created about treatment carried out
 Formulas can be created to calculate the cost of treatment
 Charts can be created showing missed appointments by patients
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
 Images are stored of the x-rays to identify the patient/determine treatment
(d) The data stored on the computer system needs to be protected from un-authorised access. Discuss
the effectiveness of different methods of increasing security of this data
EFFECTIVENESS

 Strong passwords are difficult to crack

 Biometric passwords are harder to crack
 Regularly changing passwords increases security
 Use of two-factor authentication
 Firewall stops fraudulent sites attacking the computer Anti-spyware stops passwords being
seen when typed in

FACTORS REDUCING EFFECTIVENESS

 Too complex a password can be easily forgotten
 Passworded files may not be backed up
 Using a number of different passwords can become cumbersome
 Regularly changing passwords means that passwords may be forgotten
 May be difficult to choose unique password if it is changed every few weeks

2. Susan plans to work on her database at home. However, the database is very large so her
teacher has told her that it needs to be reduced in size. She will then be able to attach it to an
email so she can send it home.
(a) Explain why the file size would need to be reduced.
 The larger it is the longer to transmit the email
 Some email companies set a limit on attachment file size
 The time to upload/download would increase with a large file
When Aimi created the whole database one of the fields was set as integer. However,
as data is entered Aimi realises that the field should have been set to two decimal
places.
(b)Describe the steps that need to be taken, by Aimi, to change the field from an
integer to a decimal. This field will be set to two decimal places.
 Open the table
 Select Design View
 Select the field
 Select field type
 Select from the drop down list – single/double
 Click decimal places
 Type in 2

b) Susan created a relational database but could have created a flat file database.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a relational database rather than a flat file
database

Advantages:
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
 Data does not need to be entered a second time as tables are used
 Records cannot be duplicated but a flat file cannot stop this
 Saves time when entering data
 More efficient storage as data is only stored once
 Simpler to delete/modify details
 Complex queries can be carried out
 Complex reports can be created
 Better security as some tables can be made confidential
 Avoids inconsistent records
Disadvantages
 More complex than a flat file database as more tables are required
 Takes more time to set up
 More of a reduction in performance if many tables are needed
 Slower extraction of data
 Less robust due to broken keys and records//Each table requires a key field
 and relationships to other tables
 Needs specialist personnel to setup the database
3. The owner of a bookshop has a database of all the books she has in stock. As some of the data is
being entered into the database it is checked using validation checks. 11 An example of some of the
records in the database is shown.
Explain, using a field name and examples of
the data stored in that field in the database,
why validation checks must be appropriate to
the data that is being checked.

Type of book

 Can use length/lookup check as only

one letter is input for example E or H
 Cannot use a type check as only one
letter used

ISBN

 Can use check digit as a way of checking

that digits are not transposed
 Cannot use a length check as they are
different lengths

Date of purchase

 Can use a format check as all dates are

the same format.

Number of copies

 Can use a range/limit check as the

lowest number is 1
 Can use a type check as only numbers are accepted

Name of book/Name of Book

 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
 Cannot use a length check as names can be any length
 Cannot use a type check as any character can be used

Name of author

 Cannot use a length check as names can be any length

WORD PROCESSING M/J 2021

 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021

 Select the position for the table

 Click on Insert then table
 Select/type in 2 columns and 5 rows
 Type in the data

 Click on right hand cell in the row

 Click insert…pictures
 Locate/select picture
 Insert the picture
 Format the picture

 Click insert …
 … select picture from file
 Locate the image
 Load the image
 Right click and list menu …
 … click format
 Format the image
SPREADSHEET
 Position the image M/J 2021
 Click
1. Many teachers feel that monitoring student progress is an important wrap
part of the text
teaching and
learning process.  Save the document
 IGCSE II - ICT 417- Important Handouts: 2021
Describe how the features of a spreadsheet can be used by a teacher to help monitor student
progress.

 Student progress can be shown over time using graphs

 Comparisons between students can be shown using graphs
 Comparisons with archive data can be shown using graphs
 Conditional formatting can be used to show how a student is performing
 compare to other students or past performance
 Data can be sorted to show the best performers in the class
 Calculate average marks to enable comparisons
 Automatic reporting results to parents
 Filtering students to show those above/below a threshold