Oldenburg (city)

Oldenburg (German pronunciation: [ˈɔldn̩ bʊʁk] ⓘ;

Northern Low
Saxon: Ollnborg) is an independent city in the state of Lower Oldenburg
Saxony, Germany. The city is officially named Oldenburg (Oldb) Ollnborg (Northern Low Saxon)
(Oldenburg in Oldenburg) to distinguish from Oldenburg in
City
Holstein.

During the French annexation (1811–1813) in the wake of the

Napoleonic war against Britain, it was also known as Le Vieux-
Bourg in French. The city is at the rivers Hunte and Haaren, in the
northwestern region between the cities of Bremen in the east and
Groningen (Netherlands) in the west. According to Germany's 2022
census, the city's population is 172,759.[3] Oldenburg is part of the
Northwest Metropolitan Region, which is home to approximately
2.8 million people.[4] City centre of Oldenburg including St Lamberti
Church, Schloss Oldenburg (Oldenburg Palace)
The city is the place of origin of the House of Oldenburg. Before and the Oldenburgisches Staatstheater
the end of the German Empire (1918), it was the administrative (Oldenburg State Theatre; left image border)
centre and residence of the monarchs of Oldenburg.

History Flag
Coat of arms
Archaeological finds point to a settlement dating back to the 8th
Location of Oldenburg (city)
century. The first documentary evidence, in 1108, referenced
Aldenburg in connection with Elimar I (also known as Egilmar I)
who is now commonly seen as the first count of Oldenburg. The
town gained importance due to its location at a ford of the
navigable Hunte river. Oldenburg became the capital of the County
of Oldenburg (later a Duchy (1774–1810), Grand Duchy (1815–
1918), and Free State (1918–1946)), a small state in the shadow of
the much more powerful Hanseatic city of Bremen.[5]

In the 17th century Oldenburg was a wealthy town in a time of war

and turmoil and its population and power grew considerably. In
1667, the town was struck by a disastrous plague epidemic and,
shortly after, a fire destroyed Oldenburg. The Danish kings, who
were also counts of Oldenburg at the time, had little interest in the
Oldenburg
condition of the town and it lost most of its former importance. In
1773, Danish rule ended. Only then were the destroyed buildings in
the city rebuilt in a neoclassicist style.[5] (German-speakers usually
call the "neoclassicist style" of that period klassizistisch, while
neoklassizistisch specifically refers to the classicist style of the
early 20th century.)

After the German government announced the abdication of

Emperor Wilhelm II (9 November 1918) following the exhaustion
and defeat of the German Empire in World War I, monarchic rule
ended in Oldenburg as well with the abdication of Grand Duke
Frederick Augustus II of Oldenburg (Friedrich August II von
Oldenburg) on 11 November 1918. The Grand Duchy now became
the Free State of Oldenburg (German: Freistaat Oldenburg), with Oldenburg
the city remaining the capital.

In the 1928 city elections, the Nazi Party received 9.8% of the vote,
enough for a seat on the Oldenburg city council. In the September
1930 Oldenburg state elections, the Nazi Party's share of the vote
rose to 27.3%, and on May 29, 1932, the Nazi Party received 48.4%
in the state election, enough to put the Nazi party in charge of
forming a state government and, significantly, making Oldenburg Coordinates: 53°08′38″N 8°12′50″E
the first state in the country to put the Nazis in power based on
Country Germany
electoral turnout. By that autumn, a campaign of Aryanization
State Lower Saxony
began, forcing the sale of formerly Jewish-owned properties at
District Urban district
steep discounts.[6]
Subdivisions 33 boroughs, separated
In 1945, after World War II, the State of Oldenburg became part of into nine census tracts
the British zone of occupation. The British military government of Government
the Oldenburg region resided in the city. Several displaced-persons • Lord mayor Jürgen Krogmann[1]
camps were set up in the city that had suffered only 1.4% (2021–26) (SPD)
destruction during the bombing campaigns of World War II.[7] Area
About 42,000 refugees migrated into Oldenburg, which raised the • Total 102.96 km2
number of residents to over 100,000. In 1946 the Free State of (39.75 sq mi)
Oldenburg was dissolved and the area became the 'Administrative Elevation 4 m (13 ft)
District' of Oldenburg (Verwaltungsbezirk Oldenburg) within the Population (2022-12-31)[2]
newly formed federal German state of Lower Saxony • Total 172,830
(Niedersachsen). The city was now capital of the district. In 1978 • Density 1,700/km2 (4,300/sq mi)
the district was dissolved and succeeded by the newly formed
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
Weser-Ems administrative region (Regierungsbezirk Weser-Ems),
• Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)
again with the city as administrative capital. The state of Lower
Postal codes 26001–26135
Saxony dissolved all of the Regierungsbezirke by the end of 2004
Dialling codes 0441
in the course of administrative reforms.
Vehicle registration OL
Website [Link] (http
s://[Link])
Climate

Schloss Oldenburg
 Climate data for Oldenburg (1991–2020 normals)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Mean daily
4.7 5.4 9.3 14.3 18.1 20.6 23.2 22.8 18.9 13.8 8.5 4.7 13.7
maximum
(40.5) (41.7) (48.7) (57.7) (64.6) (69.1) (73.8) (73.0) (66.0) (56.8) (47.3) (40.5) (56.7)
°C (°F)

Daily mean 0.9 1.7 4.9 9.5 13.9 17.2 19.4 19 14.6 9.8 5.1 2.1 9.8
°C (°F) (33.6) (35.1) (40.8) (49.1) (57.0) (63.0) (66.9) (66) (58.3) (49.6) (41.2) (35.8) (49.6)

Mean daily
−0.1 −0.3 1.6 4.4 7.9 10.8 13.4 13.2 10.2 6.2 3.2 0.0 5.9
minimum °C
(31.8) (31.5) (34.9) (39.9) (46.2) (51.4) (56.1) (55.8) (50.4) (43.2) (37.8) (32.0) (42.6)
(°F)

Average
71.1 56.1 54.1 43.0 56.4 69.3 88.8 85.4 75.7 63.7 65.1 84.3 816.9
precipitation
(2.80) (2.21) (2.13) (1.69) (2.22) (2.73) (3.50) (3.36) (2.98) (2.51) (2.56) (3.32) (32.16)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
18.5 16.8 16.6 14.0 13.8 15.9 17.3 16.3 15.0 16.7 19.1 19.5 199.1
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Average
snowy days 4.5 3.2 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 3.9 13.8
(≥ 1.0 cm)

Average
relative 86.2 83.5 78.6 71.0 70.4 72.0 73.2 75.1 79.8 83.5 87.4 88.5 79.1
humidity (%)

Mean
monthly
45.3 63.0 117.1 172.8 213.2 200.5 209.1 191.1 143.8 110.0 48.0 40.1 1,562.1
sunshine
hours

Source: World Meteorological Organization[8]

City government
Local elections take place every five years. The city council (Stadtrat) has 50 seats. The lord mayor
(Oberbürgermeister) is elected directly by the citizens.

Political parties in Oldenburg (Oldb) and their percentages of votes in past city council elections[9]
Bündnis
Freie
Election ’90/ Die Piraten
SPD CDU Wähler/ FDP NPD LKR AFD
year Die Linke Partei
FW-BFO
Grünen

2001 40.1 13.6 30.5 3.9 2.8 8.2 – – – –

2006 32.7 21.2 26.0 7.2 5.4 6.3 – – – –

2011 34.0 27.3 20.6 6.1 3.1 3.0 2.8 1.1 – –

2016 32.68 19.13 22.21 9.88 1.53 4.84 1.17 0.62 1.19 4.76
 Resulting distribution of seats in the city council
Election Total
SPD Grüne CDU Linke FW FDP Piraten WFO NPD LKR AFD
year seats

2001 21 7 15 2 1 4 – – – – – 50

2006 16 11 13 4 3 3 – – – – – 50
2011 17 14 10 3 2 1 1 1 1 – – 50

2016 16 10 11 5 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 50

Economy and infrastructure

Transport
The city centre of Oldenburg is surrounded by a ring of freeways
(autobahns) consisting of A 28, A 29 and A 293. Because of this, Oldenburg
is connected to the nationwide network of federal autobahns, as well as to
the international E-road network (German: Europastraßen).

Oldenburg Central Station, Oldenburg (Oldb) Hauptbahnhof, is at the

intersection of the railway lines Norddeich Mole—Leer—Oldenburg—
Bremen and Wilhelmshaven—Oldenburg—Osnabrück, with Intercity Oldenburg Railway Station
services to Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden and InterCityExpress services to
Frankfurt and Munich.

Oldenburg is only about half an hour drive from Bremen Airport (about
50 km | 31 miles). Other international airports nearby are Hamburg Airport
(160 km | 100 miles) and Hannover-Langenhagen Airport (170 km | 106
miles).

The small Hatten Airfield, (Flugplatz Oldenburg-Hatten ICAO airport code:

EDWH), is located about 17 km south-west of Oldenburg. It serves to small
aircraft (private planes, gliders, balloons, and helicopters). A flight training Oldenburg Harbour
school is also located there, and small planes can be chartered. Scenic flights
can be booked as well.

Oldenburg is connected to shipping through the Küstenkanal, a ship canal connecting the rivers Ems and Weser. With
1.6 million tons of goods annually, it is the most important non-coastal harbour in Lower Saxony.

Bicycles play a very important part in personal transport.

Agriculture
The city is surrounded by large agricultural areas, about 80% of which is grassland. There are farms near and even a few
within city limits. Predominant agricultural activities of the region are the cultivation of livestock, especially dairy cows
and other grazing animals, crops such as grains for food and animal feed, as well as asparagus, corn, and kale.

Industry
Sea salt production in the Oldenburg region has been used since the 15th century to supply the huge salt demand in the
Baltic region. Peat extraction in the area continued for many centuries until it was replaced by coal mines.

Demographics
As of 31.12.2019 Oldenburg had 169,960 residents. 24.8% of the
Residents by foreign citizenship[10]
population were first or second generation immigrants.[11]
Nationality Population (2020)
Iraq 3,635
Cultural life Syria 2,190
Turkey 1,425
Poland 1,275
Recurring cultural events
Romania 1,135
Kultursommer (summer of culture), series of free musical
Russia 550
and other cultural events in the city centre during summer
holiday season in July. Italy 450
CSD Nordwest (Christopher Street Day) parade of the Iran 445
regional Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender community in
June, with up to 10,000 participants (since 1995). Afghanistan 410
Stadtfest, a three-day festival of the city centre in
August/September, comprises gastronomical offerings and rock
and pop music performances on various stages.
Oldenburg International Film Festival, a privately organised film
festival in September, focused on independent film and film
makers. The festival is funded through public subsidies and
private sponsoring.
Kramermarkt, fun fair at the Weser-Ems Halle on ten days in
September/October. The tradition of this annual volksfest dates
back to the 17th century, when the Kramermarkt was a market "Hundehütten" (dog houses) typical
event at the end of the harvest.
architecture in Oldenburg
Oldenburger Kinder- und Jugendbuchmesse (KIBUM), an
exhibition of new German language children's and youth
literature, takes place over 11 days in November. A non-commercial fair organised by the city government
in cooperation with the public library and the university library. In the course of the fair, a prize, the Kinder-
und Jugendbuchpreis, is awarded to a debuting author or illustrator.

Points of interest
Core city centre, large pedestrianized shopping destination for the region.
Oldenburg State Theatre, oldest mainstream theatre in Oldenburg, first opened in 1833.
Schloss Oldenburg in the city centre, until 1918 residence of the monarchic rulers of Oldenburg, today a
museum. A public park, the Schlossgarten, is nearby.
Weser-Ems Halle, exhibition and congress centre with outdoor fair area, located in Oldenburg
Donnerschwee.
Small EWE Arena and Large EWE Arena, two sports and event halls located near the main railway
station, opened in 2005 and 2013, and seating up to 4,000 and 6,852 visitors respectively. The large
arena is also home to the EWE Baskets Oldenburg basketball club.

Lutheran community
Oldenburg is the seat of administration and bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg, whose preaching
venue is the St Lamberti Church.

Jewish community
The history of the Jewish community of Oldenburg dates back to the 14th century.[12]
Towards and during the 19th century, the Jews in Oldenburg were always around 1% of
the total population, and by that time had acquired their own synagogue, cemetery and
school. Most of them were merchants and businessmen. On 1938 Kristallnacht, the town
men were led to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, among them Leo Trepp, the
community Rabbi who survived and later became an honorary citizen of Oldenburg and
honored by a street named after him.[13] Since 1981 an annual commemoration walk
(Erinnerungsgang) has been held by Oldenburg citizens in memory of the deportation of
the Oldenburg Jews on November 10, 1938.[14] Those who remained after 1938
emigrated to Canada, USA, United Kingdom, Holland or Mandatory Palestine.

After World War II, a group of survivors returned to the city and maintained a small Nathan Marcus Adler, chief
community until it was dissolved during the 1970s. Nevertheless, due to Jewish Rabbi of the Oldenburg
emigration from the former USSR to Germany in the 1990s, a community of about 340 Jewish community in the
people is now maintaining its own synagogue, cemetery and other facilities. The old 19th century
Jewish cemetery, which is no longer active after the opening of a new one, was
desecrated twice in 2011 and 2013.[15]

Media

Print
Nordwest-Zeitung (NWZ) Oldenburg-based daily newspaper, also provides local editions in neighbouring
counties
Free weekly newspapers delivered to households, mainly for ads and inserts: Hunte-Report
(Wednesdays+Sundays), Sonntagszeitung (Sundays).
Diabolo free weekly city magazine / listings magazine
Mox free biweekly event listings magazine (from the same publisher as Diabolo)
Alhambra-Zeitung bimonthly leftist, anti-fascist magazine
Oldenburger Stachel local alternative magazine (discontinued)
Oldenburgische Wirtschaft monthly magazine of the Oldenburg Chamber of Industry and Commerce
(Industrie- und Handelskammer)

Radio and television

Oldenburg Eins non-commercial public-access cable TV and radio station (live streams available online)
Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR), public TV and radio broadcaster (part of the ARD), maintains a regional
studio in Oldenburg.
 Radio FFN, commercial radio broadcaster, maintains a regional studio located in the NWZ building.

Online
Nordwest-Zeitung TV Local video news clips published by the Nordwest-Zeitung

Education

Tertiary education
There are two public universities in Oldenburg:

The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg was founded in 1973 based on a previous college for
teacher training, the Pädagogische Hochschule Oldenburg, which had a history in Oldenburg dating back
to 1793. The university was officially named after Carl von Ossietzky in 1991. As of 2014, it has almost
13,746 students, a scientific staff of 1,130, as well as 964 technical and administrative staff.[16] A new
faculty of medicine and health sciences was established in 2012 as part of the newly founded European
Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, a cooperation with the University of Groningen (Netherlands) and
local hospitals.[17]
The Jade University of Applied Sciences (Jade-Hochschule) The former Fachhochschule Oldenburg (until
1999) was founded in 1971, a merger of the previous engineering academy with the nautical college in
Elsfleth. Oldenburg already had a history of construction engineering training dating back to 1882.
Starting in 2000, the Fachhochschule had been part of multiple re-organisations involving several UAS
(Fachhochschule) in the northwestern region. A relaunch under the name Jade-Hochschule took place in
2009 (previously: Fachhochschule Oldenburg/Ostfriesland/Wilhelmshaven). The Jade-Hochschule now
comprises branches in three towns: Oldenburg, Elsfleth, and Wilhelmshaven. Based in Oldenburg are the
departments of architecture, construction engineering and construction management, geodesy, as well as
the institute of hearing aid technology and audiology. There are about 2,000 students in the Oldenburg
branch.[18] (The Elsfleth branch offers bachelor's degree courses in nautical science, international
logistics, and harbour management. The Wilhelmshaven branch offers courses in engineering, business
management, and media management.)
Privately managed institutions of higher education:

Founded in 2004, the IBS IT & Business School Oldenburg (former Berufsakademie Oldenburg), a
college of cooperative education, offers a [Link]. degree course in business informatics and a B.A. degree
course in business studies. The dual-system course combines practical vocational training at one of the
partnering local companies with periods of academic studies.
The Private Fachhochschule für Wirtschaft und Technik, a regional college of cooperative education,
maintains a branch in Oldenburg offering bachelor's degree courses with integrated vocational training in
electrical engineering and mechatronics.
Other:

The Oldenburg branch of the Lower Saxony police academy (Polizeiakademie Niedersachsen) maintains
a study facility in Oldenburg preparing candidates for a career in higher-middle-level or higher-level police
service.

Primary and secondary education

Gymnasium Graf-Anton-Guenther School
Wirtschaftsgymnasium Oldenburg
Cäcilienschule Oldenburg
Liebfrauenschule Oldenburg
Herbartgymnasium Oldenburg
Altes Gymnasium Oldenburg
Neues Gymnasium Oldenburg
 Gymnasium Eversten
IGS Flötenteich
Helene Lange Schule Oldenburg (IGS)
Realschule Hochheider Weg
Real- und Hauptschule Osternburg
Realschule Ofenerdiek
Kath. Grundschule Lerigauweg

Sports
Oldenburg hosted the 2007 Fistball World Championship.

It has two football teams, VfB Oldenburg and VfL Oldenburg, who also have a handball section of the same name.

Moreover, Oldenburg is home to the basketball team EWE Baskets Oldenburg.

Twin towns – sister cities

Oldenburg is twinned with:[19]

Høje-Taastrup, Denmark (1978) Mateh Asher, Israel (1996)

Cholet, France (1985) Kingston upon Thames, England, United
Groningen, Netherlands (1989) Kingdom (2010)
Makhachkala, Russia (1989) Buffalo City, South Africa (2012)
Rügen (district), Germany (1990) Qingdao, China (2014)
Xi'an, China (2017)

Notable people

Public servants and public thinking

Anna of Oldenburg (1501–1575), a Countess consort of East Frisia, spouse of
Count Enno II of East Frisia.
Princess Cecilia of Sweden (1807–1844), Princess of Sweden, died locally
Amalia of Oldenburg (1818–1875), a Bavarian princess and Queen of Greece
from 1836 to 1862.[20]
Karl von Wedel (1842–1919), a Prussian general and diplomat
Helene Lange (1848–1930), politician, educator and suffragist
Rudolf Heinze (1865–1928), jurist and politician; vice-chancellor of Germany, Princess Cecilia of
1920/21 Sweden, 1835
Karl Jaspers (1883–1969), philosopher, psychiatrist and writer
Otto Schultze (1884–1966), Generaladmiral with the Kriegsmarine during World
War II
Peter Suhrkamp (1891–1959), publisher and founder of the Suhrkamp Verlag
Otto Suhr (1894–1957), politician and Governing Mayor of Berlin 1955/57
Wilhelm Gideon (1898–1977), Nazi SS commandant of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp
Hermann Ehlers (1904–1954), politician (CDU), Bundestag President, was a local landlord and died
locally
Hermann Behrends (1907–1948), Nazi SS officer executed for war crimes
Heinz Rökker (1920–2018), WWII fighter pilot
Ulrike Meinhof (1934–1976), journalist, far-left activist and co-founder of the Red Army Faction
 Bernd Althusmann (born 1966), politician (CDU)
Thyra von Westernhagen (born 1973), Hanoverian princess by marriage
Hasnain Kazim (born 1974), journalist

Arts
Martin Zaagmolen (buried 1669), Dutch painter
Sophie Löwe (1815–1866), opera soprano.[21]
Christian Griepenkerl (1839–1916), painter and professor at the Academy of Fine
Arts Vienna
Helene Lange, 1899
August Jerndorff (1846–1906), a Danish painter, known for his portraits.
Ellen Plessow (1891 – 1967), a German actress in films from 1922 to 1957
Erna Schlüter (1904–1969), operatic dramatic soprano
Jürgen Goslar (born 1927), actor and director
Thomas Schmidt-Kowalski (1949–2013), composer
Klaus Modick (born 1951), author and literary translator
Rena Niehaus (born 1954), film actress
Thomas Schütte (born 1954), sculptor and draftsman
Heiko Daxl (1957–2012), media artist and curator
Andrea Clausen (born 1959), stage actress, member of the Burgtheater
ensemble
Sarah Nemtsov (née Reuter, born 1980), composer Karl Jaspers
Klaas Heufer-Umlauf (born 1983), TV host, producer, actor and singer.

Science & business

Otto Mencke (1644–1707), philosopher and scientist.
Arp Schnitger (1648–1719), organ builder
Wilhelm Heinrich Schüßler (1821–1898), medical doctor and naturopath
Isaac Friedlander (1823–1878), American wheat broker and California land Otto Suhr, 1958
speculator
Lothar Meyer (1830–1895), chemist, studied here
Reinhard Schlichting (1835–1897), American manufacturer and politician in
Wisconsin
August Brauer (1863–1917), zoologist, studied deep-sea ichthyology
Carl Ramsauer (1879–1955), professor and research physicist, discovered the
Ramsauer–Townsend effect.
Walter Behrmann (1882–1955), geographer; introduced a cylindrical map
projection "Behrmann projection"
Hans Günther Aach (1919–1999), botanist
Manfred Milinski (born 1950), biologist and formerly a director of the Max Planck Isaac Friedlander,
Institute 1878
Thomas Reiter (born 1958), retired European astronaut, Air Force Brigadier
General, lives locally

Sport
Uta Frommater (born 1948), swimmer, team bronze medallist at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Karsten Baumann (born 1969), football player and manager, played 389 games
Hans-Jörg Butt (born 1974), footballer, played 479 games and 4 for Germany
Oliver Köhrmann (born 1976), handball player
Florian Bruns (born 1979), football coach and former player who played 369 games
Johannes Bitter (born 1982), handball player, goalkeeper for Germany
 Thomas Plößel (born 1988), sailor, twice team bronze medallist at the 2016 and
2020 Summer Olympics.

Others
Diedrich A. W. Rulfs (1848–1926), German-American architect

See also
Hans-Jörg Butt, 2016
Route of Megalithic Culture – tourist route from Osnabrück to Oldenburg via
some 33 Megalithic sites

References
1. "Stichwahlen zu Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 26. September 2021" ([Link]
[Link]/SW2021/reports/DW/DW_Uebersicht.pdf) (PDF). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen. 13
October 2021. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/SW2021/reports/DW/DW_Uebersicht.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
2. "LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand
31. Dezember 2022" ([Link] (in German). Landesamt für
Statistik Niedersachsen.
3. "Population" ([Link] Zensus 2022. 2022-05-15.
Retrieved 2024-11-20.
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[Link]/ueber-uns/). Metropolregion Nordwest (in German). Retrieved 2024-11-20.
5. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public
domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Oldenburg". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.).
Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
6. Goldsmith, Martin (2014). Alex's Wake: A Voyage of Betrayal and a Journey of Remembrance ([Link]
[Link]/details/alexswakevoyageo0000gold/page/44). Da Capo Press. pp. 44–46 ([Link]
ails/alexswakevoyageo0000gold/page/44). ISBN 978-0306823220.
7. Ulrich Schneider: Niedersachsen 1945, p. 95. Hannover 1985
8. "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020" ([Link]
012165554/[Link]
s-9120/Germany/CSV/Oldenburg_10215.csv). World Meteorological Organization Climatological
Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the
original ([Link]
120/Germany/CSV/Oldenburg_10215.csv) on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
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p://[Link]/stadtol/[Link]?id=2580&L=) 2011-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
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09/[Link]
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burg/Benutzer/PDF/40/402/Statistik/OK/[Link]) (PDF). Archived from the original (https://
[Link]/fileadmin/oldenburg/Benutzer/PDF/40/402/Statistik/OK/[Link]) (PDF)
on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
12. "OLDENBURG - [Link]" ([Link]
g). [Link]. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/articles/11684-oldenburg) from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
13. Oldenburg, Stadt. "1990: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Leo Trepp – Stadt Oldenburg" ([Link]
28). [Link]. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
14. "Erinnerungsgang -" ([Link] Erinnerungsgang. Archived ([Link]
g/web/20171024165959/[Link] from the original on 24 October 2017.
Retrieved 29 April 2018.
15. "Антисемиты осквернили еврейское кладбище в Ольденбурге » Центральный Еврейский Ресурс
SEM40. Израиль, Ближний восток, евреи" ([Link]
[Link]/[Link]?newsid=239989). Archived from the original ([Link]
39989) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
16. "Statistics published on the CvO University's web site, retrieved in 2014" ([Link]
60702142318/[Link]
stik/zahlen-und-fakten/). [Link]. Archived from the original ([Link]
ng-entwicklung/akademisches-controlling/hochschulstatistik/zahlen-und-fakten/) on 2 July 2016.
Retrieved 29 April 2018.
17. "VI. School of Medicine and Health Sciences" ([Link] uni-
[Link]. 25 April 2018. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/en/medicine/) from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
18. "Statistics published on the Jade-Hochschule website, retrieved in January 2012" ([Link]
g/web/20100804163316/[Link] [Link]. Archived from the original (http://
[Link]/hochschule/) on 4 August 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
19. "Oldenburgs Partnerkommunen" ([Link]
eit/[Link]). [Link] (in German). Oldenburg. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
20. "Amalie, Marie Friederike" ([Link]
Amalie,_Marie_Friederike). New International Encyclopedia. Vol. I. 1905.
21. "Löwe, Sophie" ([Link]
_Sophie). The American Cyclopædia. Vol. X. 1879.

External links
Official website ([Link]
Official Oldenburg tourist information centre ([Link]
Oldenburg Panoramas ([Link] 360-degree
panning views
Straßen von Oldenburg ([Link]
m/) Drive-through videos of Oldenburg streets (in German)
Alt Oldenburg ([Link] Large collection of historical photographs of Oldenburg (in
German)
Oldenburg Association for Family Research e.V. ([Link]
[Link]/vereine/OGF/[Link]) genealogy of emigrants from Oldenburg
Oldenburgische Landschaft ([Link] (in German), Oldenburg-based
public body of municipalities within the area of the former State of Oldenburg

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