ACTIVITY – 1

Topic:
Equivalence Relation

Objective:
To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by
R =  (l , m ) : l is parallel to m is an equivalence relation.

Pre – requisite Knowledge:

(a) Definition of an equivalence relation
(b) Properties of parallel lines and perpendicular lines

Materials Required:
Graph paper, Ruler, Pencil and Colour Pens

Procedure:
1. Take a graph paper of convenient size and draw parallel, perpendicular and
intersecting lines.
2. Let the lines be l1 , l 2 , l3 , ........, l8 in the plane.
3. Here l1 is perpendicular to each of the lines l 2 , l3 and l 4 . Also l5 is perpendicular
to l 6 .
4. l2 is parallel to l3 , l3 is parallel to l 4 and l 7 is parallel to l8 .

Observation:
1. is parallel to itself, i.e each line is parallel to itself.
l1
 R =  (l , m ) : l is parallel to m is reflexive.

2. l2is parallel to l3  l3 is parallel to l 2

i.e (l2 , l3 )  R  (l3 , l2 )  R
Similarly (l3 , l4 )  R  (l4 , l3 )  R
(l2 , l4 )  R  (l4 , l2 )  R
(l7 , l8 )  R  (l8 , l7 )  R
  R =  (l , m ) : l is parallel to m is symmetric.
3. l2 is parallel to l3 and l3 is parallel to l 4  l2 is parallel to l4
i.e (l2 , l3 )  R and (l3 , l4 )  R  (l2 , l4 )  R
 R =  (l , m ) : l is parallel to m is transitive.

Result:
Since R = (l , m) : l is parallel to m is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, it is an
equivalence relation.

************
 ACTIVITY – 2
Topic:
Function

Objective:
To demonstrate a function which is one – one but not onto.

Pre – requisite Knowledge:

Basic knowledge of relation, functions and their types such as one – one,
many – one and onto.

Materials Required:
Drawing sheet, Colour sheet of paper, Ruler, Pencil, Pen, A pair of scissors and
Glue.

Procedure:
1. Cut two oval shapes from the colour paper and paste them on drawing sheet to
represent two sets as A and B.
2. Mark 5 dots on the set A and name them as a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 and a 5 .
3. Mark 6 dots on the set B and name them as b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 , b5 and b6 .
4. Join the dots of set A to the dots of set B with pen.

Observation:
1. f :A→ B
such that :
f (a1 ) = b1
f (a 2 ) = b2
f (a3 ) = b3
f (a 4 ) = b4
f (a5 ) = b5
2. Each element of the set A has a unique image in the set B.
Thus f : A → B is one – one.
 3. Also there exists at least one element b6 in the set B which doesn’t have any
pre – image in the set A.
 f : A → B is not onto.

Result:
Through this activity it is verified that the function which is one – one but not
onto.

*************
 ACTIVITY – 3
Topic:
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Objective:
To draw the graph of sin −1 x , using the graph of sin x and demonstrate the concept of
mirror reflection (about the line y = x).

Pre – requisite Knowledge:

(a) Concept of inverse function
(b) Domain and range of trigonometric functions
(c) Principal value branch of inverse trigonometric functions
(d) Knowledge of plotting the graph of sin x

Materials Required:
Graph paper, Ruler, Pencil, Pen and Eraser.

Procedure:
1. Take a graph paper and cut it into a square shape. Draw two perpendicular
lines on the graph paper using ruler.
2. Name them as XOX  and YOY  as coordinate axes.
3. Mark the points 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2on the positive y – axis. Similarly, mark
the points -0.5, -1, -1.5 and -2 on the negative y – axis.
4. Graduate the axes and mark approximately the points
                

 , sin   ,  , sin    ,..........,  , sin    i.e  , 0.5  ,  , 0.71 ,

 , 0.87  and   ,1 in
6  6   4  4  2  2  6  4  3  2 
the coordinate plane.
5. Make dots on these points using a pen and name them as N1 , N 2 , N 3 and N4 .
 6. Repeat the above process on the negative x – axis, by marking the points
 −  −   −   −   −  −   −   − 
 , sin   ,  , sin    ,..........,  , sin    i.e  , − 0.5  ,  , − 0.71 ,
 6  6   4  4   2  2   6   4 
 −


, − 0.87  and  −  , − 1 and name them as N1 , N 2 , N 3 and N 4 .
 3   2 
7. Draw a free hand curve by joining all the dots to get the graph of sin x from
− 
2
to 2
.
8. Fold the square paper along the diagonal to get the graph of line y = x.
Using ruler, draw a line on the square sheet of paper where the crease
formed.
9. Draw perpendiculars from the points N1 , N 2 , N 3 and N 4 on the line y = x and
produce these lines such that the length of perpendiculars on both sides of
the line y = x are equal. Name the points on the other sides of the line as
I 1 , I 2 , I 3 and I 4 .
10. Repeat the above process on the negative x – axis to get the points I 1, I 2 , I 3

and I 4 .

Observation:

1. The images of the points N1 , N 2 , N 3 and N4 in the mirror y = x are I1 , I 2 , I 3 and

I 4 respectively.

2. The images of the points N1 , N 2 , N 3 and N 4 in the mirror y = x are I1, I 2 , I 3 and
I 4 respectively.

3. Joining all the points I 1 to I 4 and I 1 to I 4 , on both sides of the line y = x we

obtain a curve which is the mirror image of y = sin x .

Result:
1. The curve we obtained is the graph of y = sin −1 x .
2. Clearly, the graphs of the functions sin x and sin −1 x are the mirror images of
each other.

*************
 ACTIVITY – 4
Topic:
Limit of a function

Objective:
To find analytically the limit of a function f(x) at x = c and also to check the
continuity of the function at that point.

Pre – requisite Knowledge:

Definition of limit, left hand limit, right hand limit, existence of limit and rule to
check the continuity of a function.

Materials Required:
Drawing sheet, Pencil, Pen, Eraser and Calculator.

Procedure:
 x 2 − 16

1. Consider the function given by f ( x) =  x − 4 , x  4 .
 8, x=4
2. Take few points on the left of c = 4 and find the value of f(x) and make a
table as below:
x 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999 3.99999
f(x) 7.9 7.99 7.999 7.9999 7.99999

3. Take few points on the right of c = 4 and find the value of f(x) and make a
table as below:
x 4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001 4.00001
f(x) 8.1 8.01 8.001 8.0001 8.00001

Observation:
1. The value of the function at x = 4 is 8 i.e f(4) = 8.
2. The value of f(x) is approaching to 8 as x approaches 4 from the left.
 3. The value of f(x) is approaching to 8 as x approaches 4 from the right.
4. lim f ( x) = 8
x→4

Result:
Since lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (4) = 8 , the given function is continuous at x = 4.
x →4− x →4

*************
 ACTIVITY – 5
Topic:
Application of Derivatives (Concept of increasing and decreasing functions)

Objective:
To understand the concepts of increasing and decreasing functions.

Concept:
(a) Function is increasing if f ( x)  0 in the given interval.
(b) Function is decreasing if f ( x)  0 in the given interval.

Pre – requisite Knowledge:

(a) Slope of the tangent = tan  , where  is the angle with the x – axis.
(b) tan  is positive if   90  and tan  is negative if   90  .

Materials Required:
Drawing sheet, Pencil, Colour Pens, Eraser and Ruler.

Procedure:
1. Take a drawing sheet and draw two perpendicular lines to represent x – axis
and y – axis.
2. Draw two curves representing two functions. Take three points on the left
curve as A1 , A2 and A3 . Similarly, take three points on the right curve as B1 , B2
and B3 .
3. Draw a tangent on the left curve at the point A1 and making an angle  1 with
the positive direction of x – axis.
4.  1 is an obtuse angle, so tan( 1 ) is negative, i.e the slope of the tangent at A1
(derivative of the function at A1 ) is negative.
5. Similarly, draw tangents to the left curve at the points A2 and A3 and making
angles  2 and  3 respectively with the positive direction of x – axis.
 6. Angles  2 and  3 are obtuse angles and therefore slopes of the tangents, tan( 2 )
and tan( 3 ) are both negative, i.e derivatives of the functions at A2 and A3 are
negative.
7. Hence the function given by the left curve is a decreasing function.
8. From the three points B1 , B2 and B3 given on the right curve, draw the tangent
from each point making angles 1 ,  2 and  3 respectively with the positive
direction of x – axis.
9. We observe that 1 ,  2 and  3 are all acute angles and therefore the slope of the
tangents at B1 , B2 and B3 are positive, i.e the derivatives of the function at these
points are positive. Thus, the function given by the right curve is an
increasing function.

Observation:
1.  1  90 ,  2  90  and  3  90 , i.e all are obtuse angles.
 tan ( 1 ), tan ( 2 ) and tan ( 3 ) are negative.

 function is decreasing  f ( x)  0
2. 1  90,  2  90 and  3  90
 tan (1 ), tan ( 2 ) and tan ( 3 ) are positive.

 function is increasing  f ( x)  0

Result:
1. If tangent is making acute angle with positive direction of x – axis, then
function is increasing.
2. If tangent is making obtuse angle with positive direction of x – axis, then
function is decreasing.

*************
 ACTIVITY – 6
Topic:
Application of Derivative

Objective:
To understand the concepts of local maxima, local minima and point of inflection.

Materials Required:
A piece of plywood, White paper, Pencil, Pen, Eraser, Thread, Sketch pen and
Adhesive.

Procedure:
1. Take a piece of plywood of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it.
2. Take two pieces of wires each of length 40 cm and fix them on the paper on
plywood in the form of x-axis and y-axis.
3. Take another wire of suitable length and bend it in the shape of curve. Fix
this curved wire on the white paper pasted on plywood, as shown in the figure.
4. Take five more wires each of length say 2 cm and fix them at the points A, C,
B, P and D as shown in figure.

Demonstration:

1. In the figure, wires at the points A, B, C and D represent tangents to the

curve and are parallel to the axis. The slopes of tangents at these points are
zero, i.e., the value of the first derivative at these points is zero. The tangent
at P intersects the curve.
2. At the points A and B, sign of the first derivative changes from negative to
positive. So, they are the points of local minima.
3. At the point C and D, sign of the first derivative changes from positive to
negative. So, they are the points of local maxima.
4. At the point P, sign of first derivative does not change. So, it is a point of
inflection.
Observation:

1. Sign of the slope of the tangent (first derivative) at a point on the curve to
the immediate left of A is negative.
2. Sign of the slope of the tangent (first derivative) at a point on the curve to
the immediate right of A is positive.
3. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate left
of B is negative.
4. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate right
of B is positive.
5. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate left
of C is positive.
6. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate right
of C is negative.
7. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate left
of D is positive.
8. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate right
of D is negative.
9. Sign of the first derivative at a point immediate left of P is positive and
immediate right of P is positive.
10. A and B are points of local minima.
11. C and D are points of local maxima.
12. P is a point of inflection.

Application:

1. This activity may help in explaining the concepts of points of local maxima,
local minima and inflection.
2. The concepts of maxima/minima are useful in problems of daily life such
as making of packages of maximum capacity at minimum cost.

*************
 ACTIVITY – 7
Topic:
Concept of absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of a function.

Objective:
To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of
a function in a given closed interval through its graph.

Pre – requisite Knowledge:

(a) Representation of a curve on graph.
(b) Meaning of closed intervals and open intervals.
(c) Meaning of absolute maximum and absolute minimum values.

Materials Required:
Graph paper, Pencil, Colour Pens, Eraser, Ruler and Calculator.

Procedure:
1. Draw two perpendicular lines on the graph sheet as two axes named as
x – axis and y – axis.
2. Graduate the two axes.
3. Let the given curve be f ( x) = (x 2 − 4)(x 2 − 1) in the closed interval [-2.5, 2.5].
4. Plotting of curve on graph: Here, curve is y = f ( x) = (x 2 − 4)(x 2 − 1).
(a) Draw a table: Take different value of x in [-2.5, 2.5] and find
corresponding values of f(x) .

x f(x)
0 4
1 0
-1 0
2 0
-2 0
-1.58 -2.25
1.58 -2.25
 -2.5 11.82
2.5 11.82
(b) Plot these points on graph paper.
(c) Join these points by a free hand curve.

Observation:
(a) Largest value of f(x) is 11.82 at x = 2.5 and x = -2.5. So, absolute maximum
value is 11.82.
(b) Smallest value of f(x) is -2.25 at x = 1.58 and x = -1.58. So, absolute
minimum value is -2.25.

Result:
(a) The smallest value of f(x) is absolute minimum value in [-2.5, 2.5].
(b) The largest value of f(x) is absolute maximum value in [-2.5, 2.5].

*************
 ACTIVITY – 8
Topic:
Geometrical meaning of definite integral (By limit of a sum).

Objective:
b
To evaluate the definite integral  1 − x 2 dx as the limit of a sum and verify it by
a

actual integration.

Pre – requisite Knowledge:

(a) Area of trapezium
(b) Representation of curve on graph
(c) Knowledge of integration

Materials Required:
Graph paper, Pencil, Pen, Eraser, Ruler and Compass.

Procedure:
1. Take a graph paper of convenient size and draw two perpendicular lines
representing x – axis and y – axis.
2. Draw a quadrant of a circle with O(0, 0) as centre and radius 1 unit (10 cm) in
the first quadrant. It represents graph of the function 1 − x 2 in the
interval [0, 1]. (Since x 2 + y \2 = 1 represents a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius
1 unit)
3. The quadrant of the circle cuts the x – axis at A and y – axis at B.
4. Divide the OA into 10 equal parts at the points which are named as
A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ,......, A9
5. From the points A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ,......, A9 draw vertical lines (parallel to each other) to
meet the curve at B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 ,......, B9 .
6. Measure the lengths of OB, A1 B1 , A2 B2 ,...., A9 B9 .
7. We get 10 strips on the graph paper.
Observation:
1. Length of vertical lines (measured using scale) = Length of parallel lines
OB = 1units, A1 B1 = 0.99 units, A2 B2 = 0.97 units, A3 B3 = 0.95 units, A4 B4 = 0.92 units, A5 B5 = 0.87 units,
A6 B6 = 0.8 units, A7 B7 = 0.71units, A8 B8 = 0.6 units, A9 B9 = 0.43 units

2. Area of the quadrant of the circle (area bounded by the curve and the two
axes) = Sum of the areas of 10 trapeziums
(1 + 0.99) + (0.99 + 0.97) + (0.97 + 0.95) + (0.95 + 0.92) + (0.92 + 0.87)
= 1  0.1 
2 + (0.87 + 0.8) + (0.8 + 0.71) + (0.71 + 0.6) + (0.6 + 0.43) + 0.43 

= 1  0.11.99 + 1.96 + 1.92 + 1.87 + 1.79 + 1.67 + 1.51 + 1.31 + 1.03 + 0.43
2

= 1  0.115.48 = 0.1 7.74 = 0.774 sq. units (approx.)

2
3. Using actual integration:
1   3.14
1
x 
1
1
Definite integral =  1 − x 2 dx =  1 − x 2 + sin −1 x  =  = = = 0.785 [Link].
0 2 2 0 2 2 4 4

Thus the area of the quadrant by limit of sum is approximately equal to the
area obtained by actual integration.

Result:
In both cases, area of the quadrant is approximately same.
*************
 ACTIVITY – 9
Topic:
Vector Algebra

Objective:
To verify geometrically that:

Pre – requisite Knowledge:

(a) Concept of vector and scalar
(b) Algebra of vectors

Materials Required:
Geometry box, cardboard, white paper, cutter, sketch pen, cellotape.

Procedure:
1. Fix a white paper on the cardboard.
2. Draw a line segment OA (= 6 cm, say) and let it represent 𝑐⃗.
3. Draw another line segment OB (= 4 cm, say) at an angle (say 60°) with OA.
Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑎⃗.
4. Draw BC (= 3 cm, say) making an angle (say 30°) with ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑏⃗⃗.
𝑂𝐴. Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
5. Draw perpendiculars BM, CL and BN.
6. Complete parallelograms OAPC, OAQB and BQPC.

Demonstration:
Observation:
Application:
Through the activity, distributive property of vector multiplication over addition
can be explained.
*************
 ACTIVITY – 10
Topic:
Concept of conditional probability

Objective:
To explain the computation of the conditional probability of a given event A, when
event B has already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice.

Pre – requisite Knowledge:

(a) Meaning of Basic terms used in probability like sample space, event etc.
(b) Definition of probability of an event

Materials Required:
White sheet, Pencil, Pen, Eraser, Ruler and Pair of dice.

Procedure:
1. Take a white sheet. Now, draw a square on the paper and divide it into 36
equal squares of size 1 unit each.
2. Write a pair of numbers as we throw a pair of dice, like (1,1), (1, 2),
(1, 3)………(6, 6) on the 36 squares drawn on white sheet.
3. The figure represents the sample space of the random experiment – ‘Rolling a
pair of dice once’.

Experiment:
To find the conditional probability of an event A if an event B has already
occurred where A is the event “A number 5 appears on both the dice” and B is
event “5 has appeared at least on one of the dice”, i.e we have to find P(A/B).

Calculations and Observation:

1. Event A =  (5, 5) .
 n( A) = 1
 2. Event B =  (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5), (5, 1), (5, 2 ), (5, 3), (5, 4,), (5, 6 ) .
 n( B ) = 11
3. Also, A  B =  (5, 5)   n( A  B ) = 1

Method - 1: (Using B as sample space)

Given that the event B has occurred.
 B =  (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4,), (5, 6)  will be the sample
space for the event A.
 A =  (5, 5) 

n( A) 1
 P(A/B) = = .
n( B) 11

Method - 2: (Using formula)

n( A  B ) 1
P( A  B ) n(S )
( )
PA =
B P (B )
=
n(B )
1
= 36 = .
11 11
n(S ) 36

Result:
We observe that the conditional probability, P(A/B) is same by using two
methods i.e by using B as sample space and using formula.
*************