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CHAPTER

1 SETS

Animation 1.1: Sets-math

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Student Learning Outcomes It also helps to solve many mathematical problems of both
simple and complex nature. In short, it plays a pivotal role in the
After studying this unit, students will be able to: advanced study of the mathematics in the modern age. Look at the
• Express a set in: following examples of a set.
• descriptive form, Recall
• set builder form, A = The set of counting numbers. A set cannot consist
• tabular form. B = The set of Pakistani Provinces. of elements like moral
• Define union, intersection and difference of two sets C = The set of geometrical instruments values, concepts, evils
• Find: or virtues etc.
• union of two or more sets,
• intersection of two or more sets, “ A set is a collection of well defined objects/numbers. The
• difference of two sets objects/numbers in any set are called its members or elements”
• Define and identify disjoint and overlapping sets
• Define a universal set and compliment of a set “Set theory” is a branch of mathematics that studies
• Verify different properties involving union of sets, intersection of sets. It is the creation of George Cantor who was
sets, difference of sets and compliment of a set, e.g A k A’ = f. born in Russia on March 03, 1845. In 1873, he
• Represent sets through Venn diagram. published an article which makes the birth of set
• Perform operation of union, intersection, difference and theory. George Cantor died in Germany on January
complement on two sets A and B, when: 06, 1918
• A is subset of B,
• B is subset of A, 1.1.1 Expressing a Set
• A and B are disjoint sets,
• A and B are overlapping sets, through Venn diagram. There are three ways to express a set.
1. Descriptive form 2. Tabular form 3. Set builder form
1.1 Introduction
• Descriptive form
In our daily life, we use the word set only for some particular If a set is described with the help of a statement, it is called
collections such as water set, tea set, dinner set, sofa set, a set as descriptive form of a set.
of books, a set of colours and so on. For Example:
But in mathematics, the word set has broader meanings than N = set of natural numbers
those in our daily life because it provides us a way to integrate the Z = set of integers
different branches of mathematics. P = set of prime numbers
W = set of whole numbers
S = set of solar months start with letter “J”

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EXERCISE 1.1
Do you Know

The sets of natural numbers, whole numbers, 1. Write the following sets in descriptive form.
integers, even numbers and odd numbers are denoted
by the English letters N, W, Z, E and O respectively. (i) A = {a, e, i, o, u) (ii) B = {3, 6, 9, 12, ...}
(iii) C = {s, p, r , i, n, g} (iv) D = {a, b, c, ... ,z}
• Tabular Form (v) E = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (vi) F = {0, ±1, ±2}
If we list all elements of a set within the braces { } and (vii) G = {x | x d N / x < 3} (viii) H = {x | x d N / x > 99}
separate each element by using a comma ”,” it is called the
tabular or roster form. 2. Write the following sets in tabular form.

For Example: (i) A = Letters of the word “hockey”

A = {a, e, i, o, u} C = {3, 6, 9, ... ,99} (ii) B = Two colours in the rainbow
M = {football, hockey , cricket} N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...} (iii) C = Numbers less than 18 divisible by 3
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} X = {a, b, c, ..., z} (iv) D = Multiples of 5 less than 30
(v) E = {x I x d W / x > 5}
(vi) F = {x I x d Z / – 7 < x < –1}
• Set Builder Form
If a set is described by using a common property of all its
3. Write the following sets in the set builder form.
elements, it is called as set builder form. A set can also be expressed
in set builder form. For example , “E is a set of even number” in the
(i) A = {1,2,3,4,5}
descriptive form, where E = {0, ±2, ±4, ±6,.....} is the tabular form of
(ii) B = {2,3,5,7}
the same set. This set in set builder form can be written as;
(iii) N = set of natural numbers
E = {x | x is an even number} (iv) W = set of whole number
and we can read it as, E is a set of elements x, such that x is an even (v) Z = set of all integers
number. (vi) L = {5, 10, 15,20,...}
A = {x | x is a solar month of a year} (vii) E = set of even numbers between 1 and 10
B = {x | x d N /1 < x < 5} (viii) O = set of odd numbers greater than 15
C = {x | x d W / x 7 4} (ix) C = set of planets in the solar system
(x) S = set of colours in the rainbow
Some Important Symbols 1.2 Operations on Sets
| such that d belongs to
/and 0 or 1.2.1 Union, Intersection and Difference of Two Sets
> greater than or equal to • Union of Two Sets
< less than or equal to The union of two sets A and B is a set consisting of all the

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elements which are in set A or set B or in both. The union of two sets Example 4: If X = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Y = {2, 4, 6, 8}, then find X k Y
is denoted by AjB and read as “A union B” Solution:
X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, Y= {2, 4, 6, 8}
Example 1: If A = {a, e, i, o} and B = {a, b, c}, then find AjB X k Y = {1, 2, 3, 4} k{2, 4, 6, 8}
Solution: = {2, 4}
A = {a, e, i, o}, B = {a, b, c}
AjB = {a, e, i, o} j {a, b, c} • Difference of Two Sets
= {a, e, i, o, a, b, c} Consider A and B are two any sets, then A difference B is the
set of all those elements of set A which are not the elements of set
Example 2: If M = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and N = {1, 3, 5, 7}, then find MjN B. It is written as A - B or A \ B. Similarly, B difference A is the set of
Solution: all those elements of set B which are not the elements of set A. It is
M = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, N = {1, 3, 5, 7} written as B - A or B \ A.
MjN = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} j {1, 3, 5, 7}
Example 5: If A = {1, 3, 6} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then find:
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
(i) A - B (ii) B - A
Solution:
• Intersection of Two Sets
A = {1, 3, 6}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The intersection of two sets A and B is a set consisting of all the
(i) A - B = {1, 3, 6} - {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
common elements of the sets A and B. The intersection of two sets
= {6}
A and B is denoted by AkB and read as “A intersection B”
(ii) B - A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} – {1, 3, 6}
Example 3: If A = {a, e, i, o, u} and B= {a, b, c, d, e}, then find AkB = {2, 4, 5}
Solution:
1.2.2 Union and Intersection of Two or More Sets
A = {a, e. i, o, u}, B = {a, b, c, d, e}
A k B = {a, e, i, o, u} k{a, b, c, d, e} We have learnt the method for finding the union and
= {a, e} intersection of two sets. Now we try to find the union and intersection
of three sets.

• Union of three sets
Following are the steps to find the union of three sets

Step 1: Find the union of any two sets.

Animation 1.2: Intersection of two sets Step 2: Find the union of remaining 3rd set and the set that we get
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as the result of the first step
For three sets A, B and C their union can be taken in any of the
following ways.
(i) A j (B j C) (ii) (A j B) j C
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It will be easier for us to understand the above method with = {2, 3, 4} k {1, 2} = {2}
examples. Look at the given examples.
EXERCISE 1.2
Example 6: Find A j (B j C) where A = {1, 2, 3, 4},
B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and C = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. 1. Find the union of the following sets.
(i) A= {1,3,5}, B= {1,2,3,4}
Solution: (ii) S= {a, b, c}, T= {c, d, e}
A j (B j C) = {1, 2, 3, 4} j {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} j {6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (iii) X= {2,4,6,8,10}, Y= {1,5,10}
= {1, 2, 3, 4} j {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (iv) C= {i, o, u}, D= {a, e, o}, E = {i, e, u}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (v) L = {3, 6, 9, 12}, M = {6, 12, 18, 24,}, N = { 4, 8, 12, 16}
2. Find the intersection of the following sets.
Example 7: If A = {1, 3, 7}, B = {3, 4, 5} and C = {1, 2, 3, 6}
(i) P = {0, 1, 2, 3}, Q = {–3, –2, –1, 0}
(ii) M = {1, 2, ... , 10}, N = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Solution:
(iii) A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}, B = {5, 10, 15, 20}
(A j B) j C = {1, 3, 7} j {3, 4, 5}) j {1, 2, 3, 6}
(iv) U = {-1, -2 , -3}, V = {1, 2, 3}, W = {0, ±1, ±2}
= {1, 3, 4, 5, 7} j {1, 2, 3, 6}
(v) X = {a, l, m}, Y = {i, s, l, a, m}, Z = {l, i, o, n}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
3. If N = set of Natural numbers and W = set of Whole numbers,
then find N U W and N k W
• Intersection of Three Sets
4. If P = set of Prime numbers and C = set of Composite numbers,
For finding the intersection of three sets, first we find the
then find P U C and P k C
intersection of any two sets of them and then the intersection of the
5. If A = {a, c, d, f}, B = {b, c, f, g} and C = {c, f, g, h}, then find
3rd set with the resultant set already found. (i) A U (B U C) (ii) A k (B k C)
(i) A k (B k C) (ii) (A k B) k C
6. If X = {1, 2, 3, ....., 10}, Y = {2, 4, 6, 8, 12} and Z = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}, then
find:
Example 8: Find A k (B k C) where A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {c, d, e} and
(i) X U (Y U Z) (ii) X k (Y kZ)
C = {c, e, f, g}
7. If R = {0, 1, 2, 3}, S = [0, 2, 4) and T = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then find:
Solution: (i) R \ S (ii) T \ S (iii) R \ T (iv) S \ R
A k (B k C) = {a, b, c, d} k ({c, d, e} k {c, e, f, g})
= {a, b, c, d} k {c, e} 1.2.3 Disjoint and Overlapping Sets
= {c}
• Disjoint Sets
Example 9: If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B= {2, 3, 4, 5} and C = {1, 2}, then
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint sets, if there is no
find (A k B) k C
common element between them. In other words there intersection
Solution: is an empty set, i.e. A k B = f. For example, A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6}
(A k B) k C = ({1, 2, 3, 4} k {2, 3, 4, 5}) k {1, 2} are disjoint sets because there is no common element in set A and B.

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• Overlapping Sets EXERCISE 1.3

Two sets A and B are called overlapping sets, if there is at
least one element common between them but none of them 1. Look at each pair of sets to separate the disjoint and overlapping
is a subset of the other . In other words, their intersection is sets.
non-empty set. For example, A = {0, 5, 10} and B= {1, 3, 5, 7} are (i) A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {d, e, f, g, h}
overlapping sets because 5 is a common element in sets A and (ii) L = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, M = {3, 6, 9, 12}
B and non is subset of the other. (iii) P = Set of Prime numbers, C = Set of Composite numbers
(iv) E = Set of Even numbers, O = Set of Odd numbers
1.2.4 Universal Set and Complement of a Set 2. If U = {1, 2, 3, ...., 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, C = {2, 4, 6,
8, 10} and D = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, then find:
• Universal Set (i) A’ (ii) B’ (iii) C’ (iv) D’
A set which contains all the possible elements of the sets under 3. If U = {a, b, c,...., i }, X = {a, c, e, g, i}, Y = {a, e, i}, and Z = {a, g, h}, then
consideration is called the universal set. For example, the universal find:
set of the counting numbers means a set that contains all possible (i) X’ (ii) Y’ (iii) Z’ (iv) U’
numbers that we can use for counting. To represent such a set we 4. If U= {1, 2, 3, ..., 20}, A= {1, 3, 5, ... ,19} and B = {2, 4, 6, ... ,20}, then
use the symbol U and read it as “Universal set” i.e. prove that:
The universal set of counting numbers: U = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...} (i) B’ = A (ii) A’ = B (iii) A \ B = A (iv) B \ A = B
5. If U = set of integers and W = set of whole numbers, then find the
• Complement of a Set complement of set W.
Consider a set B whose universal set is U, then the difference 6. If U = set of natural numbers and P = set of prime numbers, then
set U \ B or U - B is called the complement of a set B, which is find the complement of set P.
denoted by B’ or Bc and read as “B complement”. So, we can define
the complement of a set B as: “B complement is a set which contains 1.2.5 Properties involving Operations on Sets
all those elements of universal set which are not the elements of set
B, i.e. B’ = U \ B. We have learnt the four operations of sets, i.e. union,
intersection, difference and complement. Now we discuss their
Example 1: If U = {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} and B = {1, 3, 7, 9}, then find B’. properties.

Solution: • Properties involving Union of Sets

U = {1, 2, 3, ...,10}, B = {1, 3, 7, 9}
B’ = U – B • Commutative property
= {1, 2, 3, ... , 10} – {1, 3, 7, 9}
= {2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10} If A, B are any two sets, then “AjB = BjA” is called the
commutative property of union of two sets.

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Example 1: If A= {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4, 6}, then verify that: = {a, e, i, o, u} U { }

A j B = B j A. = {a, e, i, o, u} = A = R.H.S
Solution: Hence proved: L.H.S = R.H.S
A U B = {1, 2, 3} j {2, 4, 6}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} • Properties involving Intersection of Sets
B U A = {2, 4, 6} j {1, 2, 3}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} • Commutative Property
From the above, it is verified that: If A, B are any two sets, then
A j B = B j A A k B = B k A
is called the commutative property of intersection of two sets.
• Associative Property Example 4: If a = {a, b, c, d} and B = {a, c, e, g}, then verify that
If A, B and C are any three sets, then “A j (B j C) = (A j B) j C” A k B = B k A.
is called the associative property of union of three sets. Solution:
A k B = {a, b, c, d} k {a, c, e, g}
Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7} and C = {2, 4, 6, 8}, = {a, c}
then verify that: A j (B j C) = (A j B) j C B k A = {a, c, e, g} k {a, b, c, d}
Solution: = {a, c}
L.H.S = A j (B j C) From the above it is verified that A k B = B k A.
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} j ({1, 3, 5, 7} j {2, 4, 6, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} j {l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} Example 5: If A= {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6}, then verify that
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} A k B = B k A.
Solution:
R.H.S = (A j B) j C A k B = {1, 2, 3} k {4, 5, 6}
= ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5} j {1, 3, 5, 7}) j {2, 4, 6, 8} = { }
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7} j {2, 4, 6, 8} B k A = {4, 5, 6} k {1, 2, 3}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} = { }
We see that L.H.S = R.H.S From the above it is verified that A k B = B k A.

• Identity Property with respect to Union • Associative Property

In sets, the empty set f acts as identity for union, i.e. A j f = A If A, B and C are any three sets, then A k (B k C) = (A k B) kC
is called the associative property of intersection of three sets.
Example 3: If A = {a, e, i, o, u}, then verify that A j f = A.
Solution: Example 6: If A = {1, 2, 5, 8}, B = {2, 4, 6} and C = {2, 4, 5, 7}, then
A j f = A verify that: A k (B k C) = (A kB) k C
L.H.S = A j f
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Solution: Example 8: If U = {1, 2, 3, … ,10} and A= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, then prove

A = {1, 2, 5, 8}, B = {2, 4, 6}, C = {2, 4, 5, 7} that:
L.H.S = A k (B k C) (i) U’ = f (ii) AjA’ = U (iii) AkA’ = f (iv) f’ = U
= {1, 2, 5, 8} k ({2, 4, 6} k {2, 4, 5, 7}) Solution:
= {l, 2, 5, 8} k {2, 4} = {2} U = {1, 2, 3, ..., 10}, A= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
R.H.S = (A k B) k C
(i): U’ = f
= ({l, 2, 5, 8} k {2, 4, 6}) k {2, 4, 5, 7}
L.H.S = U’
= {2} k {2, 4, 5, 7} = {2}
We Know that U’ = U - U
It is verified that L.H.S = R.H.S
= {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} - {1, 2, 3, ..., 10}
• Identity Property with respect to Intersection = { } = R.H.S
In sets, the universal set U acts as identity for intersection, i.e. Hence verified that L.H.S = R.H.S
A k U = A.
(ii): A U A’ = U
Example 7: If U = {a, b, c, ..., z} and A= {a, e, i, o, u}, then verify We know that A’ = U - A
that A k U = A. = {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} - {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Solution: Now we find,
U = {a, b, c, ...,z}, A= {a, e, i, o, u} A U A’ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} U {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
L.H.S = A k U = {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} = R.H.S
= {a, e, i, o, u} k {a, b, c, ..., z) Hence verified that L.H.S = R.H.S
= {a, e, i, o, u}= A= R.H.S
Hence verified that L.H.S = R.H.S (iii) A ∩ A’ = f
L.H.S = A ∩ A’
• Properties involving Difference of Sets = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
If A and B are two unequal sets, then A - B ≠ B - A, For example = { } = f = R.H.S
if A = {0, 1, 2) and B = {1, 2, 3}, then Hence verified that L.H.S = R.H.S
A – B = {0, 1, 2} - {1, 2, 3}
= {0} (iv) f’ = U
B – A = {1, 2, 3} - {0, 1, 2} We know that
= {3} f’ = U - f
We can see that A - B ≠ B - A = {1, 2, 3, … ,10} - { }
= {1, 2, 3, … ,10} = U = R.H.S
• Properties involving Complement of a Set Hence verified that L.H.S = R.H.S
Properties involving the sets and their complements are given
EXERCISE 1.4
below
A’ j A = U A k A’ = f U’ = f f’ = U 1. If A= {a, e, i, o, u}, B = {a, b, c} and C = {a, c, e, g}, then verify that:
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(i) A ∩ B = B ∩ A (ii) A U B = B U A (iii) B U C = C U B

(iv) B ∩ C = C ∩ B (v) A ∩ C = C ∩ A (vi) A U C = C U A
2. If X = {1, 3, 7}, Y= {2, 3, 5} and Z = {1, 4, 8}, then verify that:
(i) X ∩ (Y ∩ Z) = (X ∩ Y) ∩ Z (ii) X U (Y U Z) = (X U Y) U Z
3. If S = {–2, –1, 0, 1}, T= {–4, –1, 1, 3} and U= {0, ±1, ±2}, then verify
that:
(i) S ∩ (T ∩ U) = (S ∩ T) ∩ U (ii) S u (T j U) = (S j T) j U
4. If O = {1, 3, 5, 7.....}, E = {2, 4, 6, 8......} and N = {1, 2, 3, 4....}, then
verify that:
(i) O ∩ (E ∩ N) = (O ∩ E) ∩ N (ii) O j (E j N) = (O j E) j N
5. If U = {a, b, c, ....,z}, S = {a, e, i, o, u} and T = {x, y, z}, then verify that:
(i) S U f = S (ii) T ∩ U = T (iii) S ∩ S’ = f (iv) T U T’ = U
6. If A = {1, 7, 9, 11}, B = {1, 5, 9, 13}, and C = {2, 6, 9, 11}, then verify
that:
(i) A - B ≠ B - A (ii) A - C ≠ C - A
7. If U = {0, 1, 2,....,15}, L = {5, 7, 9,....,15}, and M = {6, 8, 10, 12, 14},
then verify the identity properties with respect to union and
intersection of sets.
Animation 1.3: Venn diagram
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1.3 Venn Diagram

1.3.1 Representing Sets through Venn diagrams
A Venn diagram is simple closed figures to show sets and
the relationships between different sets. In Venn diagram, a universal set is represented by a rectangle
and the other sets are represented by simple closed figures inside
the rectangle. These closed figures show an overlapping region to
describe the relationship between them. Following figures are the
Venn diagram were introduced by a British
Venn diagrams for any set A of universal set U, disjoint sets A and B
logician and philosopher “John Venn” (1834
and overlapping sets A and B respectively.
- 1923). John himself did not use the term
“Venn diagram” Another logician “Lewis”
used it first time in book “A survey of symbolic
logic”

Set A Disjoint Sets Overlapping Sets

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In the Venn diagram, the shaded region is used to represent the

result of operation.

1.3.2 Performing Operation on Sets through Venn

Diagram
Figure (iii)
• Union of Sets
Now we represent the union of sets through Venn diagram • A and B are disjoint Sets
when: When no element of two sets A and B is common, then we
can represent A U B by (figure iv). Here shaded portion represents
• A is subset of B A U B.
When all the elements of set A are also the elements of set
B, then we can represent A U B by (figure i). Here shaded portion
represents A U B.

Figure (iv)

Figure (i) • Intersection of Sets

• B is subset of A Now we clear the concept of intersection of two sets by using
When all the elements of set B are also the elements of set Venn diagram. In the given figures the shaded portion represents
A, then we can represent A U B by (figure ii). Here shaded portion the intersection of two sets when:
represents A U B.
• A is subset of B
When all the elements of set A are also the elements of set
B, then we can represent A ∩ B by (figure v). Here shaded portion
represents A ∩ B.

Figure (ii)

• A and B are overlapping Sets

When only a few elements of two sets A and B are common,
then they are called overlapping sets. A U B is represented by (figure
iii). Here shaded portion represents A U B. Figure (v)

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• B is subset of A • A is subset of B
When all the elements of set B are also the elements of set When all the elements of set A are also the elements of set B,
A, then we can represent AkB by (figure vi). Here shaded portion then we can represent A - B by fig (ix).
represents AkB. There is no shaded portion. So, A - B = { }

Figure (vi) Figure (ix)

• A and B are overlapping Sets • B is subset of A

When some elements are common, then we can represent When all the elements of set B are also the elements of set
AkB by the fig (vii). A, then we can represent A - B by (figure x). Here shaded portion
represents A - B.

Figure (vii)

• A and B are disjoint Sets Figure (x)

When no element is common, then we can represent AkB by
• A and B are overlapping Sets
fig (viii). So AkB is an empty set.
When some elements are common, then we can represent
A - B by the fig (xi).

Figure (viii)

Figure (xi)
• Difference of Two Sets A and B
It is represented by shaded portion when:

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• A and B are disjoint Sets (iii) A - B (For disjoint sets) (iv) B’

When no element of two sets A and B is common, then we can
represent A - B by (figure xii). Here shaded portion represents A - B.

Figure (xii) (v) AkB (Overlapping sets) (vi) AjB ( For disjoint sets)

1.3.3 Complement of a Set

For complement of a set A For complement of a set B

2. If, U= {1, 2, 3, 10}, A={1,4, 8, 9, 10} and B = {2, 3, 4, 7, 10}, then

show that:
U - A = A’ U - B = B’ (i) A - B ≠ B - A (ii) A ∩ B = B ∩ A
(iii) A U B = B U A (iv) A’ ≠ B’
EXERCISE 1.5 through Venn diagram.

1. Shade the diagrams according to the given operations. Review Exercise 1

(i) AkB (A is subset of B) (ii) AjB (B is subset of A)
1. Answer the following questions.
(i) Name three forms for describing a set.
(ii) Define the descriptive form of set.
(iii) What does the symbol “ | “ mean ?
(iv) Write the name of the set consisting of all the elements of
given sets under consideration.
(v) What is meant by disjoint sets?

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2. Fill in the blanks. 8. If A = {a, c, e, g}, B = {a, b, c, d} and C = {b, d, f, h}, then verify that:
(i) The symbol “ ^ ” means _______. (i) Aj(BjC) = (AjB)jC (ii) Ak(BkC) = (AkB)kC
(ii) The set consisting of only common elements of two sets
is called the _______ of two sets. 9. If U = set of whole numbers and N = set of natural numbers,
(iii) A set which contains all the possible elements of the sets then verify that:
under consideration is called the _______ set. (i) N’jN = U (ii) N’kN = f
(iv) Two sets are called _______ if there is at least one element
common between them and non of the sets is subset of 10. If U = {a, b, c, d, e}, A = {a, b, c} and B = {b, d, e}, then show
the other. through Venn diagram
(v) In sets, the universal set acts as _______ for intersection. (i) A’ (ii) B’ (iii) A U B (iv) A ∩ B

3. Tick (p) the correct answer. Summary

• There are three forms to write a set.

(i) Descriptive form (ii) Tabular form (iii) Set builder form
• Two sets are said to be disjoint if there is no element common
between them.
• If A and B are two sets then union of A and B is denoted by AjB
4. Write the following sets in the set builder form. and intersection of A and B is denoted by AkB.
(i) A = {5, 6, 7, 8} (ii) B = {0, 1, 2} • If A and B are two sets then B is said to be subset of A if every
(iii) C = {a, e, i, o, u} element of set B is the element of set A.
(iv) D = set of natural numbers greater than 100 • Two sets are called overlapping sets if there is at least one element
(v) E = set of odd numbers greater than 1 and less than 10 common between them but none of them is a subset of the other.
• A set which contains all possible elements of a given situation or
5. Write the following sets in descriptive and tabular form. discussion is called the universal set.
(i) A = {x | x d W / x < 7}
(ii) B = {x | x d E / 3 < x < 12}
(iii) C = {x | x d Z / -2 < x < +2}
(iv) D = {x | x d P / x < 15}

6. If A = {3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {2, 4, 6}, then verify that:

(i) AjB = BjA (ii) AkB = BkA

7. If X = {2, 3, 4, 5} and Y = {1, 3, 5, 7}, then find:

(i) X - Y (ii) Y - X
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