GD& T
Awareness Module
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Objective
To make participants understand about the
concept and benefits of GD&T (Geometric
Dimensioning and Tolerancing) in
mechanical engineering drawing.
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Program Overview
Drawing and Notations
Drawing Types
GD&T Symbols
Subros/Denso Specific Reference Standard
Technical Drawing Standard
Quiz
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Training methodology
1. Theory – sharing the power point presentation
2. Discussions
3. Q&A
4. Assessment- Quiz
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Drawing
and
Notations
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Back-Ground-Quality Thrust
• Quality Gurus and Their contributions:-
• [Link] Deming: Create constancy of purpose for
improvement of product and services
• Joseph Juran: A product is an output of a process
• Philip B Crosby: Doing things right 1st time adds
nothing to the cost of your product or service. Doing
things wrong is what costs money.
• Genichi Taguchi: Monetary losses occur with any
deviation from the nominal
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Design Types
Engineering Driven Design:
• Tolerances are specified to ensure the perceived functional requirements,
based on past experience, anticipated manufacturing capability.
• This process is “Over the wall” approach, because once drawing are
released manufacturing and inspection has to maintain the tolerances.
Process may or may not be capable to meet the specified tolerances .
Process Driven Design:
• Dimensional tolerance are based on capability of manufacturing process
• This process may or may not meet the customer requirements
(Manufacturing dictates the Design Requirement) . In case process doesn’t
meet the customer requirement , then process need to be changed /
improved .
Inspection Driven Design:
• Tolerances are decided based on measurement techniques.
• This system breaks down if designer has no knowledge of metrology
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Dimensional Management
• Dimensional Management is a process by which the Design,
Manufacturing and inspection of product are systematically defined and
monitored to improve first time Quality, Performance and Service Life .
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
• Specifying 3-D design dimensions and Tolerances on an engineering drawing.
• Removes ambiguity by adapting universally accepted symbols
• Uses datum to define dimensional requirements
• Specifies dimensions and related tolerances
• Provides information that can be used to control tooling and assembly interfaces.
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Design Quality + Manufacturing Quality + Inspection Quality
=Product Quality
Engineering Drawing is the communication tool
of Designer and Designer’s intent
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Drawing Interpretation
• Creating an Engineering Drawing is same as a part
production activity
• Who uses the drawing in the company?
• Costing function for pricing
• Purchasing to order raw material
• Tooling to make tooling and fixtures
• Production to make parts
• Inspection to verify parts
• Assembly to fits parts as specified
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Importance of Understanding of
Drawing Notation
• Drawing is “The language of Engineers”
• Drawing Notation are ”Script Elements” of this
language
• Throughout the manufacturing Industries world-
over ,same notations are used
• Standardization of notations eliminates wastages
of efforts
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Drawing Types
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Assembly Drawing : Categorized as Sub-assy. or final assy
These drawing shows relative position of parts
•Shows
relative
position
of parts
•Shows
complete
part list
•Shows
position of
assembly
in main
vehicle
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Detail Drawing : Shows all specification
•Shows
detail
•Material specificatio
Specificatio n,
n •Sectional
views and
tolerances
•Surface
treatment
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Information in Any Drawings
COMPULSORY OPTIONAL
Raw Material Grades Critical Characteristics
Tolerance Chart Fitment checks with mating parts
Part and Revision No. B.O.M. ( if drawing is for assembly )
Model Name Surface Treatment
Tolerance chart for all unspecified
Process Capability Notations e.g. Cp, Cpk
tolerances
Reference Dimensions
Method of Projection
Shown in brackets ( )
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GD&T Symbols
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Subros / Denso Specific
Reference Standard
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Notation for SUBROS/DENSO Specific
Reference Standard
REFERENCE
KNOW- HOW COVERED
STANDARD
Denso Design Design Parameters &
DDS Standard Guidelines
Denso Process Process Parameters & Control
DPS Standard Points
Denso Inspection Methods & Equipments for
DIS Standard Parts Inspection
Denso Facilities Auxiliary & Support Facilities
DFS Standard Guidelines
Denso Anzen Safety Parameters & their
DAS (Safety) Standard Depiction/Control Methods
Denso Machines Standard Tools,Dies & Fixture
DMS & Tools Standard Parts
•For GD&T reference DDS are DDS-1201/1203/1204
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GD&T Training Module based on
• DDS 1201
• DDS1203
• DDS1204
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TECHNICAL DRAWING STANDARD; DIMENSIONING METHOD
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Drawing Views and Rules
View and dimensions
1. The size, location and orientation of the view of any object
specified quantitatively by dimensioning.
2. All dimensions of the view shall be followed by their tolerance
unless they are reference dimensions. This, however, need not
apply to range-indicating dimensions witch themselves have the
meaning of maximum or minimum.
3. Dimensions shall be measured in a standard environment with a
temperature of 20°c.
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Drawing Views and Rules
Detailed rules for dimensioning
1. Unless expressly specified, all dimensions shall be finish
dimensions.
2. All dimensions of a view shall be collected on its major view and
entered at the right or upper part of it, if possible (Fig.1)
3. Necessary and sufficient dimensions shall be indicated.
4. No dimensions difficult to measure shall be indicated in terms of
following process, such as production and inspection.
5. No dimensions shall be duplicated.
6. All dimensions that are required shall be indicated on a drawing
so that they can be obtained without calculation
7. Dimensions in the same direction shall not be cross - stiched but
arranged along a single line dimensions shall be processes.
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8. Dimensions shall be indicated on the basis of the datum point, if any, to be followed later in
machining or assembly.
9. In dimensioning the rounded portion of pressed – product made of sheet material.
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Numerical values for dimensioning
1. The numerical value for any length dimension shall be indicated, as a rule, in millimeter,
which shall not be followed by the unit symbol (mm). If, however , any non-millimeter unit
must be used it shall be followed by its unit symbol. Example : 25 µm
2. The angle shall be indicated, as a rule, by the degrees system which consist of degrees,
minutes and seconds; The numerical values in degrees, minutes and seconds shall be
followed by their symbols: °, ‘and “, respectively. Any zero values as angle – indicating
degrees or minutes shall not be omitted. Example : 90°,0°3’21’’, 0°15’, 8°0’52’’ , 6°20’5’’
3. The location and direction of any dimensional value shall be determined as follows, except
for the supper – imposed running dimensioning to be detailed in 7.25 (3).
4. The numerical value for dimensions shall be written using the following considerations.
Symbols
The symbols used together with dimensional characters shall be as shown in Table :
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Additional Symbols
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1. If the circular shape of an object is indicated without view, the dimensional
symbol Ф shall precede the numerical value, being the same in height. If a metal
processing method to drill a hole is accompanied with the dimensional numerical
value, the diameter symbol Ф shall be omitted. In the following cases, however,
the diameter symbol Ф shall not be left out.
2. General methods of dimensioning.
3. Symmetrical view drawn only for one side with respect to the center line.
4. There are a number of holes with the same diameter.
5. A number of radii which are concentric.
6. Radius of an arc.
Generally, any arc with up to 180°shall be indicated by its radius; and any arc
with more then 180°, by its diameter.
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7. A number of holes with different diameters.
8. Different kinds of holes, such as drilled, reamed and punched holes.
Tool’s nominal dimensions or basic dimensions shall be indicated, and
the metal processing method is added in a simplified instruction.
General dimensional tolerance relative to the specified processing
dimensions shall be applied.
9. Entry to hole depth.
"Depth" shall be indicated after the dimension indicated the diameter of a
hole, and its numerical value shall be entered. For thought hole depth
shall be omitted.
10. Entry of spot facing
“Spot facing“ shall be entered after the dimension indicating a diameter of
the spot facing.
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Specifying dimensional tolerances and fits
1. Tolerance shall be indicated by the upper and lower dimensional tolerances which
follow the basic dimension. In this case, the upper dimensional tolerances shall be
placed immediately over the lower one.
2. If, in bilateral tolerance, the upper dimensional tolerances is equal to the lower
one, only one value shall be indicated for them.
3. If only one of the maximum and minimum size limits must be specified, the
dimensional value shall be followed by either MAX or MIN.
4. When some length dimensions are given tolerances, less important dimensions
shall be omitted or handled as reference dimensions in order to prevent a conflict
between allowable dimensions.
5. The size limits of the configuration of assembled parts shall be indicated by
numerical values, as follows:
The basic dimension and dimensional tolerance of each configuration of
assembled parts shall be placed over each dimension line; the part names or part
number shall be indicated before the basic dimension. In ether case, the hole
dimension shall be placed over the shaft dimension.
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6. Tolerance based on the fitting system shall consist of the basic dimension followed
by the fit quality symbol and the upper and lower deviations.
7. The size limits of the configuration of assembled parts shall be indicated by fit.
8. In case the tolerance of the diameter of the hole or shaft must be strictly controlled
along the overall length or a limited range within the overall length, that range shall
be indicated. In the case of the dimension Ф16±0.05 is required in a range of 15 or
more as measured from the right end.
9. The general tolerance, if use, shall be indicated by a specified rubber stamp which
is put in the upper left corner of a drawing.
10. If, instead of the general tolerances in (9), individual products are given general
tolerances, they shall be specified in the upper left corner of a drawing in
accordance with
General tolerance
For less then 10;
10±0.5
For 10 or more; 10±0.8
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Rules and Definitions Quiz
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Thank you
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