ENRG 312: Measurement and Data Acquisition System
INTRODUCTION
(Ch1)
DR. NASIR HARIRI
M E C H A N I C A L A N D E N E R G Y E N G I N E E R I N G D E PA R T M E N T
I M A M A B D U L R A H M A N B I N FA S I L U N I V E R S I T Y
Introduction (1)
Mechatronics and Measurement Systems
What is a mechatronics system?
The term mechatronics is used to denote a rapidly developing, interdisciplinary field of
engineering dealing with the design of products
Its main function relies on the integration of mechanical and electronic components
coordinated by a control architecture.
The primary disciplines that are important in
the design of mechatronic systems include:
o mechanics,
o electronics,
o controls, and
o computer engineering.
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Introduction (2)
Mechatronics and Measurement Systems
What is a mechatronics system?
Mechatronic systems are sometimes referred to as smart devices.
A mechatronic system engineer must be able to design and select:
o Analog and digital circuits,
o microprocessor-based components,
o mechanical devices/structures,
o sensors, actuators, and
o controls so that the final product achieves a desired goal.
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Introduction (3)
Mechatronics and Measurement Systems
Overview of a Mechatronics system components
All the components in a typical mechatronic system are
shown below:
The actuators produce motion or cause some action;
the sensors detect the state of the system parameters,
inputs, and outputs;
digital devices control the system;
Conditioning and interfacing circuits provide
connections between the control circuits and the
input/output devices;
and graphical displays provide visual feedback to
users.
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Introduction (5)
Mechatronics and Measurement Systems
Measurements system
A fundamental part of many mechatronic systems is a measurement system
A measurement system composed of three basic parts:
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Introduction (6)
Mechatronics and Measurement Systems
Measurements system
A measurement system composed of three basic parts:
1. The transducer: is a sensing device that converts a physical input into an output, usually a
voltage. The term sensor is often used to refer to the transducer or to the combination of
transducer and signal processor
2. The signal processor: performs filtering, amplification, or other signal conditioning on the
transducer output.
3. The recorder: is an instrument, a computer, a hard-copy device, or simply a display that
maintains the sensor data for online monitoring or subsequent processing.
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Introduction (7)
Mechatronics and Measurement Systems
Measurements system
Measurement systems are traditionally used to measure physical and electrical
quantities, such as mass, temperature, pressure, capacitance and voltage.
They can also be designed to locate things or events, such as motion due to an
earthquake
A measurement system is often made a part of the control system. The old saying ‘if you
can’t measure it, you can’t control“
In addition to being an integral part of most mechatronic systems, a measurement
system is often used as a stand-alone device to acquire data in a laboratory or field
environment.
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Introduction (8)
Mechatronics and Measurement Systems
Example of a measurement system: A Digital Thermometer
The thermocouple is a transducer that converts temperature to a small voltage;
The amplifier increases the magnitude of the voltage;
The A/D (analog-to-digital) converter is a device that changes the analog signal to a
coded digital signal;
and the LEDs (light emitting diodes) display the value of the temperature.
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Review of Electric Circuits and Components (1)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
Electric circuits and components are important in understanding and designing
all elements in a mechatronic system
Especially discrete circuits for signal conditioning and interfacing.
Practically all mechatronic and measurement systems contain electrical circuits
and components.
There are three basic passive electrical elements:
resistor (R) ,
capacitor (C),
and inductor (L).
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Review of Electric Circuits and Components (2)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
These three Passive elements require no additional power supply, unlike active
devices such as integrated circuits.
Also, there are two types of ideal energy sources:
a voltage source (V) and
A current source (I).
Schematic symbols for basic electrical elements. Examples of basic circuit elements.
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Review of Electric Circuits and Components (3)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
The passive elements are defined by their voltage-current relationships
Resistor: is a dissipative element that converts electrical energy into heat.
o Ohm’s law
A real resistor has a limited power dissipation capability designated in watts, and it may
fail when this limit is exceeded.
If a resistor’s material is homogeneous and has a constant cross-sectional area, such as
the cylindrical wire, then the resistance is given by
𝜌 is the resistivity
L is the wire length
A is the cross-sectional area
Voltage-current relation for an ideal resistor. Wire resistance. 18
Review of Electric Circuits and Components (4)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
Example: Find the resistance of a wire:
Determine the resistance of a copper wire 1.0 mm in diameter and 10 m long.
o For Copper:
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Review of Electric Circuits and Components (5)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
The passive elements are defined by their voltage-current relationships
A capacitor is a passive element that stores energy in the form of an electric
field.
The simplest capacitor consists of a pair of parallel conducting plates separated by a
dielectric material
The capacitor’s voltage-current relationship is defined as:
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Review of Electric Circuits and Components (6)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
The passive elements are defined by their voltage-current relationships
An inductor is a passive energy storage element that stores energy in the form
of a magnetic field.
The simplest form of an inductor is a wire coil.
The inductor’s voltage-current relationship can be expressed as:
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Review of Electric Circuits and Components (7)
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES AND METERS
Understanding and utilizing various instruments including an oscilloscope,
multimeter, power supply, and function generator are essential.
Oscilloscope: is a type of electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying
signal voltages
Multimeter: is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement
functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance.
Function generator: is usually an electronic test equipment used to generate different
types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies
Example of commercially available voltage sources. Examples: digital multimeters Example: oscilloscope 23
Review of Electric Circuits and Components (7)
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES AND METERS
When we analyze electrical networks on paper, we usually assume that sources
and meters are ideal.
An ideal voltage source has zero output resistance and can supply infinite current.
An ideal current source has infinite output resistance and can supply infinite voltage.
An ideal voltmeter has infinite input resistance and draws no current.
An ideal ammeter has zero input resistance and no voltage drop across it.
Real voltage source with Real ammeter with Real voltmeter with Real current source with
output impedance. input impedance. input impedance. output impedance.
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