Basic structures:

S1: The percentage of tourists visiting the Castle increased from about
22% to 45% during the first 15 years.
S2: Rewrite the aforementioned sentence, by using the dummy subject
There + be + N ===> Dịch: “Có …”
 There was an upward trend to 45% in the percentage of tourists
visiting the Castle during the first 15 years.
S3: The percentage of tourists visiting the Castle _______saw________
an increase from about 22% to 45% during the first 15 years.
(*) verb: witness - see: chứng kiến, experience - undergo: trải qua,
report - register: ghi nhận
S4: based on S3 | using PASSIVE VOICE (be + V3/ed)
An increase to 45% was seen in the percentage of tourists visiting the

S5: based on S3 ⇒ But, S = TIME (*) excluding the preposition

Castle during the first 15 years.

The first 15 years saw an increase from 22% to 45% in the percentage of
tourists visiting the Castle.

Complex structures: to report 2 trends within 1 sentence

(*) Mẫu câu 1: … [S1 | S3], before + Ving
The percentage of tourists visiting the Castle witnessed an increase to
peak at 45% in 1995, before decreasing to just over 30% in the last
surveyed year. | before the percentage of tourists visiting the Castle
decreased to just over 30% in the last surveyed year.

(*) Mẫu câu 2: …[S2 | S3 | S4 | S5], (which was) followed by + N

The percentage of tourists visiting the Castle started off at 22% and
witnessed a rapid growth to 45% in 1995, (which was) followed by a
steady drop to around 32% in 2010.

(*) Mẫu câu 3: S1 + , but later / then + Verb [2 verbs chia cùng thì]
Castle: The percentage of tourists visiting the Castle increased to peak at
45% during the first 15 years, but later decreased considerably to just over
30% in the final surveyed year.

(*) Mẫu câu 4: S + V + O (số liệu năm đầu) after which the figure + Ved
(xu hướng 1), followed by a/an + adj + noun (xu hướng 2)
The percentage of tourists visiting the castle stood at about 22% in 1980,
after which the figure increased to peak at 45% in 1995, followed by a
considerable decrease to just over 30% in the last surveyed year.

The percentage of tourists visiting the castle witnessed a rapid increase to

45% in the first 15 years, after which it gradually decreased to just more
than 30% in 2010.

(*) Mẫu câu 5: Dùng mệnh đề trạng ngữ - [While / Whereas]

Whereas the percentage of tourists visiting the Castle rose from 22% to
45% during the first 15 years, the next 15 years showed/exhibited a
downward trend to 31%.
The bar chart shows the number of visitors to four London museums.

The bar depicts the quantity of travelers visiting four museums in London in several different months

It is evident that the number of tourists visiting to British Museum accounted for the highest of total
while the opposite was true for National one. Besides, August draws the highest number of visitors for
most museums

In June, the number of people visiting to History Museum, Science Museum and British Museum had
approximately similar figures , over 400000 individuals , while the figure for National Museum just
account for nearly 200000 visitors. Through July, all museums experience a slightly fluctuation without
Science Museum, which reduces marginally. While August attracting the most visitors witnesses a
considerable rise the quantity of visitors coming History Museum and British Museum to 600000 and
700000 respectively; the figure for Science Museum remains stable.

By September, there is a gradual downward trend in the number of people visiting all museums with the
exception of Science Museum which increases to 500000 tourists. At the end of period, the plenty of
individuals coming to four museums in London declines dramatically and the figure for British account
for the highest visitors, approximately 450000.
The table below shows information about the population of New Zealand from 2011 to 2012 by age
group

The chart illustrates the percentage of population change by different age group in New Zealand
between 2011 and 2012

It is evident that the percentage of total population increased marginally over the surveyed years. The
figure for those aged 40 and over rose while the opposite was true for under 40.

Between 2011 and 2012, the proportion of average population witnessed a growth of 0,6%, from
4,381,269 to 4,410,284 people. The number of individuals aged over 65 accounted for 573946 in 2011
after which the figure increased to 596903 in 2012, rising 4%. The percentage of residents aged 40-64
years old grown as the same proportion with total population, from 1,331,907 to 1,339,898 humans.

Meanwhile, despite decreasing of 0,2%, those aged 15-39 still accounted for the highest percent of the
population in both years , at 1577256 and 1574102 respectively. An drop of 0,2% , from 898160 to
896364, was experienced the proportion of people aged under 15.

Buổi 2
So sánh mệnh đề quan hệ
Mệnh đề chính ( báo cáo số liệu ) , mệnh đề quan hệ ( so sánh )
S + V + O , which + be + __4 times ___/ slightly___________+higher than that of / in…
Ex: The proportion of income spending on transport stood at 20% in Japan, which was 2 times
higher than that in Malaysia
The figure for + đối tượng
The figure of + con số
Ex: The figure for this company’s profit was $1000
This company registered the figure of $1000 in its profit
So sánh bằng phân số
The percentage of money spent on transport by Malaysian people was 10%, which was a half/ a
third/ a fourth / a fifth of that of Japan

So sánh bằng mệnh đề trạng ngữ ( while/whereas )

While/ Whereas
Ex: While the percentage of average household expenditure on transport in Japan accounted for
20%, the figure for Malaysia took up a half of that
While Japanese people spent 20% of their total budget on transport, only 10% of the total budget
was allocated by Malaysia people
(*) allocate st for st = spend st on st
20% of Japan’s household expenditure was spent on transport, which was twice as much as its
Malaysian’s figure/data

2 times higher than

2 time as much as

So sánh bằng các nhóm từ so sánh

As opposed to / in comparison with / compared to
In 2010, the percentage of money spent on transport in Malaysia was 10%, as opposed to 20%
spent by Japanese people.
 NOTE : preposition + N/V-ing

In 2010 , the percentage of money spent on transport in Malaysia was 10%, as opposed to 20%
spent by Japanese people => Mệnh đề quan hệ bổ nghĩa cho 20%

So sánh bằng mệnh đề phân từ , rút gọn mệnh đề / có thể áp dụng cho so sánh bằng
phân số
Standing at + số liệu + year , S + be + 2 times higher than/as much as that of….
Ex: Standing at 20% in 2010 , the percentage of money spent on transport in Japan was 2 times
higher than that of Malaysia
Standing at 10% in 2010, the percentage of money spent on transport in Malaysia was half of
that of Japan
Cấu trúc mô tả số liệu
[Link] percentage of money spent on transport by Japanese people ư

The bar depicts the expenditure spent on six categories of goods by European in four countries
namely : Britain , France , Italy , Germany.
It is evident that the budget spent on all six goods in Britain was the highest of total countries ,
while the opposite was true for Germany .Besides, consumers spent the most income on
photographic film.
Of the six items shown on the chart, British residents spent just over £170,000 on photographic
film, which take up the highest of average data. By contrast , the German’s expenditure was the
lowest of total nations , just under £150,000 for each of the six products.
In term of toys,
The three pie charts below show the coffee production and consumption around the
world, and also the profit distribution in 2014.
The charts depict three categories involving in coffee: consumption around the world, the
production in four nations and the profit distribution among different fields of business.
It is evident that European countries consumed the highest quantity of coffee , while South
Africa was the largest manufacturer of production area. Besides, in term of profit distribution,
delivery accounted for the highest percent of total.
The proportion of coffee consumption in European nations and America took up the highest
percent, at 41% and 39% respectively. By contract, Japan was the lowest consumer, at 8% ,
while the other parts of the world was slightly higher, at 12%. According to production, the
percentage of manufacture stood at 44% in South Africa, which was 2 times higher than that in
Indonesia. There was a negligible gap between the coffee production of Vietnam and Japan,
ranging from 16% to 18%
Moving on profit distribution, delivery was responsible for the highest amount of sections of
business, at 51%. Besides, the total percent of exporters and producers contributed a quarter, as
opposed to 24% of retailers.

Buổi 3
To be =to e situated=to be sited=to be located
The top right-hand corner of the map ( ở góc trên bên tay phải của cái bản đồ )
There is an alteration recorded ( có 1 sự thay đổi được ghi nhận) in the west of the map, where
the stage for musicians was converted into an Amphitheater for concerts
There is an alteration recorded + nơi chốn, where + sự chuyển đổi
( dùng phía sau , không dùng đầu câu )
Another transformation can be observed + nơi chốn ( cụm giới từ ) , where + sự chuyển đổi
( mệnh đề )

The stage of musicians which was located in the west of the map was renovated into an
Amphitheatre for concerts.
The stage for musicians was located in the west of the park before it was renovated into an
Amphitheater for concerts => being renovated

Overall, the town underwent ( trải qua ) significant changes, with the most notable one being the
construction of _________. Beside, the introduction/ removal of _________ was also recorded
Ex: Overall, the town underwent significant changes, with the most notable one being the
construction of a dual carriageway. Beside, the introduction of the complex in the north of the
town was also recorded
The town underwent a process of urbanization and modernization,…

Below is a map of the city of Brandfield. City planners have decided to build a new
shopping mall for the area, and two sites, S1 and S2 have been proposed.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.
The illustration depicts two plausible sites for a new shopping complex in the city of Brandfield
It is evident that the prospective areas lie in the north and south-east of the map.
The site denoted S1 is located in the north of the map, between the city center and the housing
estate. Additionally, there are three ways through S1 including river, road and [Link]
location also was adjacent to the railway extending from south east to the north west.

The picture depicts a number of considerable changes took happened in a town after the
construction of a hydroelectric power dam.
It is obvious that
In 1990, the site including an ancient structure, the forest and the site with rare flora and fauna
was situated in the west of the river. Afterwards, these features disappeared

and the area including the irrigated farmlands , villages and mountains was located
Buổi 4
Overview
There are … main steps in the process of …, commencing/starting with …and
culminating/finishing with …
The process of … includes … main steps, commencing/starting with …and
culminating/finishing with …
Body 1
The progress commences when wasted glass bottles are gathered at certain collection sites,
which are then transferred by truck to a place where they are washed under high-pressure water
-The progress begins/commences when.....
-be transferred by truck to a place where.....
Subsequently, the cleaned bottles are then categoried into 3 sub-categories, based on its colors,
including clear, green and brown
-Subsequently
-be categoried into... sub-categories, based on its color, sizes, quality namely/ including.....
- categorized = classified = divided into = sorted = compartmentalized into ( phân loại 1 thứ để
thứ đó không tác động đến những cái con lại )
- by hand => manually ( adv )
- by machine => automatically
This step appear
Body 2
The next stage is transferring these bottles to a glass factory, where they are smashed into finer
pieces before being combusted in a furnace
-The next stage is doing st
-A factory => where => be delivered / sent to a factory where/in which....
-After/ Before + being + V3/ed => usage: to describe 2 steps within 1 sentences
Under the heat of 600 to 800 Celsius degree, glass pieces melt into liquid glass, which is then
mixed with new liquid glass to ensure its quality
-to ensure its quality ( để đảm bảo chất lượng )
Once ( ngay khi , một khi ) the mixture is qualified, it is poured into molds of the cylindrical
bottle shape.
-Once st is qualified,.... ( một khi st đạt chuẩn,.... => chỉ dùng cho những công đoạn gần cuối )
Penultimately, liquid such as sort drink or wine is filled into these recycled bottles. The process,
culminates when such bottled beverages are dispatched to the supermarket, ready to be served
for end users
-Penultimately ( gần cuối )
-The process cultimates when st be delivered/ dispatched to...., ready to be served for end users

The diagram depicts how milk and dairy products are manufactured.

Upon closer examination of the process, it becomes evident that the process is divided into three
main stages, beginning with collecting milk from farm, processing it and then finalizing it as
products to be sold in the supermarket.

The process commences when the milk is collected from cows by milking machine twice a day
and then contained in the refrigeration storage to ensure its quality. After that, raw milk is
transferred by milk tanker daily to Dairy in order to prepare for the next step.

Moving to the next step, the milk is stored in some containers and then categorized into 2 sub-
categories, based on its purpose of usage. While some of the milk is pasteurized and packed for
delivery, the others is remained and made into cheese, cream and butter, with other dairy
products. The process culminates when dairy products are dispatched to the super-markets and
shops, ready to be served for end consumers.

The process/ picture illustrates the stages in the life of the______, from birth to maturity

It is evident that_____ undergoes ____stages in their life cycle, each which takes place in
different/ all of them take place in the same location. In addition , it is + time + since______ is
born until it is ready for reproduction.
The life cycle commences when salmon eggs are laid in the upper river, where there is a slow-
moving current ( dòng chảy ). The
Hatch : nở ( chia chủ động )

There are … main steps in the process of …, commencing/starting with …and

culminating/finishing with …

The process of … includes … main steps, commencing/starting with …and

culminating/finishing with …
The illustration depicts the stages in the natural life of the salmon, from birth to maturity

It is evident that salmon undergoes 3 stages in their life cycle, each which takes place in different
location. In addition , it is approximatly 10 years since salmon is born until it is ready for
reproduction.
The life cycle commences when salmon eggs are laid in the upper river, where there is a slow-
moving current. Salmon’s mature often has a tendency to lay their eggs in riverbed in which
contains many tiny stones and reeds in order to proctect them until they are ready to hatch. Once
this has taken place and having spent around 5-6 months, the ‘fry’ is 3-8 cm long tends to
migrates lower-river where has fast flowing. After spending 4 years of life in there, the salmon
continue to evolve.
Moving to the next step of development, the salmon is 12-15 cm in length and it’s referred to as
a ‘smolt’. They go on migrating open sea, where it’s a finally location to mark the end of their
evolution life over the period of 5 years. At the end of process, adult salmon is 70-76 cm long
and they are reading to come back to freshwater in order to begin a new reproduction.