BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS - II

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT LOAD BEARING
CONSTRUCTION
UNIT- I
First year [Link] 2020-21
(2019 pattern)
SPPU Semester II

Presented by – Ar. Ankoor Sakhare

SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, PUNE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS II 1

Index

• Introduction to earthquake
• Magnitude of earthquake
• Effects earthquake
resistant measures for load
bearing construction.
• Construction of reinforced
masonry walls, pillars and
lintels; Masonry vaults and
domes.

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Introduction to Earthquake
 Earth consists of
 Inner Core (radius ~1290km) solid consists of heavy
metals ( eg. Nickel & Iron )
 Outer Core is (thickness ~2200km) liquid in form .
 Mantle (thickness ~2900km) has the ability to flow .
 Crust (thickness ~5 to 40km) is what we see and live
on & consists of light materials ( eg. Basalts &
Granites )
 Temperature at Core estimated to be ~2500°C
 Pressure ~4 million atmospheres

 Long time ago, a large collection of material masses united to form the Earth.
 Large amount of heat was generated by this fusion, and slowly as the Earth cooled down,
 the heavier and denser materials sank to the center and the lighter ones rose to the top.

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Tectonic Plate movement
These three types of inter-plate
 interactions are
 Convergent
 Divergent
 Transform boundaries(Figure 4)
Convergent boundary has a peculiarity (like at the Himalayas)
that sometimes neither of the colliding plates wants to sink.

When the rocky material along the interface of the plates

in the Earth’s Crust reaches its strength, it fractures and a
sudden movement takes place there (Figure 5);
The interface between the plates where the movement has
taken place (called the fault) suddenly slips and releases the
large elastic strain energy stored in the rocks at the
interface.
 The sudden slip at the fault causes the earthquake…
 This is known as Elastic Rebound Theory.

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Types of Earthquake & its faults
•Most earthquakes in the world occur along the
boundaries of the tectonic plates and are called
Inter-plate Earthquakes (e.g., 1897 Assam
(India) earthquake).

•A number of earthquakes also occur within the

plate itself but away from the plate boundaries
(e.g., 1993 Latur (India) earthquake); these are
called Intra-plate Earthquakes.

•Here, a tectonic plate breaks in between.

•In both types of earthquakes, the slip

generated at the fault during earthquakes is
along both vertical and horizontal directions
(called Dip Slip) and lateral directions (called
Strike Slip) (Figure 7), with one of them
dominating sometimes.

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Seismic Waves

•Large strain energy released during an earthquake travels

as seismic waves in all directions through the Earth’s
layers, reflecting and refracting at each interface.

•These waves are of two types - body waves and surface

waves (which are restricted to near the Earth’s surface
(Figure 1).

 Magnitude is a quantitative
measure of the actual size of the
earthquake.

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Seismic Zones in India

• The seismic zone maps are revised from

time to time
• Based on the levels of intensities
• sustained during damaging past
earthquakes, the 1970 version of the zone
map subdivided India into five zones – I, II,
III, IV and V (Figure 3).
• Parts of Himalayan boundary in the north
and northeast, and the Kachchh area in the
west were classified as zone V.

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Seismic Effects on Structures
INERTIA FORCES IN STRUCTURES
 Earthquake causes shaking of the ground.
 So a building resting on it will experience motion at its base.
Base of the building moves with the ground, but roof has a tendency to stay in its original position.
(Inertia)
 But since the walls and columns are connected to it, they drag the roof along with them.
In the building, since the walls or columns are flexible, the motion of the roof is different from that
of the ground (Figure 1).

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Seismic Effects on Structures
INERTIA FORCES IN STRUCTURES
FLOW OF INERTIA FORCES TO FOUNDATIONS
• Under horizontal shaking of the ground,
horizontal inertia forces are generated at level
of the mass of the structure (usually situated at
the floor levels).
• These lateral inertia forces are transferred by
the floor slab to the walls or columns, to the
foundations, and finally to the soil system
underneath (Figure 4).
• So, each of these structural elements (floor
slabs, walls, columns, and foundations) and the
connections between them must be designed
to safely transfer these inertia forces through
them.

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Seismic Effects on Structures

• Walls or columns are the most critical elements in transferring the inertia forces.
• Failures of masonry walls have been observed in many earthquakes in the past Similarly, poorly
designed and constructed reinforced concrete columns can be disastrous.

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Architectural Features Affects Buildings During Earthquakes?
Architectural features
• Choice of shape and structure has significant bearing
on the performance of the building during strong
earthquakes.
• Size of Buildings: In tall buildings with large height-to-
base size ratio (Figure 1a), the horizontal movement
of the floors during ground shaking is large.
• In short but very long buildings (Figure 1b), the
damaging effects during earthquake shaking are
many.
• And, in buildings with large plan area like warehouses
(Figure 1c), the horizontal seismic forces can be
excessive to be carried by columns and walls.
• The behaviour of a building during earthquakes
depends critically on its overall shape, size and
geometry,adjecency to another building in addition
to how the earthquake forces are carried to the
ground.
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Architectural Features Affects Buildings During Earthquakes?

HORIZONTAL LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS

• Buildings with simple geometry in
plan (Figure 2a) perform well during
strong earthquakes.
• Buildings with re-entrant corners, like
those U, V, H and + shaped in plan
(Figure 2b), have sustained significant
damage.
• Many times, the bad effects of these
interior corners in the plan of
buildings are avoided by making the
buildings in two parts.

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Architectural Features Affects Buildings During Earthquakes?
VERTICAL LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS:
The earthquake forces developed at different
floor levels in a building need to be brought
down along the height to the ground by the
shortest path;
any deviation or discontinuity in this load
transfer path results in poor performance of
the building.

• Buildings with vertical setbacks (like the

hotel buildings with a few storeys wider
than the rest) cause a sudden jump in
earthquake forces at the level of
discontinuity (Figure 3a).

• Buildings that have fewer columns or walls

in a particular storey or with unusually tall
storey (Figure 3b), tend to damage or
collapse which is initiated in that storey.

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Architectural Features Affects Buildings During Earthquakes?
VERTICAL LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS:
Many buildings with an open ground storey
intended for parking collapsed or were severely
damaged in Gujarat during the 2001 Bhuj
earthquake.

Buildings on slopy ground have unequal height

columns along the slope, which causes ill effects
like twisting and damage in shorter columns
(Figure 3c).

Buildings with columns that hang or float on

beams at an intermediate storey and do not go all
the way to the foundation, have discontinuities in
the load transfer path (Figure 3d).

Buildings, in which reinforced concrete walls do

not go all the way to the ground but stop at an
upper level, are liable to get severely damaged
during earthquakes.

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Architectural Features Affects Buildings During Earthquakes?

• When two buildings are too close to each other, they may pound on each other during strong
shaking. With increase in building height, this collision can be a greater problem.

• When building heights do not match (Figure 4), the roof of the shorter building may pound at the
mid-height of the column of the taller one; this can be very dangerous.

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Importance of seismic design codes :
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT RATHER THAN EARTHQUAKE PROOF

Ground vibrations during earthquakes cause forces and deformations in structures. Structures
need to be designed to withstand such forces and deformations.
Seismic codes help to improve the behaviour of structures so that they may withstand the
earthquake effects without significant loss of life and property.
Countries around the world have procedures outlined in seismic codes to help design engineers in
the planning, designing, detailing and constructing of structures. An earthquake-resistant building
has four virtues in it, namely:

(a) Good Structural Configuration: Its size, shape and structural system carrying loads are such
that they ensure a direct and smooth flow of inertia forces to the ground.
(b) Lateral Strength: The maximum lateral (horizontal) force that it can resist is such that the
damage induced in it does not result in collapse.
(c) Adequate Stiffness: Its lateral load resisting system is such that the earthquake-induced
deformations in it do not damage its contents under low-to moderate shaking.
(d) Good Ductility: Its capacity to undergo large deformations under severe earthquake shaking
even after yielding, is improved by favourable design and detailing strategies. Seismic codes
cover all these aspects.

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How do Brick Masonry Houses behave during Earthquake?

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How do Brick Masonry Houses behave during Earthquake?
Masonry walls are slender because of their small thickness
compared to their height and length. A simple way of making these
walls behave well during earthquake shaking is by making them act
together as a box along with the roof at the top and with the
foundation at the bottom. This can be achieved by
(a) ensuring good interlocking of the masonry courses at the
junctions, and
(b) employing horizontal bands at various Levels, particularly at the
lintel level.

Secondly, the sizes of door and window openings need to be kept

small. The smaller the openings, the larger is the resistance offered
by the wall.

Thirdly, the tendency of a wall to topple when pushed in the weak

direction can be reduced by limiting its length-to-thickness and
height to- thickness ratios (Figure 3).
Design codes specify limits for these ratios. A wall that is too tall or
too long in comparison to its thickness, is particularly vulnerable to
shaking in its weak direction (Figure 3).
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Why should Masonry Buildings have simple Structural Configuration?

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Why should Masonry Buildings have simple Structural Configuration?

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Why are horizontal bands necessary in masonry buildings?

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Construction of reinforced masonry walls, pillar & lintel

Earthquake bands in timber

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Construction of reinforced masonry walls, pillar & lintel

Earthquake bands in RC

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Construction of reinforced masonry walls, pillar & lintel

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Construction of reinforced masonry walls, pillar & lintel
HORIZONTAL SEISMIC BANDS
A seismic band consists of
reinforced concrete flat runner
through all external and internal
masonry walls at the following
levels in the building.
a) at the plinth level of the
building.
b) at the levels of lintels of doors
and windows c.
c) at the ceiling level of roofs
consisting of wooden joists or,
prefabricated reinforced
concrete beams or, planks.
(Such hand will not be
necessary if the roof consists of
Reinforced Concrete or,
Reinforced Brick slabs cast on
the walls covering a minimum
of 2/3 of the thickness of the
wall.)
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Construction of reinforced masonry walls, pillar & lintel
Reinforced lintel
• Horizontal seismic bands should be provided at different levels of a
wall. A seismic band should be continuous beam that binds,
reinforces and makes all parts of the wall at the level of the band
to act together. The seismic bands should be provided at three
levels. These bands should be well bonded together at the
corners.
• Lintel band: Lintel seismic band should be provided at the top level
of doors and windows, monolithic with the lintels of doors and
windows. The lintel seismic band shall be made of reinforced
concrete. When the height of the wall is not more than 2.5 m, the
lintel band may be merged with roof band.
The horizontal
seismic bands in
stone/concrete block
or brick masonry
walls should
be provided using
R.C.C 1:2:4 as shown
Seismic band in sesmic band

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How to make Stone Masonry Buildings Earthquake Resistant?
Factors to be considered for the construction for stone masonry

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How to make Stone Masonry Buildings Earthquake Resistant?

Low strength
stone masonry
buildings are
weak
against
earthquakes,
and should be
avoided in high
seismic zones

Laypersons may consider stone masonry buildings robust due to the large wall thickness and robust
appearance of stone construction. But, these buildings are one of the most deficient building
systems from earthquake-resistance point of view. The main deficiencies include excessive wall
thickness, absence of any connection between the two wythes of the wall, and use of round stones
(instead of shaped ones).
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How to make Stone Masonry Buildings Earthquake Resistant?
To improve the performance of stone masonry
dwellings
Ensure proper wall construction :
The wall thickness should not exceed 450mm.
Round stone boulders should not be used in
the construction! Instead, the stones should
be shaped using chisels and hammers. Use of
mud mortar should be avoided in higher
seismic zones. Instead, cement-sand mortar
should be 1:6 (or richer) and lime-sand mortar
1:3 (or richer) should be used.

(b) Ensure proper bond in masonry courses:

Through-stones (each extending over full
thickness of wall) or a pair of overlapping
bond-stones (each extending over at least ¾th
s thickness of wall) must be used at every
600mm along the height and at a maximum
spacing of 1.2m along the length (Figure 3).

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How to make Stone Masonry Buildings Earthquake Resistant?
Provide horizontal reinforcing elements:
The stone masonry dwellings must have horizontal
bands . These bands can be
constructed out of wood or reinforced concrete, and
chosen based on economy. It is important to provide
at least one band (either lintel band or roof band) in
stone masonry construction (Figure 4).

(d) Control on overall dimensions and heights:

The unsupported length of walls between cross-walls
should be limited to 5m; for longer walls, cross
supports raised from the ground level called
buttresses should be provided at spacing not more
than 4m.
The height of each storey should not exceed 3.0m. In
general, stone masonry buildings
should not be taller than 2 storeys when built in
cement mortar, and 1 storey when built in lime or
mud mortar. The wall should have a thickness of at
least one-sixth its height.

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Construction of reinforced masonry walls, pillar & lintel
Vertical
reinforcement
required in
masonry
buildings

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Construction of reinforced masonry walls, pillar & lintel
Reinforced Pillar
Columns can sustain
two types of damage,
namely axial-flexural (or
combined compression
bending) failure and
shear failure. Shear
damage is brittle and
must be avoided in
columns by providing
transverse ties at close
spacing (Figure 2b).

The ends of the ties

must be bent as 135°
hooks (Figure 2). Such
hook ends prevent
opening of loops and
consequently bulging of
concrete and buckling
of vertical bars.
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Construction of reinforced masonry Vaults & Domes
Reinforced vault construction
• In fig 1. semi-prefabricated construction in which flexible meshes, including the bricks and part of
the reinforcement, are previously manufactured to be later installed and shaped in the site
according to the desired vaulted geometry; mortar or concrete are then poured to fill the joints
and to create a continuous topping
• In fig.2. shown the Methods of vault strengthening with ribs : a) reinforced concrete, b) brick, c)
glued laminated timber, d) steel sections (1 -walls, 2 -masonry vault, 3 -reinforcing ribs, 4 -steel
anchors).

Fig 1 Fig 2
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Construction of reinforced masonry Vaults & Domes
Reinforced Dome construction
• Domes are self supporting structures they take the form of an
arch distributing external loads around the sides and down to the foundations. They are tightly
compacted by gravity and any external loads are carried by the compressive forces that develop
internally

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How to Make Buildings Ductile for Good Seismic Performance?
• Avoid long walls

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How to Make Buildings Ductile for Good Seismic Performance?

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 THANK YOU

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