UNIT 4
ELECTRICAL
PROTECTIONS
Pablo Martínez Pérez
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02 03
VOLTAGE DEFECTS IN
ELECTRICAL FUSE
AND CURRENT
CIRCUITS
04 05
CIRCUIT DIFFERENTIAL
BREAKER SWITCH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
06 07 08
SELECTIVITY AND THERMAL
OVERVOLTAGE
CASCADING RELAY
09
WORKSHOP
*
TO SUM UP
01
VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT
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1. Voltage and current
Analog voltmeters for the door and for a DIN rail
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1. Voltage and current
Parallel connection of a voltmeter
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1. Voltage and current
Multimeter for voltage
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1. Voltage and current
Nominal voltage in a 3 / 230V and a 3+N / 400 V
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1. Voltage and current
Vector analysis: √3
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1. Voltage and current
Movement of electrons and sense of the electric current
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1. Voltage and current
Analog ammeters for the door and for a DIN rail
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1. Voltage and current
Serial connection of an ammeter
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1. Voltage and current
Multimeter for current
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1. Voltage and current
Current clamp or clamp ammeter
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1. Voltage and current
Measuring current
with a clamp
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1. Voltage and current
Measuring current with a clamp
02
DEFECTS IN
ELECTRICAL
CIRCUITS
Defects in electrical circuits
Short circuit Insulation fault
Overload Overvoltage
OVERCURRENTS LEAKAGE VOLTAGE
CURRENT
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2.1. Overcurrent
Nominal current or rated current
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2.1. Overcurrent
Overload
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2.1. Overcurrent
Example of overload
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2.1. Overcurrent
Several elements connected, too much
demand or too much power needed
V (voltage) is constant (depends on the
system)
We are demanding more I (current)
2 or 3 times In (nominal current)
OVERLOAD
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2.1. Overcurrent
Short circuit
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2.1. Overcurrent
Insulation fault in the wires
or wrong connection
Union with R ≈ 0 (only limited by the R of
the wiring)
Very high I (current)
20 or 30 times In (nominal current)
SHORT CIRCUIT
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2.2. Leakage current
Insulation fault in a single-phase motor
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2.2. Leakage current
Wire – metal cover (insulation fault)
The current circulates if it
finds a closed circuit
Possibility of indirect contacts
LEAKAGE CURRENT
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2.3. Overvoltage
Transitional Permanent
Types of overvoltage
03
FUSE
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3. Fuse
Lower melting point
Less section
First element to be heated
First element to be melted
Inert materials to avoid electric arcs
Low cost but disposable
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3. Fuse
Melting curves of different fuses (logarithmic scale)
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3. Fuse
g Distribution (full-range)
1st letter
a Accompaniment (partial-range)
G General
L Lines
2nd letter
M Motors
R Rapid
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3. Fuse
Cylindrical
NH
Diazed
Types
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3. Fuse
Cylindrical and NH fuses
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3. Fuse
Diazed fuses
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3. Fuse
Fuse holders
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3. Fuse
Fuse holders
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3. Fuse
Fuse puller and striker pin
04
CIRCUIT BREAKER
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4. Circuit breaker
Unipolar, bipolar, tripolar and tetrapolar
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4. Circuit breaker
Magnetic part
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4. Circuit breaker
Thermal part
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4. Circuit breaker
Bimetallic strip:
convert temperature change into mechanical movement
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4. Circuit breaker
Different symbols: magnetic and thermal parts
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4. Circuit breaker
Features
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4. Circuit breaker
How not to use circuit breakers
05
DIFFERENTIAL
SWITCH
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5. Differential switch
Features
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5. Differential switch
Examples of differential switches
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5. Differential switch
How differential
switches work
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5. Differential switch
Electrical installation without insulation faults
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5. Differential switch
Electrical installation with insulation faults: without and with ground connection
06
SELECTIVITY AND
CASCADING
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6. Selectivity and cascading
Example of selectivity. It can be done by time or current
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6. Selectivity and cascading
Example of cascading
07
OVERVOLTAGE
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7. Overvoltage
Different examples of protections for overvoltage
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7. Overvoltage
Example of boards with overvoltage protection
08
THERMAL
RELAY
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8. Thermal Relay
Examples of thermal relays or motor circuit breakers
09
WORKSHOP:
FOR OUR
PRACTICALS
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9. Workshop: for our practicals
Single-phase Three-phase
Motor thermal relay
Unipolar circuit breaker Tripolar circuit breaker or motor circuit breaker
Elements to use in our practicals for protection
TO SUM UP