Background information

 Proteins make up about 15% of the total mass of the human body and are essential to us in
many ways
 The best food for supplying the body with these essential components is through meaty protein-
rich food sources such as fish, meat, and egg. Currently the rapid increase in food demand for
growing population and protein deficiency has been a serious challenge worldwide. This
emphasizes the search of new alternative food source having less environmental foot print,
higher yield and lower cost.
 The term ‘Single Cell Protein’ (SCP) was coined by [Link] in 1966 and has been used widely
since that time in referring to microbial cells grown in large industrial systems as a protein
source for food and feed applications
 SCP is considered as high nutritive food because of higher protein, vitamins and essential amino
acids (Galvez et al.,1990) but major problems in SCP usage are high nucleic acid content, slower
digestion and high cost.
 Carbohydrates most commonly used substrate for single-cell production, due to its renewable
character (Ugalde & Castrillo, 2002)
 The choice of microorganisms depends on numerous criteria such as the growth of
microorganisms should be fast and a broader range of materials may be considered as suitable
substrates.
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae was known as the most widely used eukaryotic microorganism for
biological studies and applications as well as single-cell protein production (Rajagopalan &
Krishnan, 2008). It has fermentative capabilities to utilize sucrose, glucose, fructose, and
maltose as carbon sources and produce alcohol under anaerobic conditions (Thammasittirong et
al 2013). It is sensitive to high amounts of glucose, also termed Crabtree-positive, exhibiting
aerobic ethanol production in the presence of excess glucose (Nishino et al 2015). It can be
grown in either liquid medium or on solidstate fermentation cultures.
(Chaudhary et al., 2022)

 SCP microorganisms have a high protein content, making them suitable for use as a human
protein source as well as food additives in the cattle and fishing industries.
 it is expected to provide a solution to the problem of traditional protein deficiency (Hülsen et al.,
2020)
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast microorganism capable of producing huge quantities of SCP
(Nasseri et al., 2011).
 The protein content of the protein generated throughout the fermentation process will be
determined using the Kjeldahl nitrogen technique. The kjeldahl nitrogen technique is a method
for determining protein content that has been widely utilized.
 the SCP creation process is divided into various stages. Preparing microbial growth media,
choosing and maintaining microorganisms, selecting carbon sources, sterilizing, fermentation
processes, separating and purifying products are the basic process stages
 As information, there are very few studies and research on the production of microbial protein
using local fruits as a cheap alternative protein source
 banana peel waste is rich in nutrients, it is an excellent source of substrate for SCP synthesis
(Petersen et al., 2020)
 As far as we know, there have been relatively few studies and research on the synthesis of
microbial protein utilizing local fruits as a low-cost protein source (Zhou et al., 2019).
(Azwar et al., 2021)

 The production of Single cell protein began in the late 1960s

 Result-A comparative study of fruit wastes revealed that banana skin generates highest amount
of protein per 100 g of substrate used
(Khan et al., 2010)

 The growing shortage of protein and other protein rich food supplies has stimulated the effort in
searching new and alternate source of protein rich food and feed (Khan and Dahot, 2010).
 For this reason, in 1996, new sources mainly yeast, fungi, bacteria and algae named Single Cell
Protein (SCP) as coined to describe the protein production from biomass, originating from
different microbial sources (Parajo et al., 1995).
 Agricultural wastes are useful substrate for production of microbial protein, but must meet the
following criteria: it should be non-toxic, abundant, totally regenerable, non- exotic, cheap and
able to support rapid growth and multiplication of the organisms resulting in high quality
biomass (Dhanasekaran et al., 2011).
 Several studies have been conducted using agricultural waste as a substrate including banana
waste peel (Sankar et al., 2011)
 The yeast, Sacchromyces cerevisiae was grown with molasses as the carbon source and
ammonium salts as the nitrogen source for the consumption as protein supplement (Litchfield,
1983). The use of such a cheap and readily available substrate is desirable to lower the cost of
production, reduce waste disposal and management problems, conserve natural resources and
provide feed for livestock purpose (Sanker et al., 2011).
 The skin waste was found to contain both carbohydrate and protein nutrients that are suitable
and favourable for the growth of microorganisms (Dhanasekaran et al., 2011).
 Banana (Musa spp. AAA or ABB group) are one of the world’s most important food crops (Ferris
et al., 1997). Bananas (Musa spp.) fruit peel is an organic waste that is highly rich in
carbohydrate content and other basic nutrients that could support microbial growth (Sanker et
al., 2011)
(Anichebe et al., no date)

 The protein deficiency has become a major threat to the world today. In relevance to India, 60
percent of the protein is derived from the cereals with relative low digestibility and quality.
 According to the Agricultural Research Data Book 2004 (Chandak et al., 2016), waste generated
from fruits and vegetables accounts to 50 million tons per annum and this waste is a rich source
of carbohydrates that supports the growth of microorganisms.
 Agricultural waste used for single cell protein production proves to be a cheap and economic
substrate and also helps in management of waste.
(Ahuja and Kumari, 2019)

 Food waste represents to date one of the major problems in both the developing and the
developed countries.
 Microorganisms, that can be considered single-cell protein (SCP), i.e. useful as protein additives,
and source of important biomolecules, should have the different properties such as rapid
growth, little nutritional requirements, an easy processing system, low levels of nucleic acids
and good biological values and should be non-pathogenic, non-toxic (veloped countries (Huang
et al. 2015).
 Several studies show that yeasts are most commonly used for this purpose; but bacteria, algae
and fungi have also been used (Nasseri et al. 2011). Among microorganisms, yeast cells have
several advantage such as their larger size (5–10 μm), that facilitate the separation, the high
percentage of vitamins (group B) and the amount of nucleic acids, that ranges from 4 to 10%.
(Gervasi et al., 2018)

 The disposal of fruit waste into environment poses health hazard for living beings. And also
protein deficiency is becoming a major problem with the fast growing world population.
 The disposal of fruit waste from fruit processing industry into environment can pose serious
environmental pollution. Fruit waste might have a potential for recycling to get raw material or
for bio conversion into useful product such as organic acid, methane, ethanol, SCP and enzyme.
On the other hand increasing world deficiency of protein is becoming a major problem with the
fast growing world population. It is important to focus on new, alternate and unconventional
protein production in order to produce enough food and feed to meet the nutritional
requirement.
 Yeast is suitable for SCP production because of its superior nutritional quality, high lysine
content,
larger size making them easier to harvest, low nucleic acid content and ability to grow on low pH
(Thiviya et al.2021)

 Using plant-based substrates to produce SCPs becomes more effective method to overcome the
problem of waste management and leads to minimum cost for raw materials. Further,
agricultural waste as a source for SCPs could contribute to conserving the fixed carbon resources
produced.
(Dunuweera, Nikagolla and Ranganathan, 2021)

 Production of proteins has been a subject of various research over the last few decades
 SCP represents an attractive protein supplement with satiation properties that can improve
appetite regulation in obese people
 The SCP is a dried microbial biomass protein used as protein supplement in human or animal
foods. In addition to its high protein contents, SCP contains fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids,
vitamins and minerals. Presence of EAAs such as lysine and methionine in SCP, which are limited
in most plants and animals, advances them to foods from plant and animal foods
 Microbial protein production is independent of seasonal variations and climatic fluctuations,
making their production sustainable all the year
 Production of SCP from low-cost agricultural and industrial wastes is a feasible and financially
viable process which is very important as it provides a sustainable solution to the management
of these wastes and the environmental pollution caused by their disposals
(Umesh, Thazeem and Preethi, 2019)
 SCP can also be called biomass, bioprotein or microbial protein. The word SCP is considered to
be appropriate since most of the microorganisms grow as single or filamentous individuals.
Besides high protein content (about 60-82% of dry cell weight), SCP also contains fats,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins and minerals (3, 4). Another advantage with SCP is that it
is rich in certain essential amino acids like lysine, methionine which are limiting in most plant
and animal foods. This protein can be used as additive added to the main diet instead of sources
known very expensive such as soybean and fish
 The utilization of fruit wastes in the production of SCP will help in controlling pollution and also
in solving waste disposable problem (8) to some extent in addition to satisfy the world shortage
of protein rich food.
 Over the last few years, a lot of research has been done for reprocessing and reuse of different
fruit wastes for the conversion of valuable and nutritive products
 The degree of SCP production depends on the type of substrate used and also on media
composition.
(Mondal et al., no date)

 Lignocellulosic material contains more than 60% of fermentable sugars; however, it is

recalcitrant and highly crystalline in nature. Therefore, sugars present in plant cell walls are very
difficult to extract, hence a pre-treatment process is required to prepare the LCM to make it
amenable for microbial attachment.
 some antimicrobial compounds which can inhibit the growth of the microbes; therefore, a low-
severity pre-treatment is required for processing.52 This process works as sterilization of the
feedstock. It removes the antimicrobial compounds from the peels and can be utilized as a
carbon source for protein production.
(Kumar et al., 2024)
Objectives

 The main objective of this study was to produce SCP from papaya juice, whey extract and
banana peel using baker’s yeast and estimation of protein concentration and, to determine
which of the substrate is efficient in terms of yield, protein concentration and cost. (Chaudhary
et al., 2022)
 The goal of this research is to see if the bacteria Saccharomyces cerevisiae can manufacture SCP
using organic waste as a carbon [Link] is hoped that it can be used as an additional reference
to optimize the SCP production process so that it can provide the best solution to overcome the
dependence on protein production from plants and animals(Azwar et al., 2021)
 Thus, the present investigation was carried out to manage and reuse fruit and vegetable waste
to manufacture single cell protein(Ahuja and Kumari, 2019)
 The aim of this work is to study the promotional effect of whole discarded food, deriving from
the distribution sector together with the one deriving from agro industrial factory, on cell
growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae species using substrates consisting of fruit and vegetable
mixtures in batch fermentation processes.(Gervasi et al., 2018)
 The objective of this study was to determine the possibilities to produce SCP from the cheap and
abundant pineapple peel waste using natural yeast from the palmyrah toddy. There have been
very few literatures addressing the possibility of exploring different cost effective fruit wastes
for SCP production (Thiviya et al.2021)
 The major objective of the current study was to valorize high carbohydrate pineapple peels in
SCP production using Saccharomyces (S.) cerevisiae. (Umesh, Thazeem and Preethi, 2019)
 the present investigation was carried out to assess the potential of various fruit wastes for cost
effective yeast biomass production.(Mondal et al., no date)