Chapter 3

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

(AI)
Outline
❖What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
❖Types of AI
❖Influence of AI
❖Application of AI
❖AI Tools and Platforms
❖Sample AI Applications

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 Objectives
After completing this chapter, students will be able to:
 Explain what artificial intelligence (AI) is.
 Explain the types and approaches of AI.
 Describe the applications of AI in health, agriculture, business
and education
 List the factors that influenced the advancement of AI in recent
years.
 Understand the relationship between the human’s way of
thinking and AI systems
 Identify AI research focus areas.
 Identify real-world AI applications, some platforms, and tools.
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
 Artificial Intelligence(AI) is composed of two words:
Artificial and Intelligence.
 Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence
defines "thinking power", or “the ability to learn and
solve problems”
 Hence, Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made
thinking power."
 AI is a branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like
humans, and able to make decisions.
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 What is AI?
 Artificial Intelligence can be created with a
programmed algorithms that can work with own
intelligence.
 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have
human-based skills such as
 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence
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 What is AI?
 An AI system is composed of an Agent and its
Environment.
 An agent (e.g., robot) is anything that can
perceive its environment through sensors and
acts upon that environment through effectors.
 Machine perception is the ability to use
input from sensors (such as cameras,
microphones, antenna, etc.) to deduce aspects
of the world. e.g., Computer Vision.
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 What is AI?

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 High-profile examples of AI
 Autonomous vehicles (e.g. drones and self-driving cars)
 Medical diagnosis (e.g. X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans)
 Creating art (such as poetry)
 Proving mathematical theorems
 Playing games (such as chess or go)
 Search engines (such as google search)
 Online assistants (such as cortana, siri)
 Image recognition in photographs
 Spam filtering
 Prediction of judicial decisions and
 Targeting online advertisements
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 Enabling technologies for AI
 Some of the enabling technologies for the
advancement of AI are:
 The advent of Big Data
 The arrival of the internet
 Smart mobile
 Social media
 Machine Learning
 Deep Learning
 Cheaper and more powerful hardware such as
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Graphical Processing Units (GPUs)
 Machine Learning
 Machine Learning (ML) is a fundamental
concept of AI where the machine can learn as it
goes (grows) rather than having every action
programmed by humans.
 Machine learning is the study of computer
algorithms that can improve automatically
through experience and by the use of data.
 The term machine learning was introduced by
Arthur Samuel in 1959.
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 Relationships of AI, ML, and DL
 Neural Networks are biologically inspired
networks that extract features from the data in
a hierarchical fashion.
 Artificial Neural Networks (neural networks)
are computing systems inspired by the biological
neural networks that constitute animal brains.
 The field of neural networks with several hidden
layers is called deep learning.
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 Relationships of AI, ML, and DL
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and
Deep Learning (DL)

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 Why we need AI at this time?
 AI is used to create expert systems that
exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to
learn, demonstrate, explain, and advise its users.
 AI helps machines to find solutions to complex
problems like humans do and apply them as
algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.
 AI enhances the speed, precision, and
effectiveness of human efforts.

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 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
The main goals of Artificial Intelligence are to:
1. Replicate human intelligence (human Experts)
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. intelligently connect perception and action
4. Build a machine that can perform tasks that requires human intelligence
such as:
✓ Proving a theorem
✓ Playing chess
✓ Plan some surgical operation
✓ Driving a car in traffic
5. Create some system that can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things
by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise its user.
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 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
 Artificial Intelligence requires lots of other disciplines
that can contribute to it. To create the AI first, we
should know how intelligence is composed.
 Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain that is a
combination of the:
 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem-solving
 Perception
 Language understanding, etc.
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 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software,
Artificial Intelligence requires the following disciplines.
 Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology
 Sociology
 Computer Science
 Neurons Study
 Statistics
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 Advantages and Disadvantages
of
Artificial Intelligence

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 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or
systems are prone to fewer errors and they are highly
accurate as it takes decisions as on pre-experience or
information.
 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed
and fast-decision making, and because of that AI
systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and
can perform the same action multiple times with high
accuracy.
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 world chess champion defeated by AI

Deep Blue computer beats world chess champion

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 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations
such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where
to employ a human can be risky.
 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant
to users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-
commerce websites to show the products as per customer
requirements.
 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public
utilities such as a self-driving car which can make our journey
safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purposes,
Natural language processing (for search engines, for spelling
checker, for assistant like Siri, for translation like google translate),
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 A team of robots would still be able to complete
a mission (space exploration capabilities)

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 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 Intelligence is the ability to understand, apply

knowledge and improve skills and this is the
characteristics of human being. But advancement in
technology can create a superintelligence that can
threaten human existence.
 Following are the disadvantages of AI:
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement
of AI is very costly as it requires lots of maintenance
to meet current world requirements.

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 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making

smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot work
out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for
which they are trained, or programmed.
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an
outstanding performer, but still it does not have the
feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional
attachment with humans, and may sometime be
harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.

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 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 Increase dependence on machines: With the

increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their
mental capabilities.
 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative
and can imagine some new ideas but still AI machines
cannot beat this power of human intelligence and
cannot be creative and imaginative.

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 Types of AI

Based on Capabilities
Narrow AI
General AI
Strong AI

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 Narrow Artificial Intelligence
 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a
dedicated task with intelligence.
 The most common and currently available AI is
Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or
limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task.
 It is also termed as weak Artificial Intelligence.
 Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes
beyond its limits.
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 Narrow Artificial Intelligence
Example of Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Apple Siri
 IBM's Watson Supercomputer
 Google Translate
 Playing Chess
 Purchasing Suggestions on E-commerce sites
 Self-driving Cars
 Speech Recognition
 Image Recognition
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 General Artificial Intelligence
 General AI is a type of intelligence that could
perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a
human.
 The idea behind the general AI is to make such a
system that could be smarter and think like a
human on its own.
 Currently, there is no such system exists which
could come under general AI and can perform any
task as perfect as a human.
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 General Artificial Intelligence
 This AI may arrive within couple of years but it has
challenges relating to hardware, the energy
consumption required in today’s powerful
machines, and the need to solve for catastrophic
memory loss that affects even the most advanced
deep learning algorithms of today
 The worldwide researchers are now focused on
developing machines with General AI.
 General AI are still under research, and it will take lots of
effort and time to develop such systems.
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 Super/Strong AI
 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of systems at
which machines could surpass human intelligence,
and can perform any task better than a human with
cognitive properties.
 This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem
solving and creativity. It is an outcome of general
AI.
 Characteristics of strong AI include: the ability to
think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments,
plan, learn, and communicate on its own.
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 Super/Strong AI
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial
Intelligence.
 The development of such systems in real is still a
world-changing task.
 The goal of many researchers is to create strong
(Super AI) and General AI that learns like a human
and can solve general problems as the human brain
does.
 Achieving this goal might require many more years.
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 How Humans think?
 Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of
three main stages:
I. Observe and input the information/data in the brain.
II. Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the
surrounding environment.
III. Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received
as input and interpreted and evaluated.
 AI researchers are simulating the same stages in
building AI systems or models. This process represents
the main three layers or components of AI systems.
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 Mapping human thinking to AI Model
 Mapping the human thinking stages to the layers of AI systems.
 In the first stage
 Humans acquire information from their environments
through sense organs, for example, the hands, ears,
and eyes.
 In AI models, the sensing layer perceives
information from the surrounding environment.
 Voice recognition for sensing voice/sound
 Image recognition for sensing images/visuals.
 Thus, these agents or sensors take the role of
hearing and sight senses in humans.
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 Mapping human thinking to AI Model
 The second stage
 Human being: this stage is related to interpreting and
evaluating the input data.
 In the AI model, this stage is represented by the
interpretation layer, that is, reasoning and thinking
about the gathered input that is acquired by the sensing
layer.
 The third stage is related to taking action or making
decisions. After evaluating the input data, the interacting
layer performs the necessary tasks. For example
 Robotic movement control and
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 Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
AI is taking off now because of the following
influencers (enablers):
I. Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
II. Advancements in computer processing
speed and new chip architectures
III. Cloud computing and API (application
programming interfaces)
IV. The emergence of data science

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 Influencers of AI- Big Data
 Big data refers to huge amounts of data.
 Big data requires innovative forms of information
processing to draw insights, automate processes,
and help decision-making.
 Big data has allowed the field of AI to advance
more quickly
 The exponential growth of unstructured data
drives the need for a new kind of computer system
such as AI.
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current rapid change of the data landscape

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 Influencers of AI- Processing Speed
II. Advancements in computer processing speed,
new chip architectures, and big data file systems.
 Significant advancements in computer processing
and memory speeds enable us to make sense of the
information that is generated by big data more
quickly.
 Processing speeds (GPU) and new computer
chip architectures (logic devise) contribute to
the rapid evolution of AI applications.

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 Influencers of AI-
Cloud Computing & API
 Cloud computing describes the delivery of
on-demand services through the Internet on a pay-
per-use basis.
 Companies worldwide offer their services to
customers over cloud computing platforms.
 These services might be:
o data analysis, social media, video storage, e-commerce,
o AI capabilities are available through the internet and
supported by cloud computing.

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 Cloud Computing

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 Influencers of AI- API
 APIs (application programming interfaces)
enable software components to communicate
with each other easily.
 API is a software intermediary that allows two
applications to talk to each other
 The API makes the task easier to connect and
interface one application with other applications
or services.

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 Influencers of AI-
Cloud Computing & API
 Example of Services available using APIs and Cloud
infrastructure
 IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.
 Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services
 Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.
 Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.
 Cloud Computing provides services such as,
 availability
 scalability
 accessibility
 rapid deployment,
 flexible billing options, simpler operations, and management.
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 Influencers of AI
Emergence of Data Science
 The goal of data science is to extract knowledge
or insights from data in various forms, either
structured or unstructured, which is like data
mining.
 After you collect a large enough volume of data,
patterns emerge. Then, data scientists use
learning algorithms on these patterns.
 Data science uses Machine Learning (ML) and
Artificial Intelligence (AI) to process big data.
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 Applications of AI
 Artificial Intelligence has various applications in
today's society.
 AI is making our daily life more comfortable and
faster. It is becoming essential for today's time because
it can solve complex problems in an efficient way in
multiple industries, such as:
 Agriculture education, etc.
 Healthcare Gaming
 entertainment War/Defense
 Finance Online shopping
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 Applications of AI in Agriculture
 Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is
emerging in this field.
 AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
 Agriculture is applying AI as
 Agriculture robotics
 Soil and crop monitoring
 Predictive analysis
 Drones capture images of crops so the farm yield
can be estimated.
 Early detection of pests, diseases, and weeds.

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 Applications of AI in Agriculture

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 Applications of AI in Healthcare
 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a
better and faster diagnoses than humans.
 AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform
them when patients are worsening so that medical
help can reach the patient before hospitalization.

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 Applications of AI in education
 AI chatbot can communicate with students as a
teaching assistant.
 A chatbot is software that simulates human-like
conversations with users via text/audio messages
on chat.
 AI in the future can work as a personal virtual
tutor for students, which will be accessible easily
at any time and any place.
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 Applications of AI in education

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 Applications of AI in
Finance and E-commerce
 The finance industry is implementing automation,
chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.
 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce
industry, and it is becoming more demanding in the
e-commerce business.
 AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products
with recommended size, color, or even brand.
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 Applications of AI in Gaming
 AI can be used for gaming purposes.
 The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number
of possible places.

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 Applications of AI
in Data Security
 The security of data is crucial for every company and
cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital
world.
 AI can be used to make your data more safe and
secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2
Platform,

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Applications of AI in Social Media
 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and
Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which need
to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.
 AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data.
 AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends,
hashtags, and requirements of different users.

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 Applications of AI
in Travel &Transport
 AI is capable of doing various travel-related works such
as from making travel arrangements to suggesting the
hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.
 Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which
can make human-like interactions with customers for a
better and fast response.

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 Applications of AI
in the Automotive Industry
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to
provide virtual assistants to their use for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced
TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
 Various Industries are currently working for
developing self-driven cars which can make your
journey more safe and secure.

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 Applications of AI in Robotics
 With the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots
which can perform tasks with their own experiences
without pre-programmed.
 Humanoid Robots are the best examples of AI in
robotics.
 Recently an intelligent Humanoid robot named Erica
and Sophia has been developed which can talk and
behave like humans.

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 Applications of AI in Entertainment
 We are currently using some AI-based applications in
our daily life with some entertainment services such as
Netflix or Amazon.
 With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services
show the recommendations for programs or shows.

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 Sample AI application
I. Commuting
 Google’s AI-Powered Predictions
 Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft
 Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot
II. Email
 Spam Filters
 Smart Email Categorization

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 Sample AI application
III. Social Networking
 Automatically highlighting faces and suggests friends
tag Add animated effects or digital masks

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 Sample AI application
IV. Online Shopping
 Recommendations - You see recommendations for
products you’re interested in as “customers who viewed this
item also viewed” and “customers who bought this item also
bought”.

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 Sample AI application
V. Mobile Use
 Voice-to-Text –
“Ok Google”,
 Smart Personal Assistants - perform internet searches,
set reminders, and calendar using Bots
o Siri.
o Cortana.
o Alexa.
o Google Assistant
o ELSA Speak
o Fyle
o Socratic
o Youper
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 Personal Assistants

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