CHAPTER NO-01

ELECTRIC CHARGES & FIELDS

Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. If the electric flux entering and leaving a closed surface in air are 𝜙1 and 𝜙2
respectively, the net electric charge enclosed within the surface is [CBSE 2020]

2. Two identical point charges, 𝑞 each, are kept 2 m apart in air. A third point charge 𝑄
of unknown magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining the charges such that
the system remains in equilibrium. Find the position and nature of 𝑄. [CBSE 2019]

3. Two identical conducting balls 𝐴 and 𝐵 have charges −𝑄 and +3𝑄 respectively. They
are brought in contact with each other and then separated by a distance 𝑑𝑑 apart.
Find the nature of Coulomb force between them. [CBSE 2019]

4. What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1 cm which encloses an electric
dipole?

5. Two charged conducting spheres of radii 𝑎 and 𝑏 are connected to each other by a
wire. Find the ratio of the electric fields at their surfaces.

6. (A) A uniformly charged large plane sheet has charge density

Find the electric field at point 𝐴 which is 50 cm from the sheet. Consider a straight
line with three points 𝑃,𝑄 and 𝑅, placed 50 cm from the charged sheet on the right
side as shown in the figure. At which of these points, does the magnitude of the
electric field due to the sheet remain the same as that at point 𝐴 and why?

(B) Two small identical conducting spheres carrying charge 10𝜇C and −20𝜇C when
separated by a distance of 𝑟, experience a force 𝐹 each. If they are brought in contact
and then separated to a distance of 𝑟/ 2 , what is the new force between them in
terms of F?

7. Depict the orientation of the dipole in (A) stable, (B) unstable equilibrium in a
uniform electric field.

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8. (A) Using Gauss law, derive expression for electric field due to a spherical shell of
uniform charge distribution 𝜎𝜎 and radius 𝑅𝑅 at a point lying at a distance 𝑥𝑥 from
the centre of shell, such that (i) 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑅, and (ii) 𝑥 > 𝑅.
(B) An electric field is uniform and acts along +𝑥 direction in the region of positive 𝑥.
It is also uniform with the same magnitude but acts in −𝑥 direction in the region of
negative 𝑥. The value of the field is 𝐸 = 200 N/C for 𝑥 > 0 and 𝐸 = −200 N/C for 𝑥 <
0. A right circular cylinder of length 20 cm and radius 5 cm has its centre at the
origin and its axis along the 𝑥-axis so that one flat face is at 𝑥 = +10 cm and the other
is at 𝑥 = −10 cm. Find: (i) The net outward flux through the cylinder. (ii) The net
charge present inside the cylinder

9. (A) Derive an expression for the electric field at any point on the equatorial line of an
electric dipole.
(B) Two identical point charges, 𝑞 each are kept 2 m apart in air. A third point charge
𝑄 of unknown magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining the charged such that
the system remains in equilibrium. Find the position and nature of 𝑄

10. (A) Use Gauss law to obtain an expression for the electric field due to an infinitely
long thin straight wire with uniform linear charge density 𝜆.
(B) An infinitely long positively charged straight wire has a linear charge density 𝜆,
An electron is revolving in a circle with a constant speed 𝑣 such that the wire passes
through the centre, and is perpendicular to the plane, of the circle. Find the kinetic
energy of the electron in terms of magnitudes of its charge and linear charge density
𝜆 on the wire.
(C) Draw a graph of kinetic energy as a function of linear charge density 𝜆.

11. Three charges are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle 𝐴BCof side 2.0 m as
shown figure. Calculate the electric potential energy of the system of three charges.

12. Electric flux through a spherical surface shown in the figure, is

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 13. 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 are two hollow concentric thin spherical shells enclosing charges 𝑄 and 2𝑄
respectively as shown in figure
(A) What is the ratio of the electric flux through 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 ?
(B) How will the electric flux through the shell 𝑆1 change, if a medium of dielectric
constant 5 is introduced in the space inside 𝑆1 in place of air?

14. (A) Consider two identical point charges located at points (0,0) and (𝑎, 0).
(i) is there a point on the line joining them at which the electric field is zero?
(ii) Is there a point on the line joining them at which the electric potential is zero?
Justify your answers for each case.
(B) State the significance of negative value of electrostatic potential energy of a
system of charges

1 Assertion: A point charge is brought in an electric field, the field at a nearby point
will increase or decrease, depending on the nature of charge.
Reason: The electric field is independent of the nature of charge.

2 Assertion: Mass of a body decreases slightly when it is negatively charged.

Reason: Charging is due to actual transfer of electrons.

3 Assertion: Mass of a body decreases slightly when it is negatively charged.

Reason: A charged body can induce charge in an uncharged body.

4 Assertion: If a conducting medium is placed between two charges, then electric force
between them becomes zero.
Reason: Dielectric constant or relative permittivity of a conducting medium is infinity.

5 Assertion: Electric lines of force cross each other.

Reason: Electric field at a point superimposes to give one resultant electric field.

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6 Assertion: Insulators do not allow flow of current through themselves.
Reason: Insulators do not have any free charge carriers.

7 Assertion: In a cavity of a conductor, the electric field is zero.

Reason: Charges in a conductor reside only at its surface.

8 Assertion: When bodies are charged through friction, there is transfer of charge from
one body to another.
Reason: This violates the law of conservation of energy.

9 Assertion: Electric lines of force cross each other.

Reason: The resultant electric field at a point is the superposition of the electric fields at that
point.
10 Assertion: A charge q is placed on a height h/4 above the centre of a square of side
b. The flux associated with the square is independent of side length.
Reason: Gauss law is independent of the Gaussian surface.

11 Assertion (A): When a body is given a positive charge, there is a slight increase in the
mass of the body. Reason (R): During charging of a body, there is an actual transfer of
electrons.
12 Assertion (A): An electric field produces the same acceleration in electron
and proton. Reason(R): For a given force, acceleration does not depend
upon mass.
13 Assertion (A): Two electric lines of force cannot intersect each other.
Reason (R): The tangent at any point of an electric lines of force gives the
direction of electric field intensity at that point.
14 Assertion (A): When air between two charges is replaced by mica, the force between the
two charges is reduced.
Reason (R): The electrostatic force between two charges is inversely
proportional to the dielectric constant of the medium between the two
charges.
15 Assertion (A): When bodies are charged through friction, there is transfer of charge
from one body to another. No charge is created or destroyed.
Reason (R): This is according to the law of conservation of electric
charge.
16 Assertion (A): The electrostatics force increases with decrease the
distance between the charges. Reason (R): The electrostatic force of
attraction or repulsion between any two stationary point charges is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
17 Assertion (A): The Coulomb force between two points charges depend upon the dielectric
constant of the intervening medium.

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 Reason(R): Coulomb’s force varies inversely with the dielectric constant
of medium.

18 Assertion(A): The charge given to a metallic sphere does not depend on

whether it is hollow or solid Reason(R): The charge resides only at the
surface of conductor.
19 Assertion (A): A proton is placed in a uniform electric field, it tend to move along the
direction of electric field.
Reason(R): A proton is placed in a uniform electric field it experiences a
force.
20 Assertion (A): Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is always normal to the
surface at every point.
Reason(R): Electric field gives the magnitude & direction of electric force
( ) experienced by any charge placed at any point.

Case study type questions

1. Coulomb’s Law

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2. Electric Flux through a Cube

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3. Motion of Charged Particle in Uniform Electric Field

4. Guass’s Law and Its Significance

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5. Relation between Strength of Electric Field and Density of Lines of Force

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6. Torque on a Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field

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7. Parallel Sheet of Charge

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 CHAPTER NO-02
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL & CAPACITANCE
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. Charges (+𝑞) and (−𝑞) are placed at the points 𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively, which are at
distance 2 L apart. 𝐶 is the midpoint between 𝐴 and 𝐵. What is the work done in
moving a charge +𝑄 along the semicircle CRD

2. Two charges 5 × 10−8C and −3 × 10−8C are located 16 cm apart. At what point 𝑃 ( 𝑃𝑃
lies somewhere in between the charges) on the line joining the two charges is the
electric potential zero? Take the potential at infinity to be zero.

3. (A) Two point charges +𝑄1 and −𝑄2 are placed 𝑟 distance apart. Obtain the
expression for the amount of work done to place a third charge 𝑄3 at the midpoint of
the line joining the two charges.
(B) At what distance from charge +𝑄1 on the line joining the two charges (in terms of
𝑄1,𝑄2 and 𝑟 ) will this work done be zero

4. A cube of side 20 cm is kept in a region as shown in the figure. An electric field 𝐸𝐸

exists in the region such that the potential at a point is given by 𝑉 = 10𝑥 + 5, where 𝑉
is in volt and 𝑥 is in 𝑚. Find the: (A) electric field E and, (B) total electric flux
through the cube

5. (A) Draw the equipotential surfaces corresponding to a uniform electric field in the
𝑧-direction.
(C) Derive an expression for the electric potential at any point along the axial line of
an electric dipole.

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6. (A) Three point charges 𝑞, −4𝑞 and 2𝑞 are placed at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle 𝐴BC side 𝑙 as shown in the figure. Obtain an expression for the magnitude of
the resultant electric force acting on the charge 𝑞.

(D) Find out the amount of the work done to separate the charges at infinite distance

7. Four point charges 𝑄, 𝑞,𝑄 and 𝑞 are placed at the corners of a square of side 𝑎𝑎 as
shown in figure. Find the: (A) resultant electric force on a charge 𝑄, and (B) potential
energy of this system.

8. Derive the expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole at a point on
its axial line

9. Define an equipotential surface. Draw equipotential surfaces:

(A) in the case of a single point charge and
(B) in a constant electric field in Z - direction. Why the equipotential surface about a
single charge are not equidistant?
(C) Can electric field exist tangential to an equipotential surface? Give reason

10. Two point charges 𝑞 and −2𝑞 are kept 𝑑 distance apart. Find the location of the point
relative to charge 𝑞 at which potential due to this system of charges is zero

11. A parallel plate capacitor (A) of capacitance 𝐶 is charged by a battery to voltage 𝑉.

The battery is disconnected and an uncharged capacitor (B) of capacitance 2𝐶 is
connected across 𝐴. Find the ratio of:
(A) final charges on 𝐴 and 𝐵.
(B) total electrostatic energy stored in A and 𝐵 finally and that stored in A initially.

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12. (A) Draw equipotential surfaces for (i) an electric dipole and (ii) two identical
positive charges places near each other.
(B) In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates each plate has an area of
6 × 10−3 m2 and the separation between the plates is 3 mm. (i) Calculate the
capacitance of the capacitor. (ii) If the capacitor is connected to 100 V supply, what
would be the charge on each plate? (iii) How would charge on the plate be affected if
a 3 mm thick mica sheet of 𝐾 = 6 is inserted between the plates while the voltage
supply remains connected?

13. The space between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is completely filled in two
ways. In the first case, it is filled with a slab of dielectric constant 𝐾. In the second
case, it is filled with two slabs of equal thickness and dielectric constants 𝐾1 and 𝐾2
respectively as shown in the figure. The capacitance of the capacitor is same in the
two cases. Obtain the relationship between 𝐾, 𝐾1 and 𝐾2.

14. . (A) Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with air
present between the two plates.
(B) Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the network shown in figure. For a 300 V
supply, determine the charge on each capacitor.

15. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance ' 𝐶𝐶 ' is charged to ' 𝑉𝑉 ' volts by a battery.
After some time the battery is disconnected and the distance between the plates is
doubled. Now a slab of dielectric constant, 1 ≤ 𝑘 < 2, is introduced to fill the space
between the plates. How will the following be affected?
(A) The electric field between the plates of the capacitor
(B) The energy stored in the capacitor
(C) Justify your answer by writing the necessary expressions.

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16. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor. On charging
a parallel plate capacitor to a potential V, the spacing between the plates is halved
and a dielectric medium of 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 = 10 is introduced between the plates. Explain, using
suitable expression, how the (A) capacitance, (B) electric field.

17. Two capacitors of unknown capacitances 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are connected first in series and
then in parallel across a battery of 100 V. If the energy stored in the two
combinations is 0.045 J and 0.25 J respectively, then determine the value of 𝐶1 and
𝐶2. Also, calculate the charge on each capacitor in parallel combination

18. Two identical capacitors of 12pF each are connected in series across a battery of 50
V. How much electrostatic energy is stored in the combination? If these were
connected in parallel across the same battery, how much energy will be stored in the
combination now? Also find the charge drawn from the battery in each case

19. (A) Find equivalent capacitance between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 in the combination given below.
Each capacitor is of 2𝜇𝜇F capacitance.

(B) If a dc source of 7 V is connected across 𝐴B, how much charge is drawn from the
source what is the energy stored in the network?

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 CHAPTER NO-03
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. How is the drift velocity in a conductor affected with the rise in temperature?

2. Show, on a plot, variation of resistivity of: (i) a conductor, and (ii) a typical
semiconductor as a function of temperature. Using the expression for the resistivity
in terms of number density and relaxation time between the collisions, explain how
resistivity in the case of a conductor increases while it decreases in a semiconductor,
with the rise of temperature.

3. (A) The graph between resistance (R) and temperature (T) for Hg is shown in the
figure. Explain the behavior Hg near 4𝑘

.
(B) In which region of the graph shown in the figure is the resistance negative and
why?

4. Draw a graph showing the variation of current versus voltage in an electrolyte when
an external resistance is also connected:

5. (A) Define the term 'conductivity' of a metallic wire. Write its SI unit. (B) Using the
concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the conductivity of
a wire in terms of number density and relaxation time. Hence, obtain the relation
between current density and the applied electric field E

6. A potential difference 𝑉 is applied across the ends of copper wire of length 𝑙 and
diameter 𝐷. What is the effect on drift velocity of electrons if: (A) 𝑉 is halved? (B) 𝑙 is
doubled? (C) D is halved?

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7. Using the concept of drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor, deduce the
relationship between current density and resistivity of the conductor

8. (A) Deduce the relation between current flowing through a conductor and drift
velocity 𝑣⃗𝑑 of the electrons.
(B) Figure shows a plot of current ' I ' flowing through the cross-section of a wire
versus the time ' 𝑡 '. Use the plot to find the charge flowing in 10sec through the wire.

9. Two cells of emf 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 and internal resistances 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 are connected in
parallel, with their terminals of the same polarity connected together. Obtain an
expression for the equivalent emf of the combination.

10. A variable resistor 𝑅 is connected across a cell of emf 𝐸 and internal resistance 𝑟.
(A) Draw the circuit diagram.
(B) Plot the graph showing variation of potential drop across 𝑅 as function of 𝑅.
(C) At what value of 𝑅𝑅 current in circuit will be maximum

11. Using Kirchhoff's rules, calculate the current through the 40Ω and 20Ω resistors in
the following circuit

12. Calculate the current drawn from the battery by the network of resistors shown in
the figure.

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13. Use Kirchhoff's rules to obtain conditions for the balance condition in a Wheatstone
bridge
14. A cell of emf E and internal resistance 𝑟 is connected across a variable resistor 𝑅. Plot
a graph showing variation of terminal voltage 𝑉 of the cell versus the current 𝐼. Using
the plot, show how the emf of the cell and its internal resistance can be determined.

15. (A) Distinguish between emf (e) and terminal voltage (V) of a cell having internal
resistance ' 𝑟 '.
(B) Draw a plot showing the variation of terminal voltage (V) us the current (l)
drawn from the cell. Using this plot, how does one determine the internal resistance
of the cell?
16. In the electric network shown in the figure, use Kirchhoff's rules to calculate the
power consumed by the resistance 𝑅 = 4Ω.

17. (A) What is a Wheatstone bridge?

(B) When is the bridge said to be balanced?
(C) Find out the magnitude of resistance 𝑋 in the circuit shown in figure. When no
current flows through the 5Ω resistance.

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18. (A) State the two Kirchhoff's laws. Explain briefly how these rules are justified.
(B) The current is drawn from a cell of emf 𝐸 and internal resistance 𝑟 connected to
the network of resistors each of resistance 𝑟 as shown in the figure. Obtain the
expression for (a) the current drawn from the cell and (b ) the power consumed in
the network.

19. (A) The emf of a cell is always greater than its terminal voltage. Why? Give reason.
(B) Two electric bulbs 𝑃 and 𝑄 have their resistances in the ratio of 1: 2. They are
connected in series a battery. Find the ratio of the power dissipation in these bulbs.
(C) Use Kirchhoff's rules to write the expressions for the currents 𝐼1,𝐼2 and 𝐼3 in the
circuit diagram shown below.

20. (A) The potential difference applied across a given resistor is altered so that the heat
produced per second increases by a factor of 9. By what factor does the applied
potential difference change?
(B) In the figure shown, an ammeter 𝐴 and a resistor of 4Ω are connected to the
terminals of the source. The emf of the source is 12 V having the internal resistance

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of 2Ω. Calculate the voltmeter and ammeter readings

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 CHAPTER NO-04
MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. The given figure shows a long straight wire of a circular cross-section (radius 𝑎 )
carrying steady current I. The current I is uniformly distributed across this cross-
section. Calculate the magnetic field in the region: (A) 𝑟 < 𝑎 and (B) (B) 𝑟 > 𝑎

2. An electron with charge −𝑒 and mass 𝑚 travels at a speed 𝑣𝑣 in a plane perpendicular

to a magnetic field of magnitude 𝐵. The electron follows a circular path of radius 𝑅.
In a time, 𝑡, the electron travels halfway around the circle. What is the amount of
work done by the magnetic field?

3. An electron moves along +𝑥𝑥 direction. It enters into a region of uniform magnetic
field 𝐵𝐵 directed along −𝑧𝑧 direction as shown in figure. Draw the shape of trajectory
followed by the electron after entering the field.

4. An 𝛼-particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10kV and moves along

𝑥-axis. It enters in a region of uniform magnetic field B = 2 × 10−3 T acting along 𝑦-
axis. Find the radius of its path. (Take mass of 𝛼-particle = 6.4 × 10−27 kg )

5. A proton, a deuteron and an alpha particle, are accelerated through the same
potential difference and then subjected to a uniform magnetic field, perpendicular to
the direction of their motions. Compare
(A) their kinetic energies, and
(B) if the radius of the circular path described by proton is 5 cm, determine the radii
of the paths described by deuteron and alpha particle

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6. A charged particle 𝑞 is moving in the presence of a magnetic field 𝐵 which is inclined
to an angle 30∘ with the direction of the motion of the particle. Draw the presence of
the field and explain how the particle describes this path.

7. (A) Write the expression for the force vector 𝐹 acting on a particle of mass 𝑚 and
charge 𝑞 moving with velocity vector V in a magnetic field vector B. Under what
conditions will it move in (i) a circular path and (ii) a helical path?

(B) Show that the kinetic energy of the particle moving in magnetic field remains
constant

8. (A) A point charge 𝑞 moving with the speed 𝑈 enters a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 that
is acting into the plane of paper as shown, which is the path followed by the charge 𝑞
and in which plane does it move?
(B) How does the path followed by the charge get affected if its velocity has a
component parallel to 𝐵 ?
(C) If an electric field 𝐸 is also applied such that the particle continues moving along
the original straight line path, what should be the magnitude and direction of the
electric field 𝐸?

9. A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 𝑚 carries a current of 2 A. It is

suspended in mid-air by a uniform horizontal magnetic field B. What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field?

10. Two long straight parallel conductors carrying currents 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 are separated by a
distance 𝑑. If the currents are flowing in the same direction, show how the magnetic
field produced by one exerts an attractive force on the other. Obtain the expression
for this force and hence define 1 ampere.

11. A circular loop of radius 𝑅 carries a current 𝐼. Obtain an expression for the magnetic
field at a point on its axis at a distance 𝑥 from its centre.

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12. A long straight wire 𝐴B carries a current of 4 A. A proton P travels at 4 × 106 ms−1
parallel the wire 0.2 m from it and in a direction opposite to the current as shown in
the figure. Calculate the force which the magnetic field due to the current carrying
wire exerts on the proton. Also specify its direction

13. (A) State Biot-Savart's law and express this law in the vector form.
(B) Two identical circular coils, 𝑃 and 𝑄 each of radius 𝑅, carrying currents 1 A and
√3 𝐴 respectively, are placed concentrically and perpendicular to each other lying in
the 𝑋Y and 𝑌Z planes. Find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at
the centre of the coils.

14. Two small identical circular loops, marked (1) and (2), carrying equal currents, are
placed with the geometrical axes perpendicular each other as shown on figure. Find
the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field produced at the point 𝑂

.
15. Two straight infinitely long wires are fixed in space so that the current in the left wire
is 2 A and directed out of the plane of the page and the current in the right wire is 3 A
and directed into the plane of the page. In which region (s) is/are there a point on
the 𝑥𝑥-axis, at which the magnetic field is equal to zero due to these currents
carrying wires? Justify your answer.

16. A square-shaped current carrying loop MNOP is placed near a straight long current
carrying wire 𝐴B as shown in fig. The wire and the loop lie in the same plane. If the

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 loop experiences a net force 𝐹 towards the wire, find the magnitude of the force on
the side NO of the loop.

17. Obtain the expression for the deflecting torque acting on the current carrying
rectangular coil of a galvanometer in a uniform magnetic field. Why is a radial
magnetic field employed in the moving coil galvanometer?

18. (A) State the underlying principle of a moving coil galvanometer.

(B) Give two reasons to explain why a galvanometer cannot as such be used to
measure the value of the current in a given circuit.
(C) Define the terms: (i) voltage sensitivity and (ii) current sensitivity of a
galvanometer.

19. A square loop of side 20 cm carrying current of 1 A is kept near an infinite long
straight wire carrying a current of 2 A in the same plane as shown in the figure.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the net force exerted on the loop due to the
current carrying conductor.

20. (A) Two long straight parallel conductors ' 𝑎 ' and ' 𝑏 ', carrying steady currents 𝐼𝑎
and 𝐼𝑏 are separated by a distance 𝑑. Write the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic field produced by the conductor ' 𝑎 ' at the points along the conductor ' 𝑏 '.
If the currents are flowing in the same direction, what is the nature and magnitude of
the force between the two conductors?
(B) Show with the help of a diagram how the force between the two conductors
would change when the current in them, flow in the opposite directions.

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 CHAPTER NO-05
MAGNETISM & MATTER
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. A small compass needle of magnetic moment ' M ' and moment of inertia ' I ' is free
to oscillate in a magnetic field 'B'. It is slightly disturbed from its equilibrium
position and then released. Show that it executes simple harmonic motion. Hence,
write the expression for its time period

2. State Gauss's law for magnetism. Explain its significance

3. Write the four important properties of the magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet.
4. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6JT−1 is aligned at 60∘ with uniform external
magnetic field of 0.44 T. Calculate:
(A) the work done is turning the magnet to align its magnetic moment: (i) normal to
the magnetic field. (ii) opposite to the magnetic field
(B) the torque on the magnet in the final orientation in case (ii).

5. A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown in figure when two specimens (i)
and (ii) are placed in it.
(A) Identify the specimen (i) and (ii).
(B) How is the magnetic susceptibility of specimen (i) different from that of
specimen (ii)?

6. (A) Define the term magnetic susceptibility and write its relation in terms of relative
magnetic permeability.
(B) Two magnetic materials A and B have relative magnetic permeabilities of 0.96
and 500. ldentify the magnetic materials 𝐴 and B

7. Write two properties of a material suitable for making (A) a permanent magnet, and
(B) an electromagnet.

8. How will you distinguish a diamagnetic substance from a paramagnetic substance in

respect of their behaviour in a uniform and non-uniform field?

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 CHAPTER NO-06
ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUTION
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. Figure shows a rectangular conductor PQRS in which the conductor PQ is free to
move in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The field
extends from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 and is zero for 𝑥 > 𝑏. Assume that only the arm PQ
possesses resistance 𝑟. When the arm 𝑃Q pulled outward from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2𝑏 and
then moved backward to 𝑥 = 0 with constant speed𝑣𝑣, obtain the expression for the
flux and induced emf. Sketch the variations of these quantities with distance 0<𝑥<2b

2. The closed loop PQRS of wire is moved into a uniform magnetic field at right angles
to the plane of the paper as shown in the figure. Predict the direction of the induced
current in the loop.

3. (A) A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field
region as shown in the figure below, to a field-free region with a constant velocity 𝑣𝑣.
In which loop do you expect the induced emf to be constant during the passage out of
the field region? The field is normal to the loops. Justify.

(B) Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described by figure below:

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4. A coil wire enclosing an area 100 cm2 is placed with its plane making an angle 60∘
with the magnetic field of strength 10−1 T. What is the flux through the coil? If
magnetic field is reduced to zero in 10−3 s, then find the induced emf?

5. A metallic rod 𝑃Q of length 𝑙 is rotated with an angular velocity 𝜔 about an axis

passing through its mid-point (𝑂) and perpendicular to the plane of the paper, in
uniform magnetic field 𝐵𝐵, as shown in the figure. What is the potential difference
developed between the two ends of the rod, 𝑃 and Q?

6. When a conducting loop of resistance 10Ω and area 10 cm2 is removed from an
external magnetic field acting normally, the variation of induced current-I in the
loop with time 𝑡𝑡 is as shown in the figure. Find the
(A) total charge passed through the loop.
(B) change in magnetic flux through the loop.
(C) magnitude of the field applied.

7. A metallic rod of length 𝑙 is rotated with frequency 𝑣𝑣 with one end hinged at the
centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius 𝑟,
about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring.
A constant and uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere.
Using Lorentz force, explain how emf is induced between the centre and the metallic
ring and hence obtain the expression for it.
8. A flexible wire of irregular shape, abcd, as shown in the figure, turns into a circular
shape when placed in a region of magnetic field which is directed normal to the plane
of the loop away from the reader. Predict the direction of the induced current in the
wire

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9. A conductor of length 'I' is rotated about one of its ends at a constant angular speed '
𝜔 ' in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B. Plot graphs to show
variations of the emf induced across the ends of the conductor with (i) angular speed
𝜔 and (ii) length of the conductor I.

10. A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm placed inside
the solenoid normal to its axis. If the current carried by the solenoid changes steadily
from 2.0 A to 4.0 A in 0.1 s, what is the induced emf in the loop while the current is
changing?

11. (A) Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. unit.
(B) A square loop of side ' 𝑎𝑎 ' carrying a current 𝐼2 is kept at distance 𝑥𝑥 from an
infinitely long straight wire carrying a current 𝐼1 as shown in the figure. Obtain the
expression for the resultant force acting on the loop.

12. (A) The current through two inductors, of self-inductance 12mH and 30mH
respectively, is increasing with time at the same rate. Draw graphs showing the
variation of the: (i) emf induced with the rate of change of current in each
inductance, (ii) energy stored in each inductor with the current flowing through it.
(B) Compare the energy stored in the coils if the power dissipated is the same

13. Define the term 'mutual inductance' between the two coils. Obtain the expression for
mutual inductance of a pair of long coaxial solenoids each of length 𝑙 and radii 𝑟1 and
𝑟2(𝑟2 > 𝑟1). Total number of turns in the two solenoids are 𝑁1 and 𝑁2 respectively
14. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5H. If the current in one coil
changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other
coil?

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15. Draw a labelled diagram of an AC generator. Obtain the expression for the emf
induced in the rotating coil of N turns each of cross-sectional area 𝐴, in the presence
of a magnetic field B

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 CHAPTER NO-07
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. A series 𝑅L circuit with 𝑅 = 10Ω and 𝐿 =100/𝜋 mH is connected to an ac source of
voltage 𝑉 = 141sin (100𝜋), where 𝑉 is in volts and 𝑡 is in seconds. calculate(A)
impedance of the circuit (B) phase angle, and (C) voltage drop across the inductor

2. An ac voltage V = V0sin 𝜔t is applied across a pure inductor of inductance 𝐿. Fin

expression for the current flowing in the circuit and show mathematically that the
current flowing through it lags behind the applied voltage by a phase angle of 𝜋/2 .
Also draw graphs of 𝑉 and I versus 𝜔t for the circuit

3. An a.c. source generating a voltage 𝜀 = 𝜀0sin 𝜔t is connected to a capacitor of

capacitance C. Find the expression for the current I flowing through it. Plot a graph
of 𝜀𝜀 and I versus 𝜔t to show that the current is ahead of the voltage by 𝜋/2 .

4. A device 𝑋is connected across an A.C. source of voltage 𝑉 = 𝑉0sin 𝜔t. The current

through 𝑋 is given by
(A) Identify the device 𝑋 and write the expression for its reactance.
(B) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and current with time over cycle of
A.C. for X.
(C) How does the reactance of the device 𝑋 vary with frequency of the A.C.? Show
this graphically.
(D) Draw the phasor diagram for the device x

5. A device ' 𝑋 ' is connected to an A.C. source 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔t. The variation of voltage,
current and power in one cycle is shown in the given graph

(A) Identify the device ' 𝑋 '.

(B) Which of the curve A, B and C represent the voltage, current and the power
consumed in the circuit? Justify your answer.
(C) How does its impedance vary with frequency of the A.C. source? Show
graphically.
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 (D) Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit and its phase relation with
A.C. voltage.

6. A resistor 𝑅 and an inductor 𝐿 are connected in series to a source of voltage 𝑉 =

𝑉0sin 𝜔t The voltage is found to lead current in phase by 𝜋/4 . If the inductor is
replaced by a capacitor 𝐶, the voltage lags behind the current by 𝜋/4 . When 𝐿, 𝐶 and
𝑅 are connected series with the same source, find the:
(A) average power dissipated (B) Instantaneous current in the circuit

7. A series combination of an inductor 𝐿, capacitor 𝐶 and a resistor 𝑅, are connected ac

an 𝐴 source of emf of peak value 𝐸0 and angular frequency 𝜔. Plot a graph to
variation of impedance of the circuit with angular frequency

8. The figure shows the graphical variation of the reactance of a capacitor with
frequency of 𝐴C source

(A) Find the capacitance of the capacitor.

(B) An ideal inductor has the same reactance at 100 Hz frequency as the capacitor
has at the same frequency. Find the value of inductance of the inductor.
(C) Draw the graph showing the variation of the reactance of this inductor with
frequency.
9. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2200 V to a step down transformer
with its primary windings having 3000 turns. Find the number of turns in the
secondary winding to get the power output at 220 V.

10. An inductor 𝐿 of reactance 𝑋𝐿 is connected in series with a bulb 𝐵 to an A.C. source

shown in the figure

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 Briefly explain how does the brightness of the bulb change, when:
(A) number of turns of the inductor is reduced?
(B) a capacitor of reactance 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑋𝐿 is included in series in the same circuit?
(C) an iron rod is inserted inside the inductor?

11. . (A) Determine the value of phase difference between the current and the voltage in
the given series LCR circuit

(B) Calculate the value of additional capacitor which may be joined suitable to the
capacitor 𝐶 that would make the power factor of the circuit unity.

12. A capacitor ' 𝐶 ', a variable resistor ' 𝑅 ' and a bulb ' 𝐵 ' are connected in series to the
A.C. mains in circuit as shown in fig. The bulb glows with some brightness. How will
the glow of the bulb change if
(A) a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of the capacitor and keeping
resistance 𝑅 to be the same;
(B) the resistance 𝑅𝑅 is increased keeping the same capacitance?

13. (A) Show that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an AC circuit.

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 (B) The variation of inductive reactance (𝑋𝐿) of an inductor with frequency (𝑓) of the
AC source of 100 V and variable frequency is shown in the figure

(i) Calculate the self-inductance of the inductor.

(ii) When the inductor is used in series with a capacitor of unknown value and a
resistor of 10Ω at 300 s−1, maximum power dissipation occurs in the circuit.
Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.

14. A series LCR circuit is connected to an A.C. source having voltage 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔t.
Derive the expression for the instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to
the applied voltage. Obtain the condition for resonance to occur. Define 'power
factor'. State the conditions under which it is (A) maximum, (B) minimum

15. The teachers of Geeta's school took the students on a study trip to a power
generating station, located nearly 200 km away from the city. The teacher explained
that electrical energy is transmitted over such a long distance to their city, in the
form of alternating current (AC) raised to a high voltage. At the receiving end in the
city, the voltage is reduced to operate the devices. As a result, the power loss is
reduced. Geeta listened to the teacher and asked questions about how the AC is
converted to a higher or lower voltage.
(A) Name the device used to change the alternating voltage to a higher or lower
value. State one cause for power dissipation in this device.
(B) Explain with an example, how power loss is reduced if the energy is transmitted
over long distances as an alternating current rather than a direct current.
(C) Write two values each shown by the teachers and Geeta.

16. (A) Draw a labelled diagram of an 𝐴C generator. Obtain the expression for the
induced in the rotating coil of N turns each of cross-sectional area 𝐴, in the presence
of a magnetic field 𝐵
(C) A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long extending from east to west is falling with
a speed 5.0 ms−1 at right angles to the horizontal component of the Earth's
magnetic field, 0.3 × 10−4 Wb m−2. Find the instantaneous value of the emf
induced in the rod.

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17. (A) Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, the principle and working of a
transformer. Deduce the expression for its working principle.
(B) Name any four causes of energy loss in an actual transformer

18. The primary coil of an ideal step up transformer has 100 turns and the
transformation ratio is also 100 . The input voltage and power are respectively 220 V
and 1100 W. Calculate (A) number of turns in secondary(B) current in primary (C)
voltage across secondary (D) current in secondary(E) power in secondary

19. A group of students while coming from the school noticed a box marked "Danger
H.T. 2200 V" at a substation in the main street. They did not understand the utility
of a such a high voltage, while they argued, the supply was only 220 V. They asked
their teacher this question the next day. The teacher thought it to be an important
question and therefore explained to the whole class. Answer the following questions:
(A) What device is used to bring the high voltage down to low voltage of A.C. current
and what is the principle of its working?
(B) Is it possible to use this device for bringing down the high DC voltage to the low
voltage? Explain.
(C) Write the values displayed by the students and the teacher.

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 CHAPTER NO-08
ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. Electromagnetic waves with wavelength
(A) 𝜆1 is suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation.
(B) 𝜆2 is used to kill germs in water purifiers.
(C) 𝜆3 is used to improve visibility in runways during fog and mist conditions.
Identify and name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which these
radiations belong. Also arrange these wavelengths in ascending order of their
magnitude

2. Name the electromagnetic waves which are referred to as heat waves. Write two
applications of these waves.

3. Give the ratio of velocity of the two light waves of wavelengths 4000Å and 8000Å
travelling in vacuum

4. Depict the field's diagram of an electromagnetic wave propagating along positive X-

axis with its electric field along Y-axis

5. (A) Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum used in (i) radar, and (ii) eye
surgery. Write their frequency range. (B) Prove that the average energy density of the
oscillating electric field is equal to that of the oscillating magnetic field.

6. Identify the electromagnetic wave whose wavelength vary as:

(A) 10−12 m < 𝜆 < 10−8 m
(B) 10−3 m < 𝜆 < 10−1 m Write one use for each.

7. (A) An electromagnetic wave is travelling in a medium with velocity 𝑣𝑣 in 𝑥𝑥-axis.

Draw a sketch showing the propagation of the electromagnetic wave, indicating the
direction of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
(B) How are the magnitude of electric and magnetic field in electromagnetic wave
related to the velocity of the E.M. waves?

8. Write Maxwell's generalization of Ampere's Circuital law. Show that in the process of
changing a capacitor, the current produced within the plates of the capacitor is

where 𝜙𝐸 is the electric flux produced during charging of the capacitor plates.

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9. How are electromagnetic waves produced by oscillating charges? Draw a sketch of
linearly polarized electromagnetic waves propagating in the 𝑧-direction. Indicate the
directions of the oscillating electric and magnetic field

10. A) Which segment of electromagnetic waves has highest frequency? How are these
waves produced? Give one use of these waves.
(B) Which electromagnetic waves lie near the high frequency end visible part of
electromagnetic spectrum? Give its one use. In what way this component of light has
harmful effects on human?

11. A Name the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum which is

(A) suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation.
(B) used to treat muscular strain.
(C) used as a diagnostic tool in medicine. Write in brief, how these waves can be
produced
12. How does Ampere-Maxwell law explain the flow of current through a capacitor when
it is being charged by a battery? Write the expression for the displacement current in
terms of the rate of change of electric flux.

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 CHAPTER NO-09
RAY OPTICS
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. A triangular prism of refracting angle 60∘ is made of a transparent material of
refractive index 2/√3 . A ray of light is incident normally on the face 𝐾L as shown in
the figure.

Trace the path of the ray as it passes through the prism and calculate the angle of
emergence and angle of deviation.

2. Under what conditions does the phenomenon of total internal reflection take place?
Draw a ray diagram showing how a ray of light deviates by 90∘ after passing
through a right angled isosceles prism

3. (A) With the help of a ray diagram, show how a concave mirror is used to obtain an
erect and magnified image of an object.

(B) Using the above ray diagram, obtain the mirror formula and the expression for
linear magnification.

4. The figure shows a ray of light falling normally on the face 𝐴B of an equilateral g
prism having refractive index 3/2 , placed in water of refractive index 4/3 . Will this
ray suffer total internal reflection on striking the face AC? Justify your answer.

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5. 𝐴 ray 𝑃Q incident normally on the refracting face 𝐵A is refracted in the prism 𝐵AC
of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through the prism. From
which face will the ray emerge? Justify your answer

6. (A) Calculate the distance of an object of height ℎ from a concave mirror of radius of
curvature 20 cm, so as to obtain a real image of magnification 2. Find the location of
image also.
(B) Using mirror formula, explain why does a convex mirror always produce a
virtual image

7. Use the mirror equation to show that an object placed between 𝑓 and 2𝑓 of a
concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f

8. (A) A mobile phone lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror. Show with the
help of a suitable diagram, the formation of its image. Explain why magnification is
not uniform?
(B) Suppose the lower half of the concave mirror's reflecting surface is covered with
an opaque material. What effect will this have on the image of the object? Explain

9. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face 𝐴B of an

isosceles right angled prism 𝐴BC. The refractive indices of the glass prism for the
two rays ' 1 and 2 ' are respectively 1.35 and 1.45. Trace the path of these rays after
entering through the prism.

10. Show that the least possible distance between an object and its real image in a
convex lens is 4𝑓, where 𝑓 is the focal length of the lens

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11. The focal length of a convex lens made of glass of refractive index (1.5) is 20 cm.
What will be its new focal length when placed in a medium of refractive index 1.25 ?
Is focal length positive or negative? What does it signify?

12. (A) An object is placed in front of a converging lens. Obtain the conditions under
which the magnification produced by the lens is (i) negative, and (ii) positive.
(B) A point object is placed at 𝑂 in front of a glass sphere as shown in the figure.
Show the formation of image by the sphere

13. An equiconvex lens forms a two times enlarged real image when an object is kept 16
cm from it. The lens in cut into two identical plano-convex lenses. If the object is
again kept 16 cm in front of one of these lenses, then find the nature and position of
the image formed

14. A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature 𝑅 and made of glass of refractive
index 1.5 , is placed on a layer of liquid placed on top of a plane mirror as shown in
the figure. An optical needle with its tip on the principal axis of the lens is moved
along the axis until its real, inverted image coincides with the needle itself. The
distance of the needle from the lens is measured to be 𝑥. On removing the liquid
layer and repeating the experiment, the distance is found to be 𝑦. Obtain the
expression for the refractive index of the liquid in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

15. (A) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image of a point object by a thin double
convex lens having radii of curvature 𝑅1 and 𝑅2. Hence derive lens maker's formula.
(B) A converging lens has a focal length of 10 cm in air. It is made of a material of
refractive index 1.6. If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3, find its new
focal length.

16. A point object in air is placed symmetrically at a distance of 60 cm in front of a

concave spherical surface of refractive index 1.5. If the radius of curvature of the
surface is 20 cm, find the position of the image formed.

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17. (A) Two thin lenses are placed coaxially in contact. Obtain the expression for the
focal length of this combination in terms of the focal lengths of the two lenses.
(B) A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 has a power 10D. When it is completely
immersed in liquid, it behaves as a diverging lens of focal length 50 cm. Find the
refractive index of the liquid

18. Three lenses of focal length +10 cm, −10 cm and +30 cm are arranged coaxially as in
the figure given below. Find the position of the final image formed by the
combination

19. (A) A point object ' 𝑂 ' is kept in a medium of refractive index 𝑛1 in front of a convex
spherical surface of radius of curvature 𝑅 which separates the second medium of
refractive index 𝑛2 from the first one as shown in the figure. Draw the ray diagram
showing the image formation and deduce the relationship between the object
distance and the image distance in terms of 𝑛1, 𝑛2 and 𝑅.

(B) When the image formed above acts as a virtual object for a concave spherical
surface separating the medium 𝑛2 from 𝑛1(𝑛2 > 𝑛1) draw this ray diagram and write
the (similar to (𝐴)) relation. Hence, obtain the expression for the Lens Maker's
formula.

20. (A) Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water
surface. If 𝜇 for water is 1.33, find the wavelength, frequency and speed of the
refracted light.
(B) A double convex lens is made of a glass of refractive index 1.55, with both faces
of the same radius of curvature. Find the radius of curvature required, if the focal
length is 20 cm
21. In the following diagram, an object 𝑂 is placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens 𝐿1 of
focal length 20 cm and the final image is formed at I at a distance of 80 cm from the

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 second lens 𝐿2. Find the focal length of the lens L2

22. A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere with centre 𝐶 as shown in the figure. The
ray emerges from the sphere parallel to the line 𝐴B. Find the angle of refraction of 𝐴
if refractive index of material of sphere is √3

23. In an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment a straight black line of length L

is drawn on the objective lens. The eyepiece forms a real image of this line whose
length is 𝑙. What is the angular magnification of the telescope?
24. A ray of monochromatic light passes through an equilateral glass prism in such a
way that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence and each of these
angles is 3/4 times the angle of the prism. Determine the angle of deviation and the
refractive index of the glass prism

25. A ray of light is incident on a glass prism of refractive index 𝜇 and refracting angle 𝐴.
If it just suffers total internal reflection at the other face, obtain a relation between
the angle of incidence, angle of prism and critical angle

26. Two prisms 𝐴BC and 𝐷BC are arranged as shown in figure. The critical a prisms
with respect to air are 41.1∘ and 45∘ , respectively. Trace the path of the ray through
the combination.

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27. An astronomical telescope may be a refracting type or a reflecting type. Which of the
two produces image of better quality? Justify your answer

28. Define the magnifying power of a compound microscope when the final image is
formed at infinity. Why must both the objective and the eyepiece of a compound
microscope has short focal length? Explain
29. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an
eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope? Give reason

30. (A) Draw the ray diagram showing the refraction of ray of light through glass prism.
Derive the expression for the refractive index 𝜇 of the material of prism in terms of
the angle of prism 𝐴𝐴 and angle of minimum deviation 𝛿𝑚. (B) A ray of light 𝑃Q
enters an isosceles right angled prism 𝐴BC of refractive index shown in the figure.

(i) Trace the path of the ray through the prism. (ii) What will be the effect on the
path of the ray, if the refractive index of the prism is 1.4 ?

31. (A) A giant refracting telescope has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an eye-
piece of focal length 1.0 cm is used. What is the angular magnification of the
telescope?
(B) If this telescope is used to view the moon. What is the diameter of the image of
the moon formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 × 106 m
and the radius of lunar orbit is 3.8 × 108 m.

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32. (A) A ray of light incident on face 𝐴BC of an equilateral glass prism, shows min
deviation of 30∘ . Calculate the speed of light through the prism.

(B) Find the angle of incidence at face 𝐴B so that the emergent ray grazes along the
face 𝐴C

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 CHAPTER NO-10
WAVE OPTICS
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. Define wavefront of a travelling wave. Using Huygens principle, obtain the law of
refraction at a plane interface when light passes from a rarer to a denser medium

2. Define wavefront. Draw the shape of refracted wavefront when the plane incident
wave undergoes refraction from optically denser medium to rarer medium. Hence
prove Snell's law of refraction.

3. Explain the following, giving reasons:

(A) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the
reflected and refracted light both have the same frequency as the incident frequency.
Explain why?
(B) When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does
the reduction in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the light wave?
(C) In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is determined by the square of the
amplitude of the wave. What determines the intensity of light in the photon picture
of light.

4. State Huygen's principle. With the help of a diagram, show how a plane wave is
reflected from a surface. Hence verify the law of reflection

5. (A) Define a wavefront. How is it different from a ray?

(B) Depict the shape of a wavefront in each of the following case:
(i) Light diverging from point source. (ii) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a
point source is placed at its focus.
(C) Using Huygen's construction of secondary wavelets, draw a diagram showing the
passage of a plane wavefront from a denser into a rarer medium

6. A narrow slit is illuminated by a parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength

𝜆 equal to 6000Å and the angular width of the central maximum in the resulting
diffraction pattern is measured. When the slit is next illuminated by light of
wavelength 𝜆′ , the angular width decreases by 30%. Calculate the value of the
wavelength 𝜆′ .

7. How will the interference pattern in Young's double-slit experiment be affected if.
(A) The screen is moved away from the plane of the slits.
(B) The source slit is moved away from the plane of the slits. (C) The phase
difference between the light waves emanating from the two slits 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 changes
from 0 to 𝜋 and remains constant.

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8. A slit of width 0.6 mm is illuminated by a beam of light consisting of two
wavelengths 600 nm and 480 nm. The diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1.0
m from the slit. Find:
(A) The distance of the second bright fringe from the central maximum pertaining to
light of 600 nm.
(B) The least distance from the central maximum at which bright fringes due to both
the wavelengths coincide.

9. Describe any two characteristic features which distinguish between interference and
diffraction phenomena. Derive the expression for the intensity at a point of the
interference pattern in Young's double slit experiment.

10. (A) If one of two identical slits producing interference in Young's experiment is
covered with glass, so that the light intensity passing through it is reduced to 50%,
find the ratio of the maximum and minimum intensity of the fringe in the
interference pattern.
(B) What kind of fringes do you expect to observe if white light is used instead of
monochromatic light?

11. (A) The ratio of the widths of two slits in Young's double slit experiments is 4:1.
Evaluate the ratio of intensities at maxima and minima in the interference pattern.
(B) Does the appearance of bright and dark fringes in the interference pattern
violate, in any ways, conservation of energy? Explain.

12. (A) Why cannot the phenomenon of interference be observed by illuminating two pin
holes with two sodium lamps?
(B) Two monochromatic waves having displacements 𝑦1 = 𝑎cos 𝜔t and 𝑦2 = 𝑎cos (𝜔t
+ 𝜙) from two coherent sources interfere to produce an interference pattern. Derive
the expression for the resultant intensity and obtain the conditions for constructive
and destructive interference.
(C) Two wavelengths of sodium light of 590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to study
the diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 × 10−6 m. If the distance
between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m, calculate the separation between the
positions of the second maxima of diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases

13. In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of slit is increased. How will the (𝐴)
size (B) intensity of the central bright band be affected? Justify your answer.

14. (A) Why are coherent sources necessary to produce a sustained interference pattern?
(B) Why does the intensity of a secondary maximum become less as compared to the
central maximum?
(C) In a double-slit experiment, the distance between slits is increased ten times
whereas their distance from the screen is halved. What is the fringe width?

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 CHAPTER NO-11
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION & MATTER
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. Figure shows the variation of photoelectric current measured in a photo cell circuit
as a function of the potential difference between the plates of the photo cell when
light beams A, B, C and D of different wavelengths are incident on the photo cell.
Examine the given figure and answer the following questions:

(A) Which light beam has the highest frequency and why?
(B) Which light beam has the longest wavelength and why?
(C) Which light beam ejects photoelectrons with maximum momentum and why?

2. What is the effect on threshold frequency and stopping potential on increasing the
frequency of incident beam of light? Justify your answer

3. Explain, how does

(A) photoelectric current and
(B) kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted in a photocell vary if the frequency
of incident radiation is doubled, but keeping the intensity same? Show the graphical
variation in the above two cases

4. Photoelectric emission occurs when a surface is irradiated with the radiation of

frequency (i) 𝑣1 and (ii) 𝑣2. The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted in
two cases are 𝐾 and 2𝐾 respectively. Obtain the expression for threshold frequency

5. Light of wavelength 2000Å falls on a metal surface of work function 4.2eV.

(A) What is the kinetic energy (in eV) of the fastest electrons emitted from the
surface?

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 (B) What will be the change in the energy of the emitted electrons if the intensity of
light with same wavelength is doubled?
(C) If the same light falls on another surface of work function 6.5eV, what will be the
energy of emitted electrons?

6. The work function of a metal is 2.31eV. Photoelectric emission occurs when light of
frequency 6.4 × 1014 Hz is incident on the metal surface. Calculate:
(A) the energy of the incident radiation,
(B) the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron, and
(C) the stopping potential of the surface.

7. If the frequency of light incident on the cathode of a photocell is increased, how will
the following be affected? Justify your answer.
(A) Energy of photoelectrons.
(B) Photocurrent.

8. Light of same wavelength is incident on three photosensitive surfaces A, B and C.

The following observations are recorded.
(I) From surface A, photoelectrons are not emitted.
(II) From surface B, photoelectrons are just emitted.
(III) From surface C, photoelectrons with some kinetic energy are emitted.
Compare the threshold frequencies of the three surfaces and justify your
answer.

9. Figure shows the stopping potential (𝑉0) for the photoelectron versus 1/𝜆 graph, for
two metals 𝐴 and 𝐵, 𝜆 being the wavelength of incident light.

How is the value of Planck's constant determined from the graph?

10. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted is doubled when the
wavelength of light incident on the photosensitive surface changes from 𝜆1 to 𝜆2.
Deduce expressions for the threshold wavelength and work function for the metal
surface in terms of 𝜆1 and 𝜆2.
11. Explain with the help of Einstein's photoelectric equation any two observed features
in photoelectric effect which cannot be explained by wave theory.

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12. A proton and an electron have the same deBroglie wavelength 𝜆. Prove that the

energy of the proton is times the kinetic energy of electron

13. (A) Plot a graph showing the variation of De Broglie wavelength (𝜆) associated with a
charged particle of mass 𝑚 versus √𝑣, where 𝑉 is the accelerating potential.
(B) An electron, a proton and an alpha particle have the same kinetic energy. Which
one has the shortest wavelength?

14. If light of wavelength 412.5 nm is incident on each of the metals given below, which
of the following will show photoelectric emission and why?

15. State Einstein's photoelectric equation explaining the symbols used.

Light of frequency 𝑣𝑣 is incident on a photosensitive surface. A graph of the square of

the maximum speed of the electrons (𝑣2max ) versus 𝑣 is obtained as shown in the
figure. Using Einstein's photoelectric equation, obtain expressions for
(A) Planck's constant and
(B) work function of the given photosensitive material in terms of parameters 𝑙, 𝑛
and mass of the electron 𝑚.

16. Sketch the graphs showing variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident
radiations for two photosensitive materials 𝐴 and 𝐵 having threshold frequencies 𝑣𝐴
> 𝑣𝐵.
(A) In which case is the stopping potential more and why?
(B) Does the slope of the graph depend on the nature of the material used? Explain.
17. A proton and an 𝛼-particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength. Determine the
ratio of:
(A) their accelerating potentials

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 (B) their speeds.

18. A beam of monochromatic radiation is incident on a photosensitive surface. Answer

the following questions giving reasons.
(A) Do the emitted photoelectrons have the same kinetic energy?
(B) Does the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depend on the intensity of
radiation.
(C) On what factors does the number of emitted photoelectrons depend?

19. The graph shows the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident
radiation for two photosensitive metals A and B. Which one of the two has higher
value of work function? Justify your answer.

20. A proton and a deuteron are accelerated through the same accelerating potential.
Which one of the two has:
(A) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and
(B) less momentum? Give reasons to justify your answer

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 CHAPTER NO-12
ATOMS
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about
−3.4eV.
(A) What is the kinetic energy of the electron in this state?
(B) What is the potential energy of the electron in this state?
(C) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential
energy is changed?

2. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is −13.6eV. If an electron makes a

transition from an energy level - 1.51eV to −3.4eV, calculate the wavelength of the
spectral line emitted and name the series of hydrogen spectrum to which it belongs.

3. Name the spectral series for a hydrogen atom which lies in the visible region. Find
the ratio of the maximum to the minimum wavelengths of this series

4. Derive an expression for the frequency of radiation emitted when a hydrogen atom
de-excites from level 𝑛 to level (𝑛 − 1). Also show that for large values of 𝑛𝑛, this
frequency equals to classical frequency of revolution of an electron

5. Draw a graph showing the variation of number of particles scattered (N) with the
scattering angle 𝜃 in Geiger-Marsden experiment. Why only a small fraction of the
particles are scattered at 𝜃 > 90∘ ?

6. An electron in a hydrogen atom makes transitions from orbits of higher energies to

orbits of lower energies.
(A) When will such transitions result (i) Lyman, (ii) Balmer series?
(B) Find the ratio of the longest wavelength in Lyman series to the shortest
wavelength in Balmer series.

7. State Bohr's quantisation condition of angular momentum. Calculate the shortest

wavelength of the Brackett series and state to which part of the electromagnetic
spectrum does it belong.

8. Using Bohr's postulates, derive the expression for the orbital period of the electron
moving in the 𝑛th orbit of hydrogen atom.

9. Define the distance of closest approach. An 𝛼-particle of kinetic energy ' 𝐾 ' is
bombarded on a thin gold foil. The distance of the closest approach is ' 𝑟 '. What will
be the distance of closest approach for an 𝛼𝛼-particle of double the kinetic energy?

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10. (A) State Bohr's quantisation condition for defining stationary orbits. How does de
Broglie hypothesis explain the stationary orbits?

(B) Find the relation between the three wavelengths 𝜆1, 𝜆2 and 𝜆3 from the energy
level diagram shown below.

11. The figure shows energy level diagram of hydrogen atom

(A) Find out the transition which results in the emission of a photon of wavelength
496 nm.
(B) Which transition corresponds to the emission of radiation of maximum
wavelength? Justify your answer.

12. The value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom is −13.6eV.

(A) Find the energy required to move an electron from the ground state to the first
excited state of the atom.
(B) Determine (i) the kinetic energy, and (ii) orbital radius in the first excited state of
the atom. (Given the value of Bohr radius = 0.53Å)

13. Using Bohr's postulates, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in
the stationary state of the hydrogen atom.

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Assertion – Reason type questions
Q.1. Assertion : The force of repulsion between atomic nucleus and α-particle varies with
distance according to inverse square law.
Reason : Rutherford did α-particle scattering experiment.
Q.2. Assertion : According to classical theory the proposed path of an electron in
Rutherford atom model will be parabolic.
Reason : According to electromagnetic theory an accelerated particle continuously emits
radiation.
Q.3. Assertion : Bohr had to postulate that the electrons in stationary orbits around the
nucleus do not radiate.
Reason: According to classical physics all moving electrons radiate.
Q.4. Assertion : Electrons in the atom are held due to coulomb forces.
Reason : The atom is stable only because the centripetal force due to Coulomb’s law is
balanced by the centrifugal force.
Q.5. Assertion : Hydrogen atom consists of only one electron but its emission spectrum
has many lines.
Reason : Only Lyman series is found in the absorption spectrum of hydrogen atom
whereas in the emission spectrum, all the series are found.
Q.6. Assertion : Between any two given energy levels, the number of absorption
transitions is always less than the number of emission transitions.
Reason : Absorption transitions start from the lowest energy level only and may end at
any higher energy level. But emission transitions may start from any higher energy level
and end at any energy level below it.
Q.7. Assertion : In Lyman series, the ratio of minimum and maximum wavelength is 3/4
Reason : Lyman series constitute spectral lines corresponding to transition from higher
energy to groundstate of hydrogen atom.
Case-study type questions
The spectral series of hydrogen atom were accounted for by Bohr using the relation

where, R=Rydberg constant = 1.097 x 107 m-1

Lyman series is obtained when an electron jumps to first orbit from any subsequent
orbit. Similarly, Balmer series is obtained when an electron jumps to 2nd orbit from any
subsequent orbit. Paschen series is obtained when an electron jumps to 3rd orbit from
any subsequent orbit. Whereas Lyman series in U.V. region, Balmer series is in visible
region and Paschen series lies in infrared region. Series limit is obtained when n2=∞.

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(i) The wavelength of first spectral line of Lyman series is
(a) 1215.4 A0
(b) 1215.4 cm
(c) 1215.4 m
(d) 1215. 4 mm
(ii) The wavelength limit of Lyman series is
(a) 1215.4 A0
(b) 511.9 A0
(c) 951.6 A0
(d) 911.6 A0
(iii) The frequency of first spectral line of Balmer series is
(a) 1.097 x 107 Hz
(b) 4.57 x 1014 Hz
(c) 4.57 x 1015 Hz
(d) 4.57 x 1016 Hz
(iv) Which of the following transitions in hydrogen atom emit photon of highest
frequency?
(a) n=1 to n=2
(b) n=2 to n=6
(c) n=6 to n=2
(d) n=2 to n=1
(v) The ratio of minimum to maximum wavelength in Balmer series is
(a) 5 : 9
(b) 5 : 36
(c) 1 : 4
(d) 3 : 4

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 CHAPTER NO-13
NUCLEI
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. How is the size of a nucleus found experimentally? Write the relation between the
radius and mass number of a nucleus

2. (A) Give two differences between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?
(B) Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 2:5. What is the ratio of their nuclear
densities?

3. (A) James Chadwick, in 1932, studied the emission of neutral radiations when
Beryllium nuclei were bombarded with alpha particles. He concluded that emitted
radiations were neutrons and not photons. Explain.
(B) Two nuclei may have the same radius, even though they contain different
number of protons and neutrons. Explain.

4. (A) State two distinguishing features of nuclear force.

(B) Draw a plot showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a
function of their separation. Mark the regions on the graph where the force is: (i)
attractive, and (ii) repulsive.

5. Plot a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon as a function of
mass number. Which property of nuclear force explains the approximate constancy
of binding energy in the range 30 < A < 170 ? How does one explain the release of
energy in both the processes of nuclear fission and fusion from the graph?

6. Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion. Show how in both these processes
energy is released. Calculate the energy released in MeV in the deuterium-tritium
fusion reaction:

7.

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Assertion – Reason type questions
Q.1. Assertion : Density of all the nuclei is same.
Reason : Radius of nucleus is directly proportional to the cube root of mass number.
Q.2. Assertion : Neutrons penetrate matter more readily as compared to protons.
Reason : Neutrons are slightly more massive than protons.
Q.3. Assertion : The mass number of a nucleus is always less than its atomic number.
Reason : Mass number of a nucleus may be equal to its atomic number.
Q.4. Assertion : The binding energy per nucleon, for nuclei with atomic mass number A
> 100, decrease with A.
Reason : The forces are weak for heavier nuclei.
Q.5. Assertion : Radioactivity of 108 undecayed radioactive nuclei of half life of 50 days
is equal to that of 1.2 × 108 number of undecayed nuclei of some other material with half
life of 60 days.
Reason : Radioactivity is proportional to half-life.
Q.6. Assertion : The ionising power of β-particle is less compared to β-particles but their
penetrating power is more.
Reason : The mass of β-particle is less than the mass of α- particle.
Q.7. Assertion : Radioactive nuclei emit β–1 particles.
Reason : Electrons exist inside the nucleus.
Q.8. Assertion : ZXA undergoes 2α, 2β- particles and 2γ-rays, the daughter product is Z-
2YA – 8.
Reason : In α- decay the mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by
2. In β-decay the mass number remains unchanged, but atomic number increases by 1.
Q.9. Assertion : The heavier nuclei tend to have larger N/Z ratio because neutron does
not exert electric force.
Reason : Coulomb forces have longer range compared to the nuclear force.
Q.10. Assertion : A free neutron decays to a proton but a free proton does not decay to a
neutron. This is because neutron is an uncharged particle and proton is a charged
particle.
Reason : Neutron has larger rest mass than the proton.
Q.11. Assertion : Cobalt-60 is useful in cancer therapy.
Reason : Cobalt -60 is source of γ- radiations capable of killing cancerous cells.
Q.12. Assertion : It is not possible to use 35Cl as the fuel for fusion energy.
Reason : The binding energy of 35Cl is to small.
Q.13. Assertion : Energy is released when heavy nuclei undergo fission or light nuclei
undergo fusion.

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Reason : For heavy nuclei, binding energy per nucleon increases with increasing Z while
for light nuclei it decreases with increasing Z.

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 CHAPTER NO-14
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Short answer & Long answer type questions
1. Draw energy band diagram for an 𝑛-type and 𝑝-type semiconductor at T > 0 K.

2. Answer the following giving reasons:

(A) A 𝑝 − 𝑛 junction diode is damaged by a strong current.
(B) Impurities are added in intrinsic semiconductors

3. (A) Write two differences between 𝑛-type and 𝑝-type semiconductor.

(B) What is depletion region in p − n junction? How does depletion layer act?

4. In a pure semiconductor crystal of Si, if antimony is added then what type of

extrinsic semiconductor is obtained. Draw the energy band diagram of this extrinsic
semiconductor so formed.

5. The figure shows a piece of pure semiconductor 𝑆 in series with a variable resistor 𝑅
and a source of constant voltage 𝑉. Should the value of 𝑅 be increased or decreased
to keep the reading of the ammeter constant, when semiconductor 𝑆 is heated?
Justify your answer

6. The graph of potential barrier versus width of depletion region for an unbiased diode
is shown in graph A. In comparison to A, graphs 𝐵 and 𝐶 are obtained after biasing
the diode in different ways. Identify the type of biasing in 𝐵 and 𝐶 and justify your
answer. 'A'

7. Name the extrinsic semiconductors formed when a pure germanium is doped with
(A) a trivalent and (B) pentavalent impurity. Draw the energy band diagrams of
extrinsic semiconductors so formed.

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8. What is meant by energy band gap in a solid? Draw the energy band diagrams for a
conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor

9. Answer the following, giving reason:

(A) The resistance of a 𝑝 − 𝑛 junction is low when it is forward biased and it is
reversed biased.
(B) Doping of intrinsic semiconductors is a necessity for making electronic devices

10. How does an increase in doping concentration affect the width of depletion layer of a
p-n junction diode?

11. Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Explain, why the current under
reverse bias is almost independent of the applied voltage up to the critical voltage

12. In the given fig, is the junction diode forward biased or reverse biased?

13. Explain with the help of the diagram the formation of depletion region and barrier
potential in a 𝑝 − 𝑛 junction.

14. Explain with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a 𝑝 − 𝑛 junction diode as a
half-wave rectifier and also show the input and output waveform.

15. Draw a plot showing the variation of resistivity of a (i) conductor, and (ii)
semiconductor, with the increase in temperature

16. Distinguish between a metal and an insulator on the basis of energy band diagrams

17. Explain briefly, with the help of circuit diagram, how V-I characteristics of a 𝑝𝑝 − 𝑛𝑛
junction diode are obtained in: (A) forward bias, and (B) reverse bias. Draw the
shapes of the characteristic curves obtained

18. Explain with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a 𝑝 − 𝑛 junction diode as a
full-wave rectifier and also show the input and output waveform.

Assertion – Reason type questions

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Q.1. Assertion : A pure semiconductor has negative temperature coefficient of
resistance.
Reason : In a semiconductor on raising the temperature, more charge carriers are
released, conductance increases and resistance decreases.
Q.2. Assertion : If the temperature of a semiconductor is increased then its resistance
decreases.
Reason : The energy gap between conduction band and valence band is very small.
Q.3. Assertion : In semiconductors, thermal collisions are responsible for taking a
valence electron to the conduction band.
Reason : The number of conduction electrons go on increasing with time as thermal
collisions continuously take place.
Q.4. Assertion : A p-type semiconductors is a positive type crystal.
Reason : A p- type semiconductor is an uncharged crystal.
Q.5. Assertion : Silicon is preferred over germanium for making semiconductor devices.
Reason : The energy gap in germanium is more than the energy gap in silicon.
Q.6. Assertion : Electron has higher mobility than hole in a semiconductor.
Reason : The mass of electron is less than the mass of the hole.
Q.7. Assertion : The number of electrons in a p-type silicon semiconductor is less than
the number of electrons in a pure silicon semiconductor at room temperature.
Reason : It is due to law of mass action.
Q.8. Assertion : When two semi conductor of p and n type are brought in contact, they
form p-n junction which act like a rectifier.
Reason : A rectifier is used to convent alternating current into direct current.
Q.9. Assertion : Diode lasers are used as optical sources in optical communication.
Reason : Diode lasers consume less energy.
Q.10. Assertion : The diffusion current in a p-n junction is from the p-side to the n-side.
Reason : The diffusion current in a p-n junction is greater than the drift current when
the junction is in forward biased.
Q.11. Assertion : The drift current in a p-n junction is from the n-side to the p-side.
Reason : It is due to free electrons only.
Q.12. Assertion : A p-n junction with reverse bias can be used as a photo-diode to
measure light intensity.
Reason : In a reverse bias condition the current is small but it is more sensitive to
changes in incident light intensity.
Case-study type questions
Consider a thin p-type silicon (p-Si) semiconductor wafer. By adding precisely a small
quantity of pentavelent impurity, part of the p-Si wafer can be converted into n-Si.
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There are several processes by which a semiconductor can be formed. The wafer now
contains p-region and n-region and a metallurgical junction between p-, and n- region.
Two important processes occur during the formation of a p-n junction: diffusion and
drift. We know that in an n-type semiconductor, the concentration of electrons (number
of electrons per unit volume) is more compared to the concentration of holes. Similarly,
in a p-type semiconductor, the concentration of holes is more than the concentration of
electrons. During the formation of p-n junction, and due to the concentration gradient
across p-, and nsides, holes diffuse from p-side to n-side (p → n) and electrons diffuse
from n-side to p-side (n → p). This motion of charge carries gives rise to diffusion
current across the junction.
[Link] can a p-type semiconductor be converted into n- type semiconductor?
a) adding pentavalent impurity b)adding trivalent impurity
c)not possible d) heavy doping

[Link] of the following is true about n type semiconductor?

a) concentration of electrons is less than that of holes.
b)concentration of electrons is more than that of holes.
c)concentration of electrons equal to that of holes.
d)None of these

[Link] of the following is true about p type semiconductor?

a) concentration of electrons is less than that of holes.
b)concentration of electrons is more than that of holes.
c)concentration of electrons equal to that of holes.
d)None of these

[Link] of the following is the reason about diffusion current?

a) diffusion of holes from p to n b)diffusion of electronss from n to p
c) both (a) and (b) d) None of these

V. What are the processes that occur during formation of a p-n junction?
a) drift b) diffusion c) both (a) and (b) d)None of these

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