Module 7 – (L27 – L30):

“
“Management off Water Quality”:
li ”
Water quality and pollution, types and Sources of pollution,
water quality modeling,
modeling environmental guidelines for water
quality

30 Environmental Guidelines for

Water Quality Management 1
1
L30– Environmental Guidelines for
L30
Water Quality Management
 Topics Covered
 Water quality management;
Monitoring, Water quality Guidelines;
Steps in Water Quality Management
 Keywords: Water quality management,
Environmental guidelines

2
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water Quality Management
 Water quality management- importance
 Watershed based – WQM
 Various pollution sources & its control
 WQM - guidelines
 Water quality management is for a great deal
controlled by
y authorization of discharges
g of
dangerous substances for which monitoring of
discharges, effluents and influenced surface/
groundwater is essential.
essential
 On national and state levels, we have several
policies and regulation
p g for WQM
Q
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water Quality Management…
 Presently the quality & availability of the fresh water
resources is most pressing of the many environmental
challenges on the national horizon
 Geometric increase in population coupled with rapid
urbanization, industrialization & agricultural development
has resulted in high impact on quality & quantity of water
 National benchmarks to assess potential or actual
impairment of socially relevant resource uses
 Scientific basis for the development of site-specific
criteria- guidelines, objectives or standards indicators
 Scientific tools for assessing risks- with existing
concentrations of persistent, bio-accumulative & toxic
substances in the ambient environment
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Environmental Water Quality
 Environmental water quality - ambient water quality -
relates to water bodies such as lakes, rivers, & oceans.
 P
Parameters
t f water
for t quality
lit –depends
d d on intended
i t d d use.
 Water quality standards - focused on water treated for
human consumption,
p , industrial use,, or for environment.
 Water quality standards for surface/ ground waters vary
significantly due to different conditions/ uses –
 Eg To
Eg. Toxici s
substances
bstan es & mimicroorganisms
oo ganisms - a health
hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation,
swimming, fishing, rafting, boating, & industrial uses.
 Modern water quality laws - specify protection of water
resources depending on use, as a minimum, retention of
current quality standards.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
 Water Quality Guidelines–
Guidelines– Goals
 Science-based goals or performance indicators for
regional, national, or international management strategies
for toxic substances
 Interim management objectives for persistent, bio-
accumulative, and toxic substances to track progress
toward their virtual elimination
 Indicators of eco-toxicologically relevant concentrations of
persistent bio
persistent, bio-accumulative
accumulative, & toxic substances for the
purpose of improving analytical detection & quantification
capabilities
 Tools to evaluate the effectiveness of point-source controls
 Scientific basis for environmental regulations &
benchmarks or targets in the assessment & remediation
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water Quality Guidelines
 Water quality guidelines - values for indicators &
are designed to ensure that Environmental Values
(EV) off waters
t are protected.
t t d
 Main nationally recognized EV for waters are:
 Ecosystem values
 Ecosystem protection (aquatic plants, fish and
other flora and fauna, habitat).
 Human use values: Agricultural; Recreational use;
 Drinkingg water supply
pp y
 Cultural values.

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 7

Water Quality Guidelines…
 Each of these EVs requires its own specific set of
guidelines because the acceptable guideline values to
maintain one type of EV may not be acceptable to
maintain another EV.
 An example of this is the pesticide levels required to
protect fish and other fauna are usually lower than
those required for protection of irrigated crops.
 Another reason is that the indicators used to assess
one EV may be different to those used for other EVs.
For example, a key indicator for recreational use
is fecal bacteria numbers, but this indicator is not
used for most other EVs.

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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water Quality Guidelines…
 Recognized guideline documents for the
above EVs are:
 Ecosystem protection
 Recreational use: Guidelines for Managing
Risks in Recreational Waters:
 Human consumption: National standards eg:
Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code:
 Drinking water supply: Indian Drinking Water
Guidelines
 Cultural values: No recognized
g guidelines
g
9
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Steps in Water Quality Management
 Step-I: Setting Water Quality Goal
 Step-II: Water Quality Monitoring
 Step III: Identification of Nature and Magnitude of
Step-III:
Pollution
[Link]
 Step-IV: Source Inventory
 Step– V: Water Quantity information
 Step-VI: Selection of Technology
 Step-VII:
Step VII: Financing Waste Management
 Step–VIII: Maintenance of sewage treatment plants
 Step–IX: Pollution from industrial sources
 St
Step–X:X PPollution
ll ti ffrom non-point
i t sources
 Step–XI: Some other Important Options for Water
Quality Management
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Step I: Setting Water Quality Goal
 Identification of uses of water in the given water
body
 The term quality therefore,
therefore must be considered
relative to the proposed use of water
 “Water
Water quality
quality" is defined as "those
those physical,
chemical or biological characteristics of water by
which the user evaluates the acceptability of water“
 Eachh water use has
h specific
f water quality
l needs
d
 Designated best use: Out of several uses a
particular water body is put to, to the use which
demands highest quality of water is called its
"designated best use“.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Use Based Classification (CPCB, India)
[Link]

12

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Step – II: Water Quality Monitoring
 For acquiring information on existing water quality
 Main objectives for water quality monitoring:
- monitoring for establishing baseline water quality
- observing trend in water quality changes
− calculation of flux of water constituents of interest
− surveillance for irrigation use
− control & management of water pollution (groundwater only)
 Water Quality Monitoring Protocol:
 Design approach and delineation of actions necessary to
operationalise the monitoring programme
 Ready reference for the field staff, laboratory personnel
and managers of monitoring programmes
Steps: Frequency and Parameters; Sample Collection;
Analysis and Record 13
Water Quality
li Monitoring
i i Protocoll –
Frequency
q y & Parameters
 Groundwater: Initially all stations will be classified as
baseline stations
 Ab
About 20 to 25% off the
h bbaseline
li stations
i will
ill also
l beb
classified as trend or trend-cum-surveillance stations
 Reclassification of stations after 3 y
years data collection
 Surface water: To start with, all stations will be a
combination of baseline and trend stations.
 Samples will be collected every two months: May/June,
August, October, December, February and April.
 This will generate six samples from perennial rivers and
3-4 samples from seasonal rivers, every year.
 After data are collected for three years, the stations will
be classified either
eithe as baseline,
baseline trend
t end or
o flux
fl station
station.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Parameters of Analysis for Groundwater

[Link]
15
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Parameters of Analysis for Surface Water
[Link]

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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Sample Collection
 Reaching samples site using location maps
 Rinse the sample container three times with the sample
before it is filled
 Leave a small air space in the bottle to allow mixing of
sample at the time of analysis
 The sample code and the sampling date should be
clearly marked on the sample container or the tag
 Samples for groundwater would be collected from: Open
d g wells
dug ells / T
Tube
be wells
ells in use
se for
fo domestic
domesti or
o irrigation;
i igation
 Samples will be collected from well-mixed section of the
river (main stream) 30 cm below the water surface using
a weighted
i ht d bottle
b ttl or DO sampler l
 Samples from reservoir sites will be collected from the
outgoing canal, power channel or water intake structure
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Step-III: Identification of Nature &
Magnitude of Pollution
 After repeated observations on water quality covering
different seasons,
seasons the water quality data should be
compiled and compared with the desired quality
requirement as per the water quality goal set in step-I.
 This way, the polluted water body can be identified.
 This comparison would lead to identification of the
gaps with respect one or more parameters and also
extent of gap, which will ultimately help in
identification of nature and magnitude of pollution
control needed.

18
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Step- IV: Source Inventory
 Once the nature & magnitude of pollution is identified,
the sources of such pollution are identified.
 I
Inventorise
t i ththe numberb off outfalls
tf ll joining
j i i the
th water
t
body for identification of point sources
 Measure the qqualityy & quantity
q y of wastewater flowingg
through each of the outfalls
 For each outfall pollution load joining per unit time
should be measured in terms of important pollutants
 This exercise requires continuous sampling for 24/48/72
hours on flow based composite basis.
 Inventorise the human activities in the upstream
catchments area of the water body to identify the non-
point sources of pollution
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Step– V Water Quantity information
 In case of river or stream, acquire the flow data from
various Govt. sources for atleast last 5 years or more.
 I case off lakes,
In l k reservoirs
i collect
ll t the
th information
i f ti on
water levels for atleast last 5 to 10 years
 Carryy out mass balance to estimate the dilution available
in different seasons.
 Estimate the least dilution available in last 5 years.
 Assess the assimilation capacity
apa it byb applying
appl ing simple
Streeter-Phelps equation and generate different scenario
to estimate the extent of pollution control required.
 This exercise would give precisely how much pollution
load needs to be reduced to achieve desired water
quality
 Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 20
Step– V: Water Quantity information..
 In case of river or stream, acquire the flow data from
various Govt. sources for atleast last 5 years or more.
 I case off lakes,
In l k reservoirs
i collect
ll t the
th information
i f ti on
water levels for atleast last 5 to 10 years
 Carryy out mass balance to estimate the dilution available
in different seasons.
 Estimate the least dilution available in last 5 years.
 Assess the assimilation capacity
apa it byb applying
appl ing simple
Streeter-Phelps equation and generate different scenario
to estimate the extent of pollution control required.
 This exercise would give precisely how much pollution
load needs to be reduced to achieve desired water
quality
21
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Step-VI: Selection of Technology

 Adoption of simple technology for sewage treatment

 Treatment scheme based on series of Waste
Stabilization Ponds (WSP) technology is one of the
most economical ones and suitable for small towns
where sufficient land is easily available.
available
 Multiple stage ponds (at least three) with first pond as
anaerobic one is the most widely used and suitable
configuration.
 Use of low volume flushing tanks will help in reducing
waste water volume and thereby cost of sewerage and
sewage treatment

22
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
[Link]/
Step-VI: Selection of Technology..

 Some of the cost effective and environmental

compatible treatment options:
 land treatment
 waste stabilization ponds
 constructed wetlands
 duck-weed pond
 aerated lagoon
 Rotating biological contractors
 Up-flow
Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket system and
 Root zone treatment

23
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
[Link]
Step-VII: Financing Waste Management

 In India, with fast urbanization waste water quantity

is about 30,000 mld
 Each mld cost about Rs. 10 Millions for establishing
treatment facilities and about 40 Millions for collection
facilities
 Operation and maintenance may be another about
10% of the above cost every year
 The major part of the cost on waste management
should be born by urban population according to
‘polluter
polluter pay principle
principle’
 Two benefits: It reduces waste and treatment and can
provide a source of revenue for financing wastewater
treatment investments.
i
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Step-VII: Financing Waste Management.

 Pricing and demand management - important

instruments for encouragingg g efficient domestic and
industrial water-use practices
 Induce urban organisations to adopt water-saving
g , including
technologies, g water recycling
y g & reuse
 Demand management programmes- Ex:Promotion,
distribution or sale of water-saving devices like "six-
litre" toilets which use less than half the volume of
litre
water per flush than a standard toilet
The waste management benefits following:
 Local citizens; Protection of environment; Protection
of Public health; Protection of water resources – water
supply, irrigation, other uses; Protection of industrial
use; Enhanced Property values; Enhanced tourism
25
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Step-VIII: Maintenance of sewage
treatment plants
 Regular analysis of operational parameters
 Persons should having adequate knowledge and trained
to operate the STPs be engaged to manage STPs
 Provision of auxiliary power backup
 Proper maintenance of the sewage system, namely,
sewers, rising mains, intermediate pumping stations
 Resource recovery by way of raising the revenue
through sale of treated effluent for irrigation, of sludge
as a manure and biogas utilization for power generation

26
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Step-IX: Pollution from Industrial
Sources
Pollution control at source
 The water polluting industries which had not so far
installed ETPs should be asked to furnish a time bound
programme for treatment of their effluents
 Emerging technologies such as aerobic composting,
vermiculture, ferti-irrigation, etc. as secondary
treatment should be adopted
p for the organic
g wastes
by the industries
 Root-zone technology is also being advocated for
energy saving for treatment of industrial wastewaters
 Incentives have to be made more attractive to make
the industries undertake pollution control measures

27
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Step-IX: Pollution from Industrial
Sources…
Sources
 Reuse/recycling of treated industrial waste and
resource recovery
The reuse and recycling of wastes for agricultural
purposes: help to reduce the pollution ; Reduces
requirement of fresh water for use; Supplement the
much needed nutrients & organic manure to plants
 Segregation of waste water streams may help in
reducing waste water volume & waste strength & may
help recycling and reuse of majority of waste streams.
Waste minimization and clean technologies:
 Recycling technique

 Waste strength reduction

 Waste water discharge standards & charges on

28
residual pollution
Step-X: Pollution from Non-point
Sources
 Extremely important to focus attention upon the
problem of non
non-point
point pollution from
 Unsewered sanitation, Uncollected wastes dumped
haphazardly in urban and industrial areas and
application of chemicals in agriculture such as
pesticides, insecticides and chemical fertilisers.
 Presence of unacceptably high levels of the persistent
pollutants in the groundwater and run-off water
 An integrated pest management policy should be
evolved and standards made to regulate the use of
toxic pesticides and to develop substitutes which are
ecologically more acceptable. (essential)

29
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Step-XI: Other Important Options for
Water Quality Management

 Reuse/recycling
R / li off ttreated
t dddomestic
ti sewage
 Encourage participatory approach with
involvement of all relevant stakeholders:
 Balance economic and regulatory
instruments
 Prevent pollution rather than control

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 30

 References
 GHOSH N.C and EDWARD .A , MCBEAN(1996), WATER QUALITY
MODELING OF THE KALI RIVER, INDIA, Water, Air, and Soil
Pollution 102: 91–103, 1998
 Guidelines for Water Quality Management, Central pollution
control board (CPCB)
 Website : [Link]
 Hydrological Modeling of Small Watershed – C.T Han, H.P.
Johnson, D.L. Brakensiek (Eds.), ASAE Monograph, Michigan
 Freeze, R.A.
Freeze R A and Cherry J.A.
J A (1979).
(1979) Groundwater.
Groundwater Prentice
Hall-INC., Englewood Cliffs, NJ
 [Link]
 [Link]
 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater;
APHA, AWWA, and WEF, 21st Edition, 2005.
 [Link] 31

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Tutorials - Question!.?.
 Critically study the environmental
guidelines for water quality
management for India and compare
with the standards of USA
[Link] [Link] )

 Study the various measures that can

be adopted to improve the WQM
guidelines for India.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
32
Self Evaluation - Questions!.
Q
 Illustrate the importance of watershed
b
based d water quality
l management.
 What are the important goals of water
quality guidelines?
 Discuss on “Water qquality
y monitoring
g
protocol, frequency & parameters for
surface water and groundwater.
g

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay 33

Assignment-
g Questions?.
Q
 What are the important features of
“Environmental
Environmental Water Quality
Quality”?.
?.
 Discuss on the important steps to be
followed in water quality management as
per CPCB norms.
 Illustrate “selection
selection of technologies for
waste water treatment”.

34
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Dr. T. I. Eldho
Professor,
Department
p of Civil Engineering,
g g
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Email: eldho@[Link]
Phone: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302 35
[Link]
[Link] [Link]