Final Project - PRACTICE

physics class 12 (Delhi Public School, Damanjodi)

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 KV NO 1 AFS CHAKERI

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2024-2025

ROLL NO : 23699503

NAME : ANAND

CLASS : XII-A

SUBJECT : PHYSICS

SUB CODE : 042

 INDEX

[Link] TOPICS PAGE N0.

1 CERTIFICATE 2
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMNET 3
3 OBJECTIVE 4
4 INTRODUCTION 5
5 THEORY 6-14
6 APPARATUS REQUIRED 15
7 PROCEDURE 16
8 USES OF TRANSFORMER 17
9 SOURCES OF ERROR 18
10 CONCULSION 18-19
11 RESULT 19
12 PRECAUTIONS 19-20
13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 20
This is to certify that ANAND of class XII A has
completed his PHYSICS project titled To
investigate the relation between the ratio of (i)
output and input voltage and (ii) number of
turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of
a self-designed transformer under the guidance
of MR. PRASHANT for the academic year 2024-
[Link] certified student has been dedicated
throughout his research and completed his work
before the given deadline without missing any
important details from the project. It is also certified
that this project is the individual work of the student
and can be submitted for evaluation.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 Aкknowledgement
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks &
gratitude to my project guide Mr. B.K SINGH Sir,
for guiding me immensely through thecourse of
the project. He always evinced keen interest in
my work. His constructive advice & constant
motivation have been responsible for the successful
completion
of this project.

My sincere thanks go to Shri Shiv pratap sir . Our principal

and IT infrastructure for the completion of this project.
I also thanks to my parents for their motivation &support.
must thanks to my classmates for their timely help &
support for compilation of project .

Last but not the least, I would like to thank

all those who had helped directly or indirectly
towards the completion of this project.
 QBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation
between
the ratio of:
Input and output voltage.
Number of turnings in the secondary coil
and primary coil of a self-made
transformer.
 INTRQDUCTIQN
The transformer is a device used for
converting a low alternating voltage to a
high alternating
voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based
on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing,
an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which
is used for changing the
A.C. voltages.
As such transformers are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it
weight only a few tens of grams where as
in high voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit
takes place without the use of moving
parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step up transformer. A
transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential
piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits.
 THEQRY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts
falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with
the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced
in the primary and the secondary and Np
and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and:

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each

turnoff the coil at this instant,

we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt..........................(1)
And
Es = -Ns dф/dt...........................(2)
So by dividing 2 by 1,
we get:

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np...................(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back
e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E – Ep ) in the
Instantaneous values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2
coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the
primary coil is given by:
Ip= E – Ep /

Rp E – Ep =

Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is

small, Rp Ip can be neglected so
therefore:

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence final equation can be written as:

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns/Np
=K

Where K is constant, called turn or

transformation ratio.
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFQRMER:
A step-up transformer is a type of
transformer that converts the low voltage (LV)
and high current from the primary side of the
transformer to the high voltage (HV) and low
current value on the secondary side of the
transformer. The reverse of this is known as a
step down transformer.
A transformer is a piece of static electrical
equipment which transforms electrical energy
(from primary side windings) to the magnetic
energy (in the transformer’s magnetic core)
and again to the electrical energy (on the
secondary transformer side). A step-up
transformer has a wide variety of applications
in electrical systems and transmission lines.

The operating frequency and nominal power

are approximately equal on the primary and
secondary transformer sides because the
transformer is a very efficient piece of
equipment – while the voltage and current
values are usually different.
A transformer provides galvanic isolation in the
electrical system. Due to these two main
features, the transformer is the most important
part of the electrical system and provides
economical and reliable transmission and
distribution of electrical energy.
The transformer can transfer energy in both
directions, from HV to LV side as well as
inversely. That is the reason why it can work as
a voltage step- up or step down transformer.
Both transformer types have the same design
and construction.

Theoretically, we can operate any transformer

as a step-up as well as a step-down type. It only
depends on the energy flowing direction.

The HV windings contain a huge number of

turns compared with the LV windings. An LV
winding wire has a bigger cross-section than
HV wire because of the higher current value on
the LV side. Usually, we place the LV windings
close to the transformer core, and over them,
we wound the HV windings.

The transformer turns ratio (n) for a step up

transformer is approximately proportional to
the voltage ratio

n= VP =
NP
VS NS

Where VP,S are voltages, and NP,S are the turns

numbers on the primary (LV) and secondary
(HV) sides respectively. The primary side of a
step-up transformer (LV side) has a smaller
number of turns than the secondary side (HV
side).
That means energy flows from the LV to the
HV side. The voltage is stepped up from
the primary
voltage (input voltage) to the secondary
voltage (output voltage).
This equation can be rearranged for the
formula for the output voltage (i.e. secondary
voltage). This is sometimes referred to as the
step up transformer formula:

VS= NS * VP
NP

A transformer calculator can help you easily

calculate the transformer turns ratio and
whether the device is a step up or step down
transformer.

The most important application of a step-up

transformer is a generator step-up (GSU)
transformer used in all generating plants.

Those transformers usually have large turns

ratio values. The voltage value produced in
energy generation is increased and prepared
for the long- distance energy transmission.

The energy produced in generating plant is at

low voltage and high current values.
Depending on the generating plant type, the
GSU transformer has a nominal primary
voltage value from 6 up to 20 kV.
The nominal voltage value of the GSU
secondary side can be 110 kV, 220 kV, 410 kV
depending on energy transmission system
connected to the GSU secondary side. The
current value on the primary GSU side is
usually very high and depending on the
nominal transformer power can reach even
30000 A.

This current value is not practical for energy

transmission and has to decrease because of
the transmission power losses (R × I2). Long-
distance energy transmission would not be
possible. Besides the GSU transformer also
makes galvanic isolation between the
generator and electrical network.
IN A STEP-DQWN
TRANSFQRMER:
A step-down transformer is a type of
transformer that converts the high voltage
(HV) and low current from the primary side of
the transformer to the low voltage (LV) and
high current value on the secondary side of
the transformer. The reverse of this is known
as a step up transformer.
A transformer is a type of static electrical
equipment that transforms electrical energy
(from primary side windings) to magnetic
energy (in transformer magnetic core) and
again to the electrical energy (on the
secondary transformer side). A step-down
transformer has a wide variety of applications
in electrical systems and transmission lines.

When it comes to the operation voltage, the

step-up transformer application can be roughly
divided into two groups: LV (voltages up to 1
kV) and HV application (voltages above 1 kV).

Just as transformers can step down the voltage

– going from a higher primary side voltage to a
lower secondary side voltage – they can also
step up the voltage, going from a lower primary
side voltage to a higher secondary side
voltage. These are known as step-up
transformers.
The transformer turns ratio (n) for a step down
transformer is approximately proportional to
the voltage ratio:

n= VP =
NP VS

NS

Where VP,S are voltages, and NP,S are the turns

numbers on the primary (LV) and secondary
(HV) sides respectively. The primary side of a
step-down transformer (HV side) has a larger
number of turns than the secondary side (LV
side).
That means energy flows from the HV to the
LV side. The voltage is stepped down from
the primary voltage (input voltage) to
the secondary voltage (output voltage).

This equation can be rearranged for the

formula for the output voltage (i.e. secondary
voltage). This is sometimes referred to as the
step down transformer formula:
VS= NS * VP
NP

A transformer calculator can help you easily

calculate the transformer turns ratio and
whether the device is a step down or step up
transformer.
The first LV application refers to the
transformers in electronic devices. Supplying
the electronic circuits requires a low voltage
value (e.g. 5V, even lower values nowadays).

A step-down transformer is used to provide this

low voltage value which is suitable for
electronics supplying. It transforms home
voltage (230/120 V) from primary to a low
voltage on the secondary side which is used for
electronic supplying.

If electronic devices are designed to have

higher nominal power, transformers with high
operating frequency are used (kHz-s). The
transformers with higher nominal power value
and 50/60 Hz nominal frequency would be too
large and heavy. Also, the daily used battery
chargers use the step-down transformer in its
design.
Apparatus required
 Iron Rod
 Copper Wire of different gauge
 Two A.C Voltmeters
 Two A.C Ammeters
PRQCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it
with a
thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say
60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet
of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and

measure the input voltage
and current using A.C
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly,
measure the output voltage and
current through s 1and s2.

5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C

main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary
coil of step up
transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self-made

transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
 USES QF TRANSFQRMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations:

In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner,
etc.
A step down transformer is used for
Welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for
Obtaining large current.
A step up transformer is used for the
Production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement. Transformers are used in
voltage
Regulators and stabilized power
supplies. Transformers are used in
the Transmissions of a.c. over long
distances. Small transformers are
used in Radio
Sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric
bells etc.
SQURCES QF ERRQR
1) Values of current can be changed
due to
heating effect.
2) The eddy current can change the
readings.

CQNCLUSIQN
1) The output voltage of the
transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage.

2) The output voltage of the

transformer Across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p)
with respect to the
input voltage.

3) There is a loss of power between

input and output coil of a transformer.
RESULT:
 Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental
error.

PRECAUTIQNS
1)Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2) While taking the readings of current and

voltage the A.C should remain

constant.
3) Take a laminated iron core and wind
a small number [say about 2000] of
turns of thick insulated copper wire
uniformly on it leaving two free ends P1
P2.
4) Wind a large numbers of turns [say
100] of thin insulated copper wire on the
opposite arm of the core leaving two free
end S1 & S2.
5) Connect the primary coil to a variable
a.c. supply source and secondary to a.c.
volt meter of suitable range.
6) Connect an a.c. voltmeter across the
primary to measure the input voltage.
BIBLIQGRAPHY

1. HELP FROM INTERNET

2. [Link]
3. HELP FROM TEACHERS
4. NCERT Physics textbook class 12
5. NCERT physics lab Manuel