Basics

W
V =
Q

Q
I =
t

l
R = ρ
A

2
A = πr

1
G =
R

A
G = σ
l

1
σ =
ρ

V
I =
R

W
P =
t

P = VI

W = P t = V It

power(W ) × time(h)
Energy(kW h) =
1000

Po
η% = × 100%
Pi

η total = η 1 ⋅ η 2 ⋅ η 3 ⋯

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ⋯

Voltage Divider Rule (VDR)

Rx
Vx = E
RT

KVL
ΣV = 0

ΣV rises = ΣV drops

Power distribution in a series circuit

P E = P R1 + P R2 + P R3 + ⋯
Power is equally divided among all components.

Power dissipated by each resistor

2
P1 = V1 I1 = I1 R1

Parallel circuit
R1 R2
RT =
R1 + R2

If all values are same:

R
RN =
N

The source current (Is) is always equal to the sum of the individual branch currents

Is = I1 + I2 + In

CDR
RT
Ix = Is
Rx

Ry
Ix = Is
Rx + Ry

KCL
ΣI entering − ΣI leaving = 0

Open and short circuit

R sc = 0, I sc = ∞, V sc = 0

R oc = ∞, I oc = 0, V oc = ∞

Source Conversion
Maximum Power Theorem
2
E th
P l max =
4R th

2
I RN
N
P l max =
4

Capacitor
Q = CV

A
C0 = ϵ0
d

C = ϵr C0

Energy stored by a capacitor,

1
2
WC = Cv
C
2

Time constant

τ = RC

Charing and discharging phase

Quantity Charging phase Discharging phase

Voltage drop across capacitor
−t/τ −t/τ
v C = E − Ee v C = Ee
Quantity Charging phase Discharging phase

Current through capacitor

E E
−t/τ −t/τ
iC = e iC = − e
R R

Voltage drop across the resistor

−t/τ t
v R = Ee −
v R = −Ee
τ

Capacitor in series
1 1 1
= + + ⋯
CT C1 C2

QT = Q1 = Q2 = CT E

Capacitor in parallel
QT = Q1 + Q2 + ⋯

QT = Q1 + Q2 + ⋯

Qn = Cn E

Inductor
2
μ0 N A
L0 =
l

N = number of turns
μ = permeability

L = μr L0

L
τ =
R

Storage and release phase

Quantity Storage Release phase

Voltage drop across capacitor
E E ′
−t/τ −t/τ
iL = (1 − e ) iL = e
R 1 R 1

Current through capacitor −t/τ −t/τ

′

v L = Ee v L = −V i e

Voltage drop across the resistor

−t/τ t
v R = E(1 − e ) −
v R1 = Ee
′
τ
During release phase if another resistor is effective:

′
L
τ =
R1 + R2

R2
V i = (1 + )
R1

Inductor in series
LT = L1 + L2 + ⋯

1 1 1
= + + ⋯
LT L1 L2

Constants
−19
e = 1.6 × 10 C

18
1 C = 6.24 × 10 electrons

6
1 kW h = 3.6 × 10 J

1 hp = 746 W