BULETINUL INSTITUTULCI POLITEHNIC DIN IASI
Tomul LIJI (LVII) , Fase. 1- 2.2007
CONSTRUCTII. ARHITECTURÃ
/" THE PLASTIC DEFORMATION CAPACITY OF
STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS UNDER SEISMIC ACTION
BY
DANIELA PREDA
The paper describes a calculus procedure to determine the elastic- plastic rotation ca-
pacity of steel [Link] members. The rotation capacity calculus is very important for
the design of steel structures exposed to seismic action. The calculus procedure is based
on the equivalent elastic- plastic bending momento This calculus procedure was applied on
two types of structural members (beams, columns).
1. Introduction
The aspect of plastic deformation of structural steel members appears, both in
the biographic and non-linear calculus of the structures, due to seismic actions.
The calculus of plastic deformation capacity should be applied to the structural
members framed into Class 1 cross-sections, defined by the limit slenderness of the
section composing walls.
As regards the plastic deformation capacity, this subject has not been sufficiently
defined:
a) EUROCODE 3 [1], European Norm shows that "the elements which belong
to class "I" of cross sections, have enough capacity of plastic deformation, for the
structural analysis";
b) USA Norm [2J requires rotation capacities, depending on the distance between
the potential plastic articulations on the same structural member;
c) Romanian Norm PIOO-2006 [4J has not enough requirements regarding the
plastic deformation capacity.
The performed research consists in the provicling a proceclure to establish, by
calculus, essentially, the plastic cleformation capacity. in the areas being mainly
exposed to bending stress. The procedure is defined by the following aspects:
a) Determination of the potential-plastic zone length.
b) Determination of the conventional-elastic bending moment, which allows the
cletermination of the elastic- plastic rotation using integral calculus, using the elastic
inertial moment of the structural member.
c) The rotation capacity results, clepending on the static scheme of the strudural
1 1 1~ • 1 , • • .", . '- : I 1 ' •
36 Daniela Preda
d) The determination of the elastic- plastic rotation capacity allows, as well, the
evaluation of the capacity of dissipation of the seismic energy in relation to the elastic
limit state of the structural element behavior.
2. Classes of Cross-Sections for Structural Members
2.1. Cross-Section Class Definition
Depending on the slenderness of the compressed walls of the cross-section, four
classes of sections are defined for the structural members namely
a) Class 1 cross-sections. Structural members having cross-sections belonging
to Class 1 allow the formation and working of plastic articulations. The structures
made by Class 1 members allow the plastic-plastic calculus model, which means that
the determination of stresses inside the structure can be done in plastic and sections
verification can be done in plastic, as well. The potential plastic areas are made by
sections , which belong to Class l.
b) Class 2 cross sections. Structural members having cross-sections belonging
to Class 2 allow the formation of the plastic articulations having limited working
capacity. The structures made by Class 2 members allow the elastic-plastic calculus
model, which means that the determination of stresses inside the structure can be
done in elastic and sections verification can be done in plastic. The potential plas-
tic areas, made by sections, which belong to Class 2, allow the redistribution of a
maximum of 15% of the "peaks" of the bending momento
c) Class 3 cross sections. Structural members having cross sections belonging to
Class 3 allow the fiber flow only in the maximum stressed fiber. The structures made
by Class 3 members allow the elastic- elastic calculus model.
d) Class 4 cross sections. Structural members having cross sections belonging to
Class 4 allow the fiber flow only in the maximum stressed fiber of the active area
of the section. The structures made by Class 4 members allow the elastic-elastic
calculus model, taking into account only the active area of the section.
2.2. Structural Members Behaviour According to the Cross-Section Class
The structural members belonging to Class 1 cross sections enable the plastic
moment of the section (Mp), having the rotation capacity, () (Fig.1),
where ()p is the rotation corresponding to the cross-section design plastic momento
The structural members belonging to Class 2 cross-sections enable the plastic
moment of the section (Mp), having the rotation capacity
The structural members belonging to Class 3 cross-sections allow the elastic mo-
meIit of the section (Me).
Bul. Inst. Polit. I"'li , t. LIII (LVII), f. 1-2, 2007 37
The structural members belonging to Class 4 cross-sections allow the elastic ben-
ding moment of the active section (Mea), having the rotation capacity corresponding
to its elastic bending momento
M
----:I
I class 1 I
----,----
I class 21 I
-T----,-----,
I I class 3 I I
-r----T----~----~
I I I I
----+-----t-----;
I class41 I I
--~----+----~----4
I I I I
----~----+----~----~
I I I I
---L---_~ ____ ~ ____ ~
I I
____ L ____ ~ ____ I ____ I ~ .~
I I I I
L - - - - -__L-______J -______- L______-L_____ B/~
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Fig. 1.- Moment vs. rotation dependence according to the
cross section class.
3. Application Area of the Plastic Reserve of Structural Members
The structural members containing potential plastic areas are built from steel
having a distinctive drift leveI. Mechanical characteristics of the steel shall meet the
following requirements:
Rm
(1) R:;::: 1.25, é
m
é
e
>
-
20 , A ;::: 15%,
where: Rm is the minimum guaranteed tensile strengthj Re - m1ll1mUm guaran-
teed yield strengthj é m , é e - strains, corresponding to strengths Rm, respectively Rej
A - strain at rupture on a sp~cimen with an initial distance (Lo) between gauge
points, Lo = 5.65vfSoj So - initial area o~ the test sample section.
The cross-section of the structural member shall comply with
a) at least a mono-symmetric cross-section, in case of mono-axial bendingj sym- ;;~
metric axis shall be in the same plan as the loadj ,:.~.
b) bi-symmetric section in case of bi-axial bending.
The structural member is not subjected to twist strength.
The loads don't belong to the category of cyclic loads, which determine the fatigue
behavior. In the potential plastic areas concentrated loads shall not be applied.
38 Daniela Preda
The structural members, analysed in this paper, have a double T welded cross
section, bi-symmetric, and are shown in several options, regarding the static scheme.
4. Plastic Calculus Due to Combined Stresses
4.1. Limit Slenderness of the Structural Elements Walls
The plastic potential are as are made in the Class 1 cross-sections.
The limit slenderness of the bending e1ements (Fig.2) shall meet the following
conditions:
b' h
(2) -t <
- 9é:., .-:.. < 66 ê,
ti -
where: b' is the free width of the flange; t - the thickness of flange; h i , ti - the web
depth and thickness, respectively, é: = /240/ Rc.
The limit slendernesses of the compressed and bent elements (Fig.3) shall meet
the following requirements:
b' h
i 33
(3) -t <
- 9é: , - <-é:
- ,
ti a
where a bounds the compressed are a of the cross-section.
txb txb
R R
R R
Fig. 2.- Bent Fig. 3.- Compressed and bent
element - distribution of stresses. element - distribution of stresses.
4.2. Design Stress due to Single Loads
The design plastic shear resistance due to single shear load is determined with
relation
(4)
where: Rj is the share design stress, AI - the cross sectional area of the web.
Bul. Inst. Polit. Ia.§i, t. LIII (LVII), f. 1-2, 2007 39
The design plastic compression resistance due to single compression load is de-
termined with relation
(5) N p = AR,
'/I.-here: A is the cross sectional area, R - the design strength of steel.
The design plastic resistance moment due to bending load is obtained with
(6)
where l'~) is the plastic section modulus.
4.3. The Calculus of the Bent and Sheared Members
The bent and sheared members shall comply with the following checking condi-
tions (in the potential plastic areas)
T
(7) Tp ~ 0.5;
where: T and M are the effective shear force and effective bending moment, respec-
tively, in the section under consideration, and k r - the reduction coefficient due to
the presence of the shear load.
The k,. coefficient is deflned using the following method:
T
v=-;
Tp
and consequently
(8)
where: f3 = 2At! Ai is the material distribution coefficient on the cross section;
AI - area of a single flange; Ai - web area.
4.4. The Calculus of Compressed and Bent Members
The compressed and bent members shall comply with the following checking
conditions (in the potential plastic areas):
N . M
(9) Fip ~ 0.15; M ~ k"
p
where: N is the effective compression force and k r - the reduction coefficient due to
the presence ofaxial force.
The k r coefficient is deflned as it follows:
N
n=-,
Np
40 Daniela Preda
(10) 2/3 [ 1 ( ]
k, = 1 + 2,8 1 + 2/ial 2 - at) ,
wherc'
0'1 = 1 + (1 + ;3)n.
4.5. The Calculus of Compl'essed, Bended and Shared Members
The members having the internaI member forces N, T . M shall rneet, 1Il the
potential plastic areas, the following checking cri teria
N T M
(li) - . < 0.15;
\ .> - Tp ~ 0.5; -
M<_.k
p
r)
where kr is the reduction coefficient. This coefficient is defined uiiing the following
formulas:
T N
v- - ' n=-'
- T'
p .'Vp '
with
ai = k + (1 + ,8)n .
5. Simply Supported Member Having Concentrated Load
5.1. The Calculus of the Elastic Displacements (Fig.4)
The design elastic moment ano lhe design elastic force shall be calculateJ with
relations
Me = Pe [, 4 Me
Pe = __ o
4 [
The moment expre,, ~) ions for thc Ji splaccments calculus are
Inl = 0.25 - 0.5 ~ [ = (1 -- 2 00.2.5 [,
The elastic deflection is
Performing the calculus it results
_ 0.25 . Me [2.
(12) f,e - 3 EI
Eu!' Inst. Polit . Ia§i, t. LIII (LVII) , f. 1-2, 2007 41
The elastic rotation is
21
J(1- 2~)Me d~
0.5
(13) 2f) = EI
O
resulting
5.2. Th(~ Calculus of the Elastic- Plastic Displacements (Fig. 5)
- - - - - --x -x
I;pl çpl
2';' 1
J
J x=ql I
I
I
!
I Aie
I
'~' .I1=(1 - 2,)M,
f~tM=(I-21;)Me 2Mp f I . t2Mp
2Me ,
-1- : . II~Mec ;1
0.5
:--==b=-i
I
t
'I
: 02~l
I
m,=(Hç)O.25/
0.5
!
0.5
1
I
t
I
I
i
I
I
I
0.251
t'
I
.
0.5
ml= (1- 21;)0.25
I
. I
I I
I : , I( 111/1/1111/1:lll/ll/lllil)1 m?=1
1 111111111111,11111111111,)1
(
m2=1 I
I
~,~r~
{~ ~
f;,
Fig. 4.- Elastic displacements Fig. 5.- Elastic - plastic displacement
for a simply supported member. for a sim pie supported beam.
The bending moment and the capable-elastic load have the following equations,
respectively:
Ppl P _ 4Mp .
MI' = T; p - I
The moment expressions for the displacements calculus are
mj = (1 - 2Ç) 0.251; T/12 = 1.
The length of the elastic- plastic area results from relation
wh~re
42 Daniela Preda
and consequently
(14) çp = 0.5 ( 1 - Me)
Mp = 0.5 (1 2 1+
- 3" . 1 + 3(3)
2(3
The elastic- plastic bending moment (Fig.6) in the range [O, çp] is done by
The elastic area height (Fig. 6) in the range [O, çp] results from relation
Mep = M; 1
1- 3 (1+2(3)
(C)2
h =1-2ç,
that is
* = )6(1 + 2(3)ç.
The expression of conventional elastic bending moment (Fig. 7) in the range
[O, çp] results from
Mec
Fig. 6.- Distribution of stres~es from Fig. 7.- Distribution of stresses from the
the elastic-plastic bending momento conventional elastic bending momento
R
with
0.5h 0.5c'
consequently
M _ WeR _ Me _ (1 - çp)Mp . _1 .
ec - c/h - c/h - )6(1 + 2Ç) .j(
Denoting
k _ 1 - çp
(15)
1 - )6(1 + 2(3)
it results finally
Bu!' Inst. Polit. Ia§i , t. LIII (LVII), f. 1-2, 2007 43
The elastic- plastic deflection in the range [O, ~pJ is
Performing the calculus it results
Denoting
(16) .
it results
M f2
f ep = k1 k2 II '
The elastic deflectioh in the range [~p, 0,5J is
2f 2
fe = EI J(1 - 2~)Mp(1
0.5
- 2~) 0,25 de,
~p
Denoting
(17)
we obtain
M f2
fe = k3 II '
The elastic- plastic deflection in the range [- 0,5, +0,5J is
(18)
The elastic- plastic rotation in the interval [O, ~pJ is
namely
(19)
44 Daniela Preda
The elastic rotation in the range [çp, 0.5] is
2l
2Bep = EI J
0.5
çp
(1 - 2ç)Mp dç z.e.
and
(20)
The elastic-plastic rotation in the range [O, 0.5] is
(21 )
6. ConclusÍons
A procedure for evaluating by calculus the capacity of elastic-plastic deformation
of the steel structural members is described. The procedure underlines the parame-
ters which determine the elastic-plastic deformation capacity: the cross-section ge-
ometry, the static and the load scheme of the structural member. In the future, the
research can be developed by analysing the plastic deformation capacity, by shearing
and by experimental analysis, which shall demonstrate the hypothesis of the calculus
procedure summarized in this papeI. Numerical examples based on the theoretical
development obtained will be published in a future papeI.
Received, Ap1'il 23, 2007 Technical Unive1'sity of
Const1'uctions, Bucha1'est
REFERENCES
1. • • • Design of Steel St1'uctures. Part 101 General Rules for Buildings (EN 1993 - 1-1),
EUROCODE 3, Version 2006.
2.••• Load and Resistance Facto1' Design. Specification for St1'uctural Steel Buildings. AISC,
1986.
3 . ••• Cha1'pantes en Acie1'. (Limit States). NBN - B51 - 002, Belgium, 1988.
4 .••• Earthquake Design Code. Part One, PIOO - 1, 2006.
CAPACITATEA DE DEFORMARE PLASTICÃ A ELEMENTELOR
STRUCTURALE DIN OTEL SUPUSE LA ACTIUNEA SEISMICÃ
(Rezumat)
Se propune un procedeu de detf'rminare prin calcul a capacitatii de rotire elasto-plastica
a [Link] structuralf' din otel. Calculul capacitatii df' rotire este foarte important pentru
proiectar<''l strncturilor din otel, expusf' actiunii seismice. Procedeul de calcul se bazeaza pe mo-
mentul in('ovúidor f'lastic-conventional in evaluarea cap'lcitatii de rotire elasto plasticã. Procedeul
a fost aplicat pe doua tipuri de f'lementf' ~[Link]~ iar unele eXf'mplifi6íri vor fi prf'7 pntatp ir tr ,.,
lucrare vi ii (la r '~.