Name:_____Patricia Acra__________________________________ Class Period:____ Due Date:___/____/____

Guided Reading & Analysis: Territorial and Economic Expansion,

1830-1860 Chapter 12- Manifest Destiny pp 230-240
Reading
Assignment:
Ch. 12 AMSCO or
other resource covering
1830-1860

Purpose:
This guide is not only a
place to record notes as
you read, but also to
provide a place and
structure for reflections
and analysis using your
noggin (thinking skills)
with new knowledge
gained from the reading. This guide, if THOUGHFULLY completed in its entirety BOP (Beginning of Period) by the due date, can be used on the
corresponding quiz as well as earn up to 10 bonus points. In addition, completed guides provide the student with the ability to correct a quiz for ½ points back! The
benefits of such activities, however, go far beyond quiz help and bonus points. ☺ Mastery of the course and AP exam await all who choose to process the
information as they read/receive. This is an optional assignment. So… young Jedi… what is your choice? Do? Or do not? There is no try. (image captured from
[Link])

Directions:
1. Pre-Read: Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter.
2. Skim: Flip through the chapter and note titles and subtitles. Look at images and read captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read. 3.
Read/Analyze: Read the chapter. If you have your own copy of AMSCO, Highlight key events and people as you read. Remember, the goal is not to “fish” for
a specific answer(s) to reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order to critically understand what you read! 4. Write Write (do not type) your
notes and analysis in the spaces provided. Complete it in INK!

Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 5:

Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the
Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic,
cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.
Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and
secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

The idea of manifest destiny fueled the continued American expansion westward. Americans from the time of the Puritans spoke of America as a community with a
divine mission… and in the 1830s… this notion of “God’s Plan” developed into “Manifest Destiny.” Political leaders and Protestant missionary organizations
fervently supported expansion. In 1845 Democratic newspaperman John O’Sullivan wrote that the most critical need for America was “…the fulfillment of our
manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.”

Section 1 Overview, page 229

Read the overview of the era, and then complete the statements below.
Manifest Destiny led to the territorial acquisitions through…

[Link]

[Link]

3. War

Expansion and slavery led to continued sectionalism and eventual Civil War because…

1. Politics

2. Economics

[Link]
The Union won the Civil War which led to…

Confrontations between executive and legislative branches

Confrontations between federal and state governments

Opposing Views… Consider the following three questions for this unit of study:
1. Was the Civil War an unavoidable conflict over slavery, or was it caused by a failure of leadership?
2. Was it about states rights and federal power, or was it about moral issues?
3. Was Reconstruction successful because slavery ended and African Americans received Civil Rights and suffrage, or was it a failure that
required another reform movement 100 years later?

Section 2 Guided Reading, pp 230-240

1. Intro: Territorial and Economic Expansion, 1830-1860 page 230
Key Concepts & Notes
Main Ideas

The idea of Read the John L. O’Sullivan quote at the top of the page as well as the first two paragraphs.
Manifest Destiny,
which Explain how O’Sullivan’s quote supports or refutes the key concept at left.
asserted U.S.
power in the
Western His quote shows White superiority and nativism. It endorsed americans to go
Hemisphere and
supported U.S. westward due to it being their birthright from god it showed how he viewed americans
expansion
westward, was as superior, which led to the argument that slavery should be allowed on the new
built on a belief
in white racial frontier
superiority and a
sense of American
cultural
superiority, and
helped to shape
the era’s political
debates.
In the 1840s-1850s… Manifest Destiny played out by…

Americans wanted all of the lands west like on the west coast and near Mexican territory.
2. Guided Reading Continued, pp 230-233, Conflicts Over Texas, Maine, and Oregon
As you read the chapter, jot down your notes in the middle column. Consider your notes to be elaborations on the Objectives and
Main Ideas presented in the left column and in the subtitles of the text. INCLUDE IN YOUR NOTES ALL SIGNIFICANT VOCABULARY
AND PEOPLE. After read and take notes, thoughtfully, analyze what you read by answering the questions in the right column.
Remember this step is essential to your processing of information. Completing this guide thoughtfully will increase your retention as
well as your comprehension!

Key Notes Analysis

Concepts
& Main
Ideas

Enthusias Conflicts Over Texas, Maine, and Oregon… List and explain the motives behind
m for expansion into Texas, Oregon, and
U.S. Texas… Main.
territorial
The main result of americans migrating to oregon
expansion Some motives behind the
(britain), and texas (Mexico) was because the U.S.
fueled by expansion would be that
wanted to expand westward
economic Americans were already
and settled in Texas, which made
national it a very valuable land to the
security U.S. and they wanted it to
interests become many slave states.
and Orgeon and Maine were
supported fertile farming lands that
by could be very beneficial to
claims of American agriculture as a
U.S. Revolt and Independence… whole.
racial and
cultural
superiorit
y,
resulted
in war,
the In 1823 Mexico hoped to attract settlers to farm
opening texas. Most Austin obtained a grant but died before
of he could recruit Americans to settle in the land. HIs
new son, Stephen Austin succeeded in bringing 100
markets, Support or refute President Andrew
families in texas. In 1829 Mexico outlawed slavery
acquisition Jackson’s reasoning behind refusing to
and required immigrants to convert to Roman
of admit Texas. Make sure your response
catholicism. Settlers refused and Mexico closed
new has specific evidence.
Texas to more settlers, but Americans ignored this.
territory,
and
increase
d
ideologica
l
conflicts.

Andrew Jackson had a very good

reason to not annex texas. At this
current time period there were an even
number of free and slave states, so
adding Texas, a territory that could
equal 4 slave states would throw off the
balance.

Annexation Denied…

The first president of Texas, Houston, applied

to U.s. to be added to the US. The president put of

texas' request because of debates over the

expansion of slavery. The next president, John
Tyler, (1841) was worried about the growing
influence of the British in Texas. The US. senate
rejected his treaty of annexation in 1844
Continued on next page…
 Enthusiasm Boundary Dispute in Maine… In a letter to Stephen F. Austin from John Durst, Durst
for U.S. asks, “We have received by the last mail a Decree Given
territorial by the executive of our Government Liberating all the
the Aroostook war. The conflict was resolved in the Slaves in its territory… in the Name of God, what Shall
expansion
we do? For God’s sake advise me on the subject by the
fueled by return of mail. We are ruined forever Should this
economic Webster Ashburton treaty of 1842. This treaty also measure be adopted.”
and
national settled the boundary of minnesota To what extent was the Texas War for Independence
security caused by slavery? Explain your answer and identify
interests and an alternate view.
supported by
claims of
U.S. racial I have seen the word extent
and
cultural
on like 42% of these
superiority,
resulted in
war, the
questions and I don't even
opening of
new
ary Dispute in Oregon… ​ think I know what it means
markets,
acquisition at this point.
of new
territory,
and
increased
ideological
conflicts.

A British - American dispute involving [Link]

one time the territory was claimed by Great Britain
and America at the same time. Britain based its
Compare and contrast the causes and effects of
claim on the fur trade however there were fewer the Aroostook War with the Texas War for
than a thousand British living there. The US based Independence.
its claim on the discovery of columbia, the
expedition of Lewis and Clark, and the fur trading
post in astoria georgia. The Americans succeed in
causing America to catch Oregon fever and travel
to the Oregon trail. In 1844 many Americans
believed in manifest destiny. Expansionists hoped
to persuade Mexico to give up california.

The Aroostook war was mainly

about the fur trade while the texas
war was about the slave trade and
the eventuality of the annexation of
texas. They had some similarities
though, They both caused land to be
divided due to the rights of
economic activity.
 Annexing Texas and Dividing Oregon…

President John Tyler took the election of Polk as a

sign to push the annexation of Texas. Tyler
persuaded congress to pass for annexation. Polk was
left with the problem of dealing with Mexico's
reaction to annexation. Rather than fighting for
Oregon the president settled for just the southern
half. Negotiators agree to divide Oregon at the 49th
parallel. In June 1846 the treaty was submitted to the
Senate for ratification. Northerners viewed the treaty
Explain the key difference between the two
as a sellout Democrats, Andrew Jackson and James K. Polk on
the issue of territorial expansion.

I feel the key difference would be that

Polk actually had some guts and
added Texas and Oregon, while
Jackson was a coward who did not
want to escalate the tension between
the north and the south.
Continued on next page…

What was the impact of the “dark horse” victory?

It gave hope for third parties since Polk

was such an underrated candidate. It also
proved how important voting actually is
since Clay's views of annexing Texas split
up voters.
 Enthusiasm Song Title: James K. Polk James K. Polk made 5 promises in his 1844
for U.S. campaign: 1. to acquire California from Mexico,
territorial In 1844, the Democrats were split 2. to settle the Oregon dispute,
The three nominees for the presidential candidate 3. to lower the tariff,
expansion
4. to establish a sub-treasury, and
fueled by Were Martin Van Buren, a former president and an
5. to retire from the office after 4 years.
economic abolitionist
and James Buchanan, a moderate Did he keep his promises?
national Louis Cass, a general and expansionist
security From Nashville came a dark horse riding up
interests and He was James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump
supported by Polk did keep his promises,
claims of Austere, severe, he held few people dear
U.S. racial His oratory filled his foes with fear He acquired California,
and The factions soon agreed
cultural He's just the man we need settled the Oregon dispute,
superiority, To bring about victory
resulted in Fulfill our manifest destiny lowered tariffs, established a
war, the And annex the land the Mexicans command
opening of And when the votes were cast the winner was sub-treasury, and retired
new Mister James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump
markets, after 4 years
acquisition In four short years he met his every goal
of new He seized the whole southwest from Mexico
territory, Made sure the tariffs fell
and And made the English sell the Oregon territory
increased He built an independent treasury
ideological Having done all this he sought no second term
conflicts. But precious few have mourned the passing of
Mister James K. Polk, our eleventh president Contextualize the Song at left.
Young Hickory, Napoleon of the Stump (see Contextualization writing activities in your notebook or on
the website for directions if you are not sure how to
Written and Performed by: They Might Be Giants contextualize)

Local Context:

The Local Context was to tell the public

about the actions done by Pols and how
he was able to fulfill his promises to them
and how he was the "dark horse" victory

Broad Context:

The broad context was to show what

actions were done by Polk, and give
awareness of the consequences of these
actions
 Other Context:

The other context would be that the U.S.

is getting moreland gained by Polk.

3. War with Mexico, pp 233-235

Key Notes Analysis
Concepts &
Main Ideas

Enthusiasm for War with Mexico… Support or refute the claim that Mexico incited war
U.S. territorial by killing 11 Americans. Defend your answer with
expansion Annexation of Texas led to trouble with Mexico. specific evidence.
fueled by Polk wanted Sedell to persuade Mexico to sell
economic and Mexico did incite war by
California and New Mexico and settle the dispute
national killing 11 Americans,
security over the mexican- Texas border. This mission failed.
because the U.S. would not
interests and The Mexican government refused to sell texas.
supported by have declared war if they did
claims of U.S. not have to prove themselves
racial and and fight back.
cultural
superiority,
resulted in war,
the opening of
new markets,
acquisition of
new territory,
and increased Immediate Causes of the War…
ideological
conflicts

While Slidell waited for Mexico's response, General

Zachary Taylor moved his army toward the Rio
Grande. On April 24, 1846 a Mexican army
captured an American army patrol, killing 11.
Whigs opposed war and doubted that American
blood was shed on American soil
Continued on next page…
The Military Campaigns… Explain the political, geographic, and cultural impact
acquisition of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
of new -Most of the war was fought in Mexico by small
territory in American armies. General Stephen Kearny The political impact is that
the West and succeeded in taking Sante Fe and southern it was caused by the
the U.S. california. John C. Fremont overthrew Mexico in differences between the
victory in California (June 1846) Zachary Taylor's 6,000 men Mexicans and Americans.
the Mexican drove the Mexican army from texas. President Polk Mainly because a certain
American mexican dictator, *cough*
selected Winfield Scott to invade mexico. Scott
War were general Lopez *cough *stated that
accompanied
succeeded in taking Vera Cruz and Mexico city in
september 1847 Texas was independent without
by a heated
controversy
actually consulting the real mexican
over allowing
government. The
or forbidding geographical change was
slavery in that the U.S. expanded into
newly
acquired
territories.
Consequences of the

war was a disaster. After the fall of mexico city, the

government had to agree to U.S. terms

To what extent was the Treaty of

Guadalupe Hidalgo a turning point in
American history? Defend your answer
with specific evidence.

It was a huge turning point

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)…
because it literally caused the U.S.
to gain almost half of Mexico's
territory. This also increased the
This treaty provided for the following: Rio slavery issue as they fought over
grande as the border of texas. and The united states which side these new states would
choose
would take possession of california and new mexico
 for 15 million dollars. Whigs opposed the treaty

because it symbolized an effort to expand slavery.

Wilmot Proviso…

In 1846 David Wilmot proposed that a bill be added

to forbid slavery in new territories from mexico it
was defeated in the Senate

Prelude to Civil War?...

Increasing tensions lead to the civil war. Western

lands renewed the debate over slavery.

4. Manifest Destiny to the South, pp 235-236

Key Concepts Notes Analysis
& Main Ideas

The United States Manifest Destiny in the South… Compare and contrast William
became more Walker’s expansionist goals,
connected with the Southerners were not satisfied with the methods, and
effectiveness to that of James K. Polk’s.
world as it territorial gains from the Mexican war. In 1850 they Answer thoughtfully with specific
pursued an hoped to acquire new territories. The most tempting evidence.
expansionist foreign
cuba
policy in the Western
William Walker's
Hemisphere and
emerged as the expansionist goals were to
destination for capture all of Central
many migrants Ostend Manifesto… America (I literally had to
from other retype America like 50 times
countries. cause I kept misspelling it)
President Polk offer to purchase Cuba for Walker's methods were
achieved through force while
Pols wanted to persuade
100 million dollars, but Spain refused. Southerners congress to support the
annexation of texas. Pol and
Walker were effective, but
led expeditions to cuba. However they were easily without each other they
would not have completed
their plans.
defeated and executed. Franklin Pierce dispatched

three Americans to buy Cuba from spain. President

Pierce was forced to drop the scheme after it was

leaked to the press.

Walker Expedition…

William Walker tried unsuccessfully to take

California from Mexico in 1853. Finally, he took over

Nicaragua in 1855. His scheme to develop a

proslavery american empire collapsed. Walker was

executed by honduran authorities in 1860.

Continued on next page…

U.S. interest in Explain the economic significance of
expanding trade Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)… Clayton-Bulwer and Gadsden
Purchase.
led to economic,
Great Britain and the U.S. agreed to a treaty
diplomatic, and They were the first acts
cultural initiatives
in 1850. The clayton-Bulwer treaty provided that
neither nation would take control of any canal route that allowed for the U.S. to
westward to Asia. build canals in Central
in central america. A new treaty signed in 1901 the
hay-pauncefote treaty gave the United states a free America and the ladder and
hand to build the canal. build railroads to the west.

What was Seward’s purchase of

Gadsden Purchase… Alaska called “Seward’s Folly?”

Was it actually brilliant? Explain

your answer.

President Pierce succeeded in adding a strip

Because the secretary of

of land for a railroad. In 1853 Mexico agreed to sell state Seward was the one

who agreed to purchase

thousands of acres to the US for 10 million dollars.

Alaska. and it was called

folly because the people

Expansion After the Civil War… thought the purchase was a

The issues of slavery overshadowed the drive
to acquire new territory. Manifest destiny continued
to be a force for shaping US policy. In 1867 secretary horrible decision.
of state william seward succeeded in purchasing
alaska.
5. Settlement of the Western Territories, pp236-238
Key Concepts & Notes Analysis
Main Ideas

Westward Settlement of the Western Territories… Make sure you understand the following terms!
expansion,
migration to and Immigration: to move into a
-The area between the Mississippi and Pacific country in order to settle there, crossing a
within the United
States, and the the coast was known as the great American desert. political boundary, and usually making a
permanent move from one nation to another
end of slavery Emigrants passed over this region to reach lands on
reshaped North the east coast. California and Oregon were settled Emigration: to move out of
American one country or region to settle in another
boundaries and decades before the great plains.
caused conflicts Migration: to move within a defined boundary.
over American For example, American Mormons migrated
cultural from the Old Northwest to Utah.
identities,
citizenship, and Look at the map on page 235. List each
the question of trail illustrated on the map, and explain
extending and Fur Traders’ Frontier… ​ why people were migrating. Be sure
protecting rights your explanation has specific
for various information.
groups of U.S.
inhabitants.
1. Oregon, because it
Fur traders also known as mountain men were
Asian, African
American, and contained very fertile land
white peoples
sought new
economic that had not been destroyed
opportunities or the earliest group to open far west. In the 1820s they
religious refuge
in the West, by mankind yet.
efforts
that were
boosted 2.
during and would trade with natives in the rockies.
after
the Civil War California, because of the
with the
passage of new
legislation illusion that they would
promoting
national
economic become rich from gold.
development.

3.

Overland Trails… Sante Fe, because it had

large cities that had stable

living environments

The next group of pioneers took the journey 4.

 Mormon, because it

provided clean supplies for

west in hopes of clearing forests of California and pioneers.

2.
Oregon. The long trek usually began in Missouri or

3.

Iowa and followed the river valleys through the Great

4.

plains. Months later the wagons would reach the

Rockies to face the western desserts. The final

the challenge was to get through the mountains. A wagon

only rode 15 miles a day.

Mining Frontier…

The discovery of gold in 1848 set off many migrations to

the

west. The gold rush to California was followed by gold

rushes in

other western territories. Mining camps sprang up wherever

a

discovery was reported as a result of the gold rush

California's
population soared to 300,000 by 1860. Almost ⅓ of minors
were

Chinese

Farming Frontier…

Families would move west to start farming.

Preemption acts of 2830s and 1840s gave squatters

the right to settle lands. The government made it

easier for settlers by offering lands as small as 40

 acres

(that's lowkey a lot I think we only own like 20 )

A family needed at least $300 to make the trip. The

isolation made life for pioneers difficult but rural

communities soon developed.

Urban Frontier…

6. The Expanding Economy, pp238-239

Key Concepts & Main Ideas Notes Analysis
 U.S. interest in The Expanding Economy… How did industrial technology impact sectionalism?
expanding trade led to
economic, diplomatic, Industrial Technology…
and cultural initiatives
westward to Asia.

U.S. interest in
expanding trade led to
economic,
diplomatic, and cultural
initiatives westward to Asia. Railroads…

(this material also links Compare and contrast the impact of the
into your Period 4 Northeastern canal system to the impact of
Content pre Civil War railroad development.
Outline)

Intensified by
expansion and
deepening regional
divisions, debates over Foreign Commerce…
slavery and other
economic, cultural, and
political issues led the
1.
nation into civil war.
How did Railroad expansion impact
The North’s expanding 2.
economy and its
increasing reliance on a
free-labor 3.
manufacturing
economy contrasted
with the South’s 4. sectionalism? How did the Panic of 1857
dependence on an
economic system
characterized by slave 5.
based agriculture and
Panic of 1857…
slow population
growth.
impact sectionalism?

7. Historical Perspectives: What Caused Manifest Destiny? pp 239-240

Traditional Historical Analysis of Manifest Destiny Modern Historical Analysis of Manifest Destiny
Historical Perspectives continued…
“Of all the countries in history that have been robbed, Mexico was neither the most nor the least deserving. On one had, it had been the legitimate,
acknowledged owner of the western part of North America all the way up to Oregon and Colorado since 1540, when Francisco Vazquez de Coronado first
claimed the area for Spain. On the other hand, Mexico never really ‘did’ anything with the place. In 1821 the entire Mexican population of Alta California,
Nevada, and most of Arizona and Utah was just 3,270, while Texas only had 2,500 Mexicans... By 1836 there were about 30,000 [Americans] in Texas
versus 3,500 Mexicans. In California, by 1850 there were 60,000 … versus… 7,000 (along with about 1,000 African-Americans and 22,000 foreign
immigrants).” Source: The Mental Floss History of the United States by Erik Sass

Does this knowledge support or refute the notion that the Mexican-American War was inevitable? Defend your answer.

In your view, what was the main reason for Manifest How have modern views impacted the nation?
Destiny? Rugged Individualism and Pioneer Spirit? Has it led to improved race relations?
Providence? Has it led to improved curriculum?
Racism and White Supremacy? Has it led to more or less conflict?
Economic Development (money)? Is this a good thing?
Defend your view.

“Fort Ross, located about 90 miles north of San Francisco, marked the southern-most limit of Russian territory in North America. It was founded in 1812
by the Russian-American Company as an agricultural colony to feed Russian fur trappers in Alaska. With a population of 250 at its peak, Fort Ross was
actually the central hub for a number of even smaller outposts as far south as Bodega Bay and the Farallon Islands, located 40 miles north and 18 miles
west of San Francisco, respectively. The Russians dismantled the colony in 1841. But Mexico was still worried about the threat of Russian expansion in
their land, so they invited Anglo-American settlers to California as a buffer against Russian expansion from Alaska. The Mexican government also
considered inviting Chinese colonists and Irish famine refugees to California.” Source: The Mental Floss History of the United States by Erik Sass

Does this information support or refute the view that American dominance then annexation of California was in the best long term interests of the
North America. Explain your reasoning.

8. Map-o-Fun! secured each part of our nation represented on the map below. Highlight or
NAME – YEAR – METHOD… color each region a different color. See Unit 4 page of website for more notes
Label each significant piece of land and explain when and how America and a map to help.
Caption:
(summarize how and why the country grew)

Reading Guide written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High School

Sources include but are not limited to: 2015 edition of AMSCO’s United States History Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination,
2015 Revised College Board Advanced Placement United States History Framework, and other sources as cited in document and collected/adapted over 20 years of teaching and collaborating..