A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
SNAKE SPECIES IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION

A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the academic

requirements for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING
Submitted By

CHELIMELA RAJU
(21UE1A7319

Under the Guidance of

[Link]
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

TRINITY COLLEGE OF ENGINERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad Karimnagar-

505001) 2021-2025

I
 TRINITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad &Approved by AICTE)
Bommakal,Karimnagar–505001,Telangana

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the Mini Project entitled “SNAKE SPECIES

IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION” being submitted by CHELIMELA

RAJU (21UE1A7319) in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING and
is a record of bonafide the work carried out him under my guidance and supervision. The result
embodied in this seminar report has not been submitted to other institutions for the award of any
degree.

[Link] Mr. R. SRIDHAR [Link] SINGH

Assistant professor HOD PRINCIPAL

Dept of AIML

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure to express our deepest sense of gratitude and indebtedness, to our
Mini Project guide to” [Link]”, Asst. Professor for having been a constant inspiration,
precious guidance and generous assistance during the Mini project

We deem it is a privilege to have worked under his able guidance, without his close
monitoring and valuable suggestions this work would not have taken this shape, we feel that his
help is Un substitutable and unforgettable.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Dr. Nagendra Singh, Principal,
Karimnagar for providing the college facilities for the completion of the project

We profoundly thankful to Mr. R. Sridhar, Head of AIML Dept, for his co-operation and
encouragement

I express my sincere thanks to Sri. DASARI PRASHANTH REDDY, Chairman of

TRINITY GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, for this continuous care.

Finally, We thank all the faculty members, supporting staff of AIML, and Friends for their
kind co-operation and valuable help for completing the project.

CHELIMELA RAJU
(21UE1A7319)

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 INDEX
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO

LIST OF FIGURES V

LIST OF SCREENSHOTS VI

ABSTRACT 1

[Link] 2
1.1Existing System 3
1.2 Proposed System 4
5-6
[Link] SURVEY
7-8
[Link] STUDY

3.1 Feasibility Study 7

[Link] SPECIFICATIONS 9

4.1 Software Requirements 9

4.2 Hardware Requirements 9

[Link] DESIGN 10-14

5.1 System Architecture 10
6. SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT 15-42
7. Code 43-48

[Link] TESTING 49-52

[Link] 53-61
10. CONCLUSION
62
11. REFERENCES 63

IV
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES FIGURE .NO [Link]

System Architecture 1 10

Use Case Diagram 2 12

Class Diagram 3 13

Sequence Diagram 4 13

Collaboration Diagram 5 14

Official Python Website 6 35

Download Tab 7 36

Python For Windows 8 36

Windows x86 Installer 9 37

Download Python Version 10 38

Install Python 11 38

Python Setup 12 39

Command Prompt 13 40

Python Version Check 14 40

Working of Python IDLE 15 41

Save Files In Python 16 41

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 LIST OF SCREENSHOTS

FIGURES [Link] [Link]

Dataset 17 53

Images 18 54

Project Interface 19 55

Upload Snake Species Dataset 20 56

Display Names of Each Species 21 56

Preprocess Dataset 22 57

Train DenseNet169 And 23 58

Confusion Matrix

DenseNet169 Training Graph 24 59

Snake Species Classification 25 60

Recognition of Snake Species 26 60

Recognition of Snake Species 1 27 61

Recognition of Snake Species 2 28 61

VI
 Snake Species Identification & Recognition

ABSTRACT

Snake Species Identification is a challenge as erroneous snake identification from the

perceptible traits is a prime reason of death because of snake bites. The main objective of the
proposed system is to be able to identify snake species from their visual traits in order to provide
suitable treatment, thus preventing subsequent deaths. The proposed system involves techniques
based on Image Processing, Convolution Neural Networks and Deep Learning to achieve the
mentioned purpose. CNN has been highly used in automatic image classification system. In most
cases, extracting features and utilizing them for classification. Deep learning successfully
achieves recognition of objects in images as it is implemented using artificial neural networks.
Image classification tasks have seen a rise with the introduction of deep learning techniques. So
far, no automated method for classification has been suggested to categorize snakes. The system
that would be developed will be useful to recognize snake species correctly and thus take
necessary action.

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 1. Introduction:

The WHO report states that around 5.4 million people suffer from snake bites annually, causing
1.8 to 2.7 million cases of envenomings(poisoning). Despite the many efforts, automated snake
species recognition is a challenging task because of the similarities in the characteristics of the
species such as texture, colour, head shape. Deep learning has enabled automatic learning of
these characteristics as features. Along with this, Transfer Learning solves the practical issues
related to usage of large amount of computational time and resources. The proposed system,
using the above mentioned techniques, aims to fulfil the desired objective of recognizing snake
species within less time. Pranalini Joshi et al [1] have proposed a system to recognize the snake
species accurately in less time. In this project, the proposed system uses a MobileNetv2 based
architecture for identifying snake species. Francis Jesmar P. Montalbo et al [2] have used the
concept of pre trained model to classify fish species which provided the basis for the snake
species classification .

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 1.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:

One disadvantage of implementing CNN on a small dataset is that it results in overfitting. To

overcome this problem, the size of the training data can be increased, but it is difficult as well as
expensive. In such a scenario, Transfer Learning is very useful with the use of Deep CNN [7].
Transfer learning is a machine learning procedure which allows us to create a new architecture
using a pre-trained deep representation of a source architecture. We rely on the features and
concepts already learned during the basic model training. Hence, the reason for implementing
Transfer learning is that it has the advantage of reducing the training time for a neural network
model and also results in a lower generalization error.

DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM :

1) Less accuracy

2)low Efficiency

3
 1.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM :

Snakes are highly diverse, and snake biologists still document and describe snake diversity,
with a mean of 30 new species described annually since the year 2000. Taxonomically, snakes
are categorized into 24 families, containing 528 genera and 3,709 species. Our database is
composed of around 3050 RGB images of varying size, split into 28 species. Only a couple of
the taxonomically relevant features are beneficial for snake species identification which are
crucial in enhancing the accuracy of snake identification and classification [13]. Following are
the major components of our proposed architecture of the system: • Preprocessing: In this step,
GrabCut algorithm is applied to the images and data augmentation is performed. • Training: The
system is trained to perform classification. • Classification: Pre-trained model is combined with
the classifier to predict class labels.

ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM :

1) High accuracy

2)High efficiency

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 2. LITERATURE SURVEY:

Snake species recognition using tensor flow machine learning algorithm and effective convey
system.

AUTHOR:

Rohan Sapkal

ABSTRACT:

Snake plays an important role in the ecosystem. Recognition of the snake species is necessary
for planning treatment, but it is not always feasible. Snakebite is may be fatal, local information
about snake may not be enough to identify the snake species. Attempt to capture an offending
snake or kill the snake is not recommended also dangerous. Proposed system is introduced to
recognize the snake species accurately in less time. In addition to this effective convey system is
integrated to convey snake species to nearest snake catcher and emergency centre.

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TITLE:

Underwater snake species classi cation using convolutional neural network and deep
learning. International Conference of Advances in Pattern Recognition

AUTHOR:

Sushant Jain Dhruv Rathi and Dr. S. Indu

ABSTRACT:

The target of this paper is to recommend a way for Automated classification of Fish species. A
high accuracy fish classification is required for greater understanding of fish behavior in
Ichthyology and by marine biologists. Maintaining a ledger of the number of fishes per species
and marking the endangered species in large and small water bodies is required by concerned
institutions. Majority of available methods focus on classification of fishes outside of water
because underwater classification poses challenges such as background noises, distortion of
images, the presence of other water bodies in images, image quality and occlusion. This method
uses a novel technique based on Convolutional Neural Networks, Deep Learning and Image
Processing to achieve an accuracy of 96.29%. This method ensures considerably discrimination
accuracy improvements than the previously proposed methods.

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 [Link] STUDY

3.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY:

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with
a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the
feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed
system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the
major requirements for the system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

3.2 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development
of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well
within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely
available. Only the customized products had to be purchased

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3.3 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements
of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical
resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to
high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement,
as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.

3.4 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes
the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by
the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely
depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him
familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some
constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

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 4. SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS :

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

4.1 HARDWARE REQUIRMENTS :

 System : i3 or above.

 Ram : 4 GB.

 Hard Disk : 40 GB

4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS :

 Operating system : Windows8 or Above.

 Coding Language : python

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 [Link] DESIGN :

5.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE :

Fig.1 System Architecture

[Link] DIAGRAMS :

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general- purpose
modeling language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is managed,
and was created by, the Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of object
oriented computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two major components: a
Meta-model and a notation. In the future, some form of method or process may also be added to;
or associated with, UML.

The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, Visualization,

Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as well as for business modeling

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and other non-software systems.

The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven
successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software and the
software development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the design
of software projects.

GOALS:

The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:

1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that they can
develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.

5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.

6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations,

frameworks, patterns and components.
7. Integrate best practices.

5.3 USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of behavioral
diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical
overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as
use cases), and any dependencies between those use cases. The main purpose of a use case
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diagram

12
is to show what system functions are performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the system
can be depicted.

upload satellite image

run post cnn algorithm

user

upload test image & extract chip

view output

Fig.2 Use case diagram

5.4 CLASS DIAGRAM:

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type
of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's
classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the classes. It
explains which class contains information.

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 Fig.3 Class Diagram

5.5 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction diagram

that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a construct of a
Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams, event
scenarios, and timing diagrams.

user dataset

view
output

Fig.4 Sequence Diagram

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5.6 COLLABRATION DIAGRAM:

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and

actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language,
activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and operational step-by-step workflows of
components in a system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.

Fig.5 Collaboration diagram

1: upload satellite image

dataset 2: run post cnn

algorithm
3: upload test image & extract chip
4: view output

user 1
Dataset

IMPLEMENTATION:
MODULES:
Upload satellite image
dataset Run post cnn algorithm
Upload test image & extract
chip
View output

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 6. SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT :

What is Python :

Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python programs

generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google,
Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used
for the following –

 Machine Learning

 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )

 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)

 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)

 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)

 Test frameworks

 Multimedia

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 Advantages of Python :-

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries
Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes
like regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading,
databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the
complete code for that manually.

2. Extensible
As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write
some of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable
Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your
Python code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting
capabilities to our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity
The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more
productive than languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less
and get more things done.

5. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future
bright for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.
When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But
in Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and
code. This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other
more verbose languages like Java.

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6. Readable
Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading
English. This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not
need curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the
readability of the code.

7. Object-Oriented
This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming
paradigms. While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model
the real world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

8. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download
Python for free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even
distribute it. It downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your
tasks.

9. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some
changes to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python.
Here, you need to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once
Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any
system- dependent features.

10. Interpreted
Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed
one by one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.

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Advantages of Python Over Other Languages :

1. Less Coding
Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is
done in other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t
have to search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many
people suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable
Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can
leverage the free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely
used so it gives you better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the most
popular programming language category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows.
Programmers need to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can
professionally build web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate
things, do web scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder
programming language.

Disadvantages of Python
So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it,
you should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing
Python over another language.

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1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is
interpreted, it often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is
a focal point for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits
offered by python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on

the client- side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based
applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to
declare the type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s
that? Well, it just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on
the programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access
layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.

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 5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my
example. I don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that
the verbosity of Java code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.

History of Python : -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common?
Right, both start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear
that the programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming
language and programming environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands,
Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of
ABC was to influence the design of [Link] was conceptualized in the late 1980s.
Guido van Rossum worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed
operating system. In an interview with Bill Venners 1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early
1980s, I worked as an implementer on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum
voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well people know ABC's
influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to everything I
learned during that project and to the people who worked on it."Later on in the same
Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my experience and some of my
frustration with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting language that possessed
some of ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I started typing. I created a
simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made my own version of
the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax, used indentation for statement
grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and developed a small number of
powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."

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What is Machine Learning : -

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start
by looking at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often
categorized as a subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be
misleading at first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research in
this context, but in the data science application of machine learning methods, it's more
helpful to think of machine learning as a means of building models of data.
Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help
understand data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable parameters
that can be adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be considered to be
"learning" from the data. Once these models have been fit to previously seen data, they can
be used to predict and understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the reader
the more philosophical digression regarding the extent to which this type of mathematical,
model-based "learning" is similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human
[Link] the problem setting in machine learning is essential to using these
tools effectively, and so we will start with some broad categorizations of the types of
approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main
types: supervised learning and unsupervised learning.
Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between
measured features of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is
determined, it can be used to apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further
subdivided into classification tasks and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are
discrete categories, while in regression, the labels are continuous quantities. We will see
examples of both types of supervised learning in the following section.

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 Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference
to any label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models
include tasks such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms
identify distinct groups of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more
succinct representations of the data. We will see examples of both types of unsupervised
learning in the following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on
earth because they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is
still in its initial stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the
question is that what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for doing
this is, “to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial

Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to
perform several real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions
taken by machines, particularly to automate the process. These data-driven decisions can be
used, instead of using programing logic, in the problems that cannot be programmed
inherently. The fact is that we can’t do without human intelligence, but other aspect is that
we all need to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the
need for machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with
cybersecurity and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go.
The reason behind is that ML has not been able to overcome number of challenges. The
challenges that ML is facing currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest
challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and
feature extraction.

23
 Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of
time especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.
Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of
expert resources is a tough job.

No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and
well- defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this
technology is not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be

represented well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data
points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be

deployed in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers
we are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems
which cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications
of ML -
 Emotion analysis

 Sentiment analysis

 Error detection and prevention

 Weather forecasting and prediction

 Stock market analysis and forecasting

 Speech synthesis

24
  Speech recognition

 Customer segmentation

 Object recognition

 Fraud detection

 Fraud prevention

 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

Basic Concepts in ML are: How to Start Learning Machine

Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a
“Field of study that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly
programmed”. And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times,
Machine Learning is one of the most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to
Indeed, Machine Learning Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and
an average base salary of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to
start learning it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path
you can follow to eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s
get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely
talented Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according
to your needs to reach your desired end-goal!

25
Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites
In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some
prerequisites that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus,
Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D.
degree in these topics to get started but you do need a basic understanding.

(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning.
However, the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you
are more focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily
focused on maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to focus on
R&D in Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is
very important as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an
ML expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the
collection, analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to
learn it!!! Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical
Significance, Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian
Thinking is also a very important part of ML which deals with various concepts like
Conditional Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn
them as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip is

26
 Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R,
Scala, etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many
Python libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning such as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using
various online resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.

Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning
ML (Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more
complicated stuff. Some of the b

(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some machine
learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric
features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to
the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color, smell,
taste, etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For the
fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the
name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels), so
after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the
categories trained on.
 Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide a
predicted output(label).

27
 (b) Types of Machine Learning

 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data using
classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the required level of
performance is achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the underlying
structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using factor and
cluster analysis models.
 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised Learning
with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the learning accuracy
and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error. So
the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and that will
maximize the reward in the future.

Advantages of Machine learning :-

[Link] identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and
patterns that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like
Amazon, it serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to
help cater to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to
reveal relevant advertisements to them.

[Link] human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it
means giving machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the
algorithms on their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to
filter new threats as they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.

28
3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency.

This lets them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the
amount of data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate
predictions faster.

4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional
and multi- variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where
it does apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to
customers while also targeting the right customers.

Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

[Link] Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for
new data to be generated.

2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their
purpose with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive
resources to function. This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

29
3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the
algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.

4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train
an algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased
predictions coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being
displayed to customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can
go undetected for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some
time to recognize the source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at
[Link] in February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and
the core data types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module
system. Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in
this release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which
Guido Van Rossum never [Link] and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was
introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was
supporting [Link] flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next
major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python
3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the
removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to
fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one
-- obvious way to do it."Some changes in Python 7.3:

30
 Print is now a function

 Views and iterators instead of lists

 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list cannot
be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
 There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.

 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have the
"old" behaviour.
 Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal

layers— even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different
intensity ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.

Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It

supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional
and procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.

31
 Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and
terse code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition
of code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot
problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer
of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to
another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of
time, and several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python
background - without breaking.

Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and

differentiable programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also
used for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research
and production at Google.

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was
released under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.

Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-

performance multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various
features including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions

 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code

32
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities

Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-
dimensional container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy
which allows Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data

manipulation and analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used
for data munging and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis.
Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the
processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate,
model, and analyze. Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic
and commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality

figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms.
Matplotlib can be used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter
Notebook, web application servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries
to make easy things easy and hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms,
power spectra, bar charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code.
For examples, see the sample plots and thumbnail gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface,

particularly when combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line
styles, font properties, axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of
functions familiar to MATLAB users.

33
 Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via

a consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and
is distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use.
Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It

supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative,
functional and procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.

Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and

terse code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition
of code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot
problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer
of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to
another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of
time, and several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python
background - without breaking.

34
Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your

computer devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very
popular high- level programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code
readability with its notable use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables
programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not
come pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question
is how to install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start
learning Python but this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of
Python is version 3.7.4 or in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know
about your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and
based processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-
bit operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7
device or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet [Link] steps on how to
install Python on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.

35
Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any
other web browser. OR Click on the following link: [Link]

Fig.6 Official Python Website

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

36
 Fig.7 Official Python Website

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color
or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here,
we are downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4

Fig.8 Python For Windows

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

37
Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

Fig.9 Windows x86 Installer

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86
web- based installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows
x86-64 web- based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part
regarding which version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead
with the second part in installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the
Release Note Option.
Installation of Python

Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the
installation process.

38
 Fig.10 Download Python Version

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to PATH.

Fig.11 Install Python

39
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

Fig.12 Python Setup

With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly installed
Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

40
 Fig.13 Command Prompt Option

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.

Fig.14 Python Version Check

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first
uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.

41
Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Fig.15 Working of Python IDLE

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program

Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click
on Save

Fig.16 Save Files In Python

42
Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have named
the files as Hey World.

Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

43
 7. CODE:
from tkinter import messagebox
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import simpledialog
import tkinter
from tkinter import filedialog
from [Link] import askopenfilename
import cv2
import random
import numpy as np
from [Link].np_utils import to_categorical
from [Link] import MaxPooling2D
from [Link] import Dense, Dropout, Activation, Flatten
from [Link] import Convolution2D
from [Link] import Sequential
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from [Link] import DenseNet169
from [Link] import accuracy_score
from [Link] import ModelCheckpoint
import pickle
import os
from [Link] import load_model
from [Link] import precision_score
from [Link] import recall_score
from [Link] import f1_score
from [Link] import accuracy_score
import [Link] as plt
from [Link] import confusion_matrix
import seaborn as sns

main = [Link]()
[Link]("Snake Species Identification & Recognition")
[Link]("1300x1200")

global filename
global classifier
global labels, X, Y, X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test, classifier

def readLabels(filename):
global labels
labels = []
for root, dirs, directory in [Link](filename):
for j in range(len(directory)):
name = [Link](root)
if name not in labels:
[Link](name)
44
def uploadDataset():
global filename
global labels
labels = []
filename = [Link](initialdir=".")
[Link](text=filename)
[Link]('1.0', END)
[Link](END,filename+" loaded\n\n");
readLabels(filename)
[Link](END,"Snake Species found in dataset are\n\n")
for i in range(len(labels)):
[Link](END,labels[i]+"\n")

def processDataset():
[Link]('1.0', END)
global filename, X, Y, X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test
if [Link]("model/[Link]"):
X = [Link]('model/[Link]')
Y = [Link]('model/[Link]')
else:
for root, dirs, directory in [Link](filename):
for j in range(len(directory)):
name = [Link](root)
if '[Link]' not in
directory[j]:
img = [Link](root+"/"+directory[j])
img = [Link](img, (80,80))
im2arr = [Link](img)
im2arr = [Link](80,80,3)
[Link](im2arr)
label = getID(name)
[Link](label)
print(name+" "+str(label))
X = [Link](X)
Y = [Link](Y)
[Link]('model/[Link]',X)
[Link]('model/[Link]',Y)
X = [Link]('float32')
X = X/255
[Link](END,"Dataset Preprocessing Completed\n")
[Link](END,"Total images found in dataset : "+str([Link][0])+"\n\n")
indices = [Link]([Link][0])
[Link](indices)
X = X[indices]
Y = Y[indices]
Y = to_categorical(Y)

45
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=0.2) #split dataset into train and test

46
 [Link](END,"80% images are used to train DenseNet169 : "+str(X_train.shape[0])+"\n")
[Link](END,"20% images are used to train DenseNet169 : "+str(X_test.shape[0])+"\n")

def trainDensenet():
[Link]('1.0', END)
global filename, X, Y, X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test, classifier, labels
densenet = DenseNet169(include_top=False, weights='imagenet', input_shape=(X_train.shape[1],
X_train.shape[2], X_train.shape[3]))
for layer in [Link]:
[Link] = False
classifier = Sequential()
[Link](densenet)
[Link](Convolution2D(32, 1, 1, input_shape = (X_train.shape[1], X_train.shape[2],
X_train.shape[3]), activation = 'relu'))
[Link](MaxPooling2D(pool_size = (1, 1)))
[Link](Convolution2D(32, 1, 1, activation = 'relu'))
[Link](MaxPooling2D(pool_size = (1, 1)))
[Link](Flatten())
[Link](Dense(output_dim = 256, activation = 'relu'))
[Link](Dense(output_dim = y_train.shape[1], activation = 'softmax'))
[Link](optimizer = 'adam', loss = 'categorical_crossentropy', metrics = ['accuracy'])
if [Link]("model/model_weights.hdf5") == False:
model_check_point = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='model/model_weights.hdf5', verbose = 1,
save_best_only = True)
hist = [Link](X, Y, batch_size = 32, epochs = 20, validation_data=(X_test, y_test),
callbacks=[model_check_point], verbose=1)
f = open('model/[Link]', 'wb')
[Link]([Link], f)
[Link]()
else:
classifier = load_model("model/model_weights.hdf5")
predict = [Link](X_test)
predict = [Link](predict, axis=1)
testY = [Link](y_test, axis=1)
p = precision_score(testY, predict,average='macro') * 100
r = recall_score(testY, predict,average='macro') * 100
f = f1_score(testY, predict,average='macro') * 100
a = accuracy_score(testY,predict)*100
[Link](END,"DenseNet169 Accuracy : "+str(a)+"\n")
[Link](END,"DenseNet169 Precision : "+str(p)+"\n")
[Link](END,"DenseNet169 Recall : "+str(r)+"\n")
[Link](END,"DenseNet169 FSCORE : "+str(f)+"\n\n")
conf_matrix = confusion_matrix(testY, predict)
[Link](figsize =(6, 6))
ax = [Link](conf_matrix, xticklabels = labels, yticklabels = labels, annot = True,

47
cmap="viridis" ,fmt ="g");
ax.set_ylim([0,len(labels)])
[Link]("DenseNet169 Confusion
matrix") [Link]('True class')
[Link]('Predicted class')
[Link]()

def graph():
f = open('model/[Link]', 'rb')
graph = [Link](f)
[Link]()
accuracy = graph['val_accuracy']
error = graph['val_loss']

[Link](figsize=(10,6))
[Link](True)
[Link]('EPOCH')
[Link]('Accuracy/Loss')
[Link](accuracy, 'ro-', color = 'green')
[Link](error, 'ro-', color = 'red')
[Link](['DenseNet169 Accuracy', 'DenseNet169 Loss'], loc='upper left')
[Link]('DenseNet169 Training Accuracy & Loss Graph')
[Link]()

def classifySpecies():
global classifier, labels
filename = [Link](initialdir="testImages")
image = [Link](filename)
img = [Link](image, (80, 80))
im2arr = [Link](img)
im2arr = [Link](1,80,80,3)
img = [Link](im2arr)
img = [Link]('float32')
img = img/255
preds = [Link](img)
predict = [Link](preds)

img = [Link](filename)
img = [Link](img, (700,400))
[Link](img, 'Snake Species Recognized as : '+labels[predict], (10, 25),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,0.7, (0, 0, 255), 2)
[Link]('Snake Species Recognized as : '+labels[predict], img)
[Link](0)

48
def close():
[Link]()

font = ('times', 16, 'bold')

title = Label(main, text='Snake Species Identification & Recognition',anchor=W, justify=CENTER)
[Link](bg='yellow4', fg='white')
[Link](font=font)
[Link](height=3, width=120)
[Link](x=0,y=5)

font1 = ('times', 13, 'bold')

upload = Button(main, text="Upload Snake Species Dataset", command=uploadDataset)
[Link](x=50,y=100)
[Link](font=font1)

pathlabel = Label(main)
[Link](bg='yellow4', fg='white')
[Link](font=font1)
[Link](x=50,y=150)

processButton = Button(main, text="Preprocess Dataset", command=processDataset)

[Link](x=50,y=200)
[Link](font=font1)

trainButton = Button(main, text="Train DenseNet169 Algortihm", command=trainDensenet)

[Link](x=50,y=250)
[Link](font=font1)

graphButton = Button(main, text="DenseNet169 Training Graph", command=graph)

[Link](x=50,y=300)
[Link](font=font1)

classifyButton = Button(main, text="Snake Species Classification", command=classifySpecies)

[Link](x=50,y=350)
[Link](font=font1)

exitButton = Button(main, text="Exit", command=close)

[Link](x=50,y=400)
[Link](font=font1)

font1 = ('times', 12, 'bold')

text=Text(main,height=25,width=78)
scroll=Scrollbar(text)

49
[Link](yscrollcommand=[Link])
[Link](x=370,y=100)
[Link](font=font1)

[Link](bg='magenta3')
[Link]()

50
 8. SYSTEM TESTING

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to

discover every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the
functionality of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the
process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its
requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are
various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS

Unit testing

Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program
logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision
branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software
units of the application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before integration.
This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit
tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business process, application,
and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process
performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and
expected results.

Integration testing

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if

they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the basic
outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components were
individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the combination of components
is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the problems that
arise from the combination of components.

51
Functional testing

Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as
specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be
rejected. Functions : identified functions must be exercised.
Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.
Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.
Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key
functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business
process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered
for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and the
effective value of current tests is determined.

System Testing

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements. It
tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system testing is
the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process
descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge of
the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose.
It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

52
Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner workings, structure or
language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds of tests, must be written from a
definitive source document, such as specification or requirements document, such as specification or
requirements document. It is a testing in which the software under test is treated, as a black box .you
cannot “see” into it. The test provides inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the
software works.

Unit Testing

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase of the
software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted as
two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.

Test objectives

 All field entries must work properly.

 Pages must be activated from the identified link.

 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested

 Verify that the entries are of the correct format

 No duplicate entries should be allowed

 All links should take the user to the correct page.

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 Integration Testing

Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more integrated
software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface defects.

The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications,
e.g. components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company
level – interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

Acceptance Testing

User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant
participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

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 9. SCREENSHOTS :

In this project we are using pre-trained DenseNet169 CNN based algorithm to

recognized Snake Species. We use AI-Crowd Snake Species dataset to train DenseNet169
algorithm. We have trained algorithm with 32 different species of snakes and this dataset has
many more species but training model was taking more time so we restrict model to get trained
32 species.

Below screen showing dataset details used in this project

Fig.17 Dataset screen

In above dataset screen we have 32 different folders and each folder contains one species of
snake images and just go inside any folder to view images

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 Fig.18 Images in Dataset

So by using above dataset we are training DenseNet169 algorithm. To

implement this project we have designed following modules
1) Upload Snake Species Dataset: using this module we can upload dataset to application
and then find different species found in dataset
2) Preprocess Dataset: using this module we will read each image and then resize images to
equal sizes and then normalized pixel values and then split dataset into train and test
where application used 80% images for training and 20% for testing
3) Train DenseNet169 Algorithm: using this module we will input 80% images to train
DenseNet169 model and then apply 20% test images on trained model to calculate
prediction accuracy.
4) DenseNet169 Training Graph: using this module we will plot DenseNet169 training
accuracy and loss graph
5) Snake Species Classification: using this module we can upload test images and then
DenseNet169 will analyse image and then recognized species.

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 Execution:

To run project double click on ‘[Link]’ file to get below output

Fig.19 Interface

In above screen click on ‘Upload Snake Species Dataset’ button to upload dataset and get
below output

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 Fig.20 Upload Dataset

In above screen selecting and uploading entire ‘Dataset’ folder and then click on ‘Select
Folder’ button to load dataset and get below output

Fig.21 Displayed Names of each species

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 In above screen dataset loaded and then displaying names of each species. Now click on
‘Preprocess Dataset’ button to read each image and then normalize image pixel values and then
split dataset into train and test

Fig.22 Preprocess dataset

In above screen all images are processed and total images found in dataset is 3713 and
application using 2970 (80%) images for training and 743 (20%) images for testing and now
click on ‘Train DenseNet169 Algorithm’ button to train DenseNet169 model and get below
output

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 Fig.23 Trained Densenet169 and confusion matrix graph

In above screen with Densenet169 we got accuracy and precision as 99% and in confusion
matrix graph x-axis represents Predicted Labels and y-axis represents True classes and count in
Diagnol represents correct prediction count and other boxes contains incorrect prediction count.
Now close above graph and then click on ‘DenseNet169 Training Graph’ button to get below
DenseNet169 training graph.

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 Fig.24 Dense169 Training graph

In above graph x-axis represents training epoch and y-axis represents accuracy and red line
represents LOSS values and green line represents accuracy and with each increasing epoch
accuracy got increased and loss got decreased. Now close above graph and then click on ‘Snake
Species Classification’ button to upload test images and get below output

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 Fig.25 Snake Species images

In above screen selecting and uploading ‘[Link]’ and then click on ‘Open’ button to load image
and get below recognition output

Fig.26 Recognition of Snake species

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 In above screen in red colour text we can see prediction of recognized snake species and
similarly you can upload and test other images

Fig.27 Recognition of Snake species 1

Fig.28 Recognition of Snake species 2

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 10. CONCLUSION:

Thus the proposed system helps in snake species identification. The combination of a
pretrained Densenet model with the classifier shows good accuracy in classification of snake
species. It can also be observed that with the help of the transfer learning technique, we can save
time and computation resources. As there are millions of snake species around the world, this
system could easily be adapted by training a greater number of snake species images to
recognize them. Thus, a part of the future work would be to construct a larger database with a
variety of images and apply distinctive techniques for recognizing the species. The crucial part
in building such a system is the training dataset that needs to be developed either by manually
taking pictures of the snakes from around the world or by using public datasets.

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 11. REFERENCES:

[1] Rohan Sapkal, Pranalini Joshi, Dhanesh Sarpale and Apeksha Rajput. Snake species
recognition using tensor flow machine learning algorithm and effective convey system. 2019. [2]
Francis Jesmar P. Montalbo and Alexander A. Hernandez. Classication of fish species with
augmented data using deep convolutional neural network. IEEE 9th International Conference on
System Engineering and Technology, 2019. [3] Sushant Jain Dhruv Rathi and Dr. S. Indu.
Underwater snake species classi cation using convolutional neural network and deep learning.
International Conference of Advances in Pattern Recognition, 2017. [4] Emine CENGIL and
Ahmet CINAR. Multiple classi cation of flower images using transfer learning. [5] Abu Suan
Farhana Sultana and Paramartha Dutta. Advancements in image classification using
convolutional neural network. 2018. [6] [Link] and [Link] Kumar. Flower species
recognition system using convolution neural networks and transfer learning. 2017. [7] Sinno
Jialin Pan and Qiang Yang. A survey on transfer learning. IEEE transactions on knowledge and
data engineering, 2010. [8] Siyang Hua and Ping Shi. Grabcut colour image segmentation based
on region of interest. 7th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, 2014. [9]
Zhuang Liu Gao Huang and Laurens van der Maaten. Densely connected convolutional
networks. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2017. [10] Menglong
Zhu Andrew G. Howard and Bo Chen. Mobilenets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for
mobile vision applications. Google inc, 2017. [11] Karen Simonyan, Andrew Zisserman VERY
DEEP CONVOLUTIONAL NETWORKS FOR LARGE-SCALE IMAGE RECOGNITION
ICLR
2015. [12] Shuying Liu and Weihong Deng. Very deep convolutional neural network based
image classification using small training sample size. 3rd IAPR Asian Conference on Pattern
Recognition, 2015

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