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 Geography ( - )
This pdf is Bilingual
There are total 26 Topics in this chapter.

 Universe  Indian cities on river bank


 Longitude &Latitude  Straits

 Passes of India
 Location of India
 Projects of India
 India & Neighbours

 Facts about Earth  Rivers & Disputing states

 Falls of India
 Islands
  Lakes of India
 Himalayan Ranges

 Great Plains
 Hills & Valleys of India
  Islands of India
 Plateau in India

 Transport
 Coastal Plains

 Nicknames of Indian
 Ocean Places
 Soil & Agriculture
 Famous Hill Stations
 Forest
 Crops in India
 Rivers of India
 Climatic Regions in India

 Continents
 Forests in India
 Important Information
 Revolutions in India
 Ancient Name of Cities 
 Waterfalls in India
 Producers of State Wise

 National Parks


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 Universe

SUN
 The Sun is the Star of Solar
System.
 It comprises 99.86% of all the
mass in the Solar System.
 It produces temperatures
and densities in its core high
enough to sustain nuclear
fusion of Hydrogen into
Helium, making it a main
sequence star.
 It releases an enormous
amount of energy, mostly
radiated into space as
electromagnetics radiation peaking in visible light.
 It has a higher abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.
 It is known as the father of Solar System.
 The Sun is 13 lakh times bigger than the earth.
 The temperature of Sun at Corona is 6000°c and at centre is 2000000°C.
 Like the earth, Sun also rotates on its axis.

GALAXY
 The Universe contains 1011 galaxies and an
equal number of stars in each.
 Lyman Alpha Blobs:Heavy cluster bodies.
 Andromeda Galaxy: It is also known as
Messier 31 or M31. It is the nearest galaxy to
the milky way.
 The Milky way Galaxy: The Galaxy in which
Solar System [Link] contains around 400 Billion Stars.
 Sirius: It is also known as Dog star. Sirius is the brightest star in the Earth's night sky. It is
observed that the Sirius is gradually moving closer to the Solar System, which would
result it's increased brightness in the next 60000 years.
 Proxima Centauri: It is the closest star to the Sun.
 Super Nova: It was a Primitive Star, which was exploded and Universe created.

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  Neutron Star: It is of very small radius typically 30kmand very high density. Neutron
stars are thought to form by the gravitational collapse of the remnant of a massive
star after a supernova explosion, provided that the Star is insufficiently massive to
produce a black hole.
 Asteroids: Small Fragments
of the rock and dust that
keep revolving around the
Sun between the orbits of
mars and Jupiter.
 Pulsar: Pulsars May look like
stars that blink on and off,
but these objects are not
actually stars. Pulsar is highly
magnetized rotating neutron star.

Constellations
The stars forming a group that has a recognisable shape is called a Constellation.

1) One of the most famous constellations which you can see during summer time in the
early part of the night is Ursa Major. It is also known as the Big Dipper,the Great Bear or the
Saptarshi.
2) There are seven prominent stars in this constellation.
3) It appears like a big ladle or a question mark. There are three stars in the handle of the
ladle and four in its bowl.
4) Ursa Major moves around the Pole star.
5) Pole star is not visible from the southern hemisphere. Some of the northern constellations
like Ursa Major may also not be visible from some points in the southern hemisphere.

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Constellations-Orion
1)Orion is another well-known constellation that can be seen during winter in the late evenings.
2) It is one of the most magnificent constellations in the sky. It also has seven or eight bright stars.
Orion is also called the Hunter.
3) The three middle stars represent the belt of the hunter. The four bright stars appear to be
arranged in the form of a quadrilateral.
4) The star Sirius, which is the brightest star in the sky, is located close to Orion.
5) To locate Sirius, imagine a straight line passing through the three middle stars of Orion. Look
along this line towards the east. This line will lead you to a very bright star. It is Sirius.

Constellations- Cassiopeia
1) Cassiopeia is another prominent
constellation in the northern sky.
2) It is visible during winter in the early part of the night.
3) It resembles a seated queen. It looks like a distorted letter W or M.
4) It has five brightest stars in the constellation of Cassiopeia are Alpha – Schedar, Beta - Caph,
Gamma – Navi, Delta – Ruchbah or Rukbat, and Epsilon – Segin Cassiopeiae.

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Constellations- Pole Star/Dhruva
The North Star or Pole Star – aka Polaris – is famous for holding nearly still in our sky while the entire
northern sky moves around it.

The pole star is the only star in the night sky that does not appear to move east to west but appears fixed.
This is because it is directly above the earth’s axis.

MERCURY
 Mercury is the nearest planet to the Sun.
 Revolution period - 88 days.
 Fastest planet in terms of motion.
 It has no satellite.
 There is no chances of life in Mercury because
it is nearest to the Sun, so temperature is very high.

VENUS
 It is the brightest Planet of entire
Solar System.
 Earth’s Twin Planet.
 Revolution period of Venus is 225
days.
 It's atmosphere contains 97% of
CO2.
 Hottest planet. Temperature=
475°C.
 This planet contains clouds made of Sulphuric Acid.
 Venus is also known as Evening and Morning Star.

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 EARTH
 Distance from Sun is 14.96 Cr. Km.
 The Earth's surface is covered with water 71.96%.
 Revolution period of Earth is 365 Days and 3/4th of a day.
 Speed of Revolution: 29.8 km/sec
 Polar Radius: 6357km
 Equatorial Radius: 6378 km
 Polar Diameter: 12714 km
 Equatorial Diameter: 12756
km
 Rotation Period: 23 hrs: 56
Minutes: 4 Seconds
 Highest point: Mount Everest
(8848.86 meter)
 Deepest Point: Mariana trench (Pacific
ocean-10994 meter)

 Light reaches from Sun to Earth in 8 minutes: 18 Seconds.

MARS
 Red Planet- Iron oxide found in
Soil imparts Red soil.
 Big deserts founded in its
surface.
 Mars atmosphere contains CO2,
NO2 and their inert gases.
 It is second smallest planet in
the Solar System.
 Distance from earth to Mars is
50,679,452km.
 Weather: Cold
 Distance of Mars from Sun: 142 Million miles
 Distance of Earth from Sun: 93 Million miles
 Demos & Phobos are the two Satellites.

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 JUPITER
 It is the biggest planet of the Solar System.
 Jupiter's atmosphere contains Methane,
Ammonia andHydrogen.
 Jupiter is eleven times heavier than the
earth.
 It contains 95 natural Moons(Earlier 79).
 Temperature: -123°c
 It has a giant red spot.
 It'sbiggest satellite is Ganymede. And
Ganymede is also the biggest satellite in
Solar System.

SATURN

 Saturn contains 7 rings

 146 natural moons (Highest).
 Saturn is the second largest Planet
after Jupiter.
 It'slargest Satellite is "Titan".
 It is also known as "Galaxy like
Planet".
 Saturn has the least density in entire
Solar System.
 Temperature: (-178°c)
 Revolution period: 29.5 Years
 It is the last planet which you can see by naked eyes.

URANUS (GREEN PLANET)

 It contains 5 rings around it like Saturn. These
5 Rings-Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Theta and
Epsilon.
 It is discovered by William Herschel' in 13th
March, 1781.
 Uranus is mainly made up of gases, with a
solid core of rock and metal.
 Distance from Sun: 2.8 Billions km
 Temp: -224°C
 It is the third largest Planet in Solar System.

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  It's primary composition of Hydrogen and Helium is like Jupiter but it contains more
ices such as water, ammonia and Methane.
 It is Green due to high amount of Sulphur.
 It is the Coldest Planet in Solar System.

NEPTUNE

 Revolution time: 165 Years

 Distance from Sun: 4.95 Billions km
 It is the eighth and farthest known planet from the
Sun.
 One day on Neptune takes about 16 hours.
 Temperature: -214°C
 It mostly consists Hydrogen, Helium with trace
amount of Methane, water and Ammonia.

PLUTO
 It was discovered in 1930 by Claude Tombaugh. It was considered as 9th planet of
Solar System.
 But since 2006, IAU (International Astronomical Union) Announced that Pluto is a
dwarf planet. According to IAU, a planet must has these three attributes.:
1. Is in orbit around the Sun.
2. Has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape).
3. Has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.
But Pluto don't has 3" one attribute, So it was declared as Dwarf planet.

 Temperature: -233°C
 Atmosphere: Nitrogen (Mainly) with minor amounts of Methane and Carbon
Monoxide.
 There are total 7 Dwarf planets in our Solar System as given below:
o Pluto
o Haumea
o Makemake
o Eris
o Hygiea
o Ceres
o Sadna

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Points to be Remembered

1) JUPITER &SATURN: These two largest Planet are Gas giants, being composed mainly of
Hydrogen and Helium.

2)URANUS &NEPTUNE : These two Outermost planets are Ice Giants, being composed with
water, ammonia and Methane.

Number of moons

Planet Moon
Mercury 0
Venus 0
Earth 1
Mars 2
Jupiter 95
Saturn 146
Uranus 27
Neptune 14

Revolution Period of Planets

Planet Period
Mercury 88 Days
Venus 225 Days
Earth 365 Days
Mars 687 Days
Jupiter 12 Years
Saturn 29 Years
Uranus 84 Years
Neptune 165 Years

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 Solar System Some Facts
Biggest Planet Jupiter

Smallest Planet Mercury

Nearest Planet to Sun Mercury

Farthest Planet from Sun Neptune

Nearest Planet to Earth Venus

Brightest Planet Venus

Brightest star after Sun Sirius

Planet with maximum satellites Saturn

Coldest Planet Uranus

Hottest Planet Venus

Heaviest Planet Jupiter

Red Planet Mars

Biggest Satellite Ganymede

Smallest Satellite Deimos

Blue Planet Earth

Morning/Evening Star Venus

Earth's Twin Venus

Green Planet Uranus

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 Planet with a big red spot Jupiter

Lord of the Heavens Jupiter

Greatest Diurnal Temperature Mercury

Two satellites of Mars Demos & Phobos

Father of Solar System Sun

Gas Giant Planet Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune

Planet has least Density Saturn

The Diameter of Moon ¼ Of the earth

Sister Planet of Earth Venus

Planet is under proper observation of Mars

Scientists

Planets having ring around it Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus &Neptune

Weight at Moon 1/6 Weight of Earth

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 Facts about Earth
1) The Earth also called Blue Planet. It is the densest of all planets.
2) Earth Circumference: 40,232 Kilometers.
3) Earth Area: 510 million Square Kilometers
4) Average distance from sun: 149 million KMs.
5) Earth Perihelion: Nearest position of earth to sun. The earth reaches its perihelion on January 3 every
year at a distance of about 147 million-Kilometers.
6) Aphelion: Farthest position of earth from sun. The earth reaches its aphelion on July 4, when the earth is
at a distance of 152 million Kilometers.
7) The shape of the earth is oblate spheroid or oblate ellipsoid (i.e. almost spherical, flattened a little at the
poles with a slight bulge at the centre).

Types of Earth Movements:

1. Rotation or daily movement.
2. Revolution or annual movement.

Earth Rotation:

velocity at equator is 1667 Km/h & it decreases towards the poles, where it is zero.

Earth's rotation results in:

i. Causation of days & nights.
ii. A difference of one hour between two meridians which are 15° apart.

iii. Change in the direction of wind & ocean currents; Rise & fall of tides everyday.

iv. The longest day in North Hemisphere is June 21, while shortest day is on 22 Dec (Vice versa in
[Link]).

v. Days & nights are almost equal at the equator.

Earth's Revolution

Kilometers/s.

Revolution of the earth results in:

i. Change of seasons

ii. Variation in the lengths of days & nights

at different times of the year

iii. Shifting of wind belts.

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iv. Determination of latitudes.

Earth Latitude & Longitude

Earth Latitude :

 Imaginary lines drawn parallel to the equator. Measured as an angle whose apex is
at the centre of the earth.
 The equator represents 0° latitude, while the North Pole is 90° N & the South Pole 90°
S
 23½° N represents Tropic of Cancer while 23%½° S represents Tropic of Capricorn.
 66½° N represents Arctic Circle while 66½° S represents Antarctic Circle.
 There are total 181 latitudes including the equator. Each parallel of latitude is a
circle, but they are not equal.
 The circle becomes smaller toward's the poles. Equator is the 'Greatest Circle' that
can be drawn on the earth's surface.
 The distance between any two parallels of latitude is always equal.
 1 degree lat. = 111km.

Earth Longitude :

 It is the angular distance measured from die centre of the earth. On the globe the
lines of longitude are drawn as a series of semicircles that extend from the North
Pole to the South Pole through the equator. They are also called meridians.
 The distance between any two meridians is not equal.
 At the equator, 1 degree = 111 km. At 30°N or S, it is 96.5 km. It goes on decreasing
this way until it is zero at the poles.
 There are 360 meridians of longitude. The prime meridian is a longitude of 00,
passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich near London.
 This meridian is taken by geographers to divide the earth into the eastern & the
western hemispheres.
 Each meridian of longitude is a semi-circle. 180° meridian (International Date Line)
lies exactly opposite to 0° meridian. Such points are called Antipodal Points.
 The earth is divided into 24 longitudinal zones, each being 15° or 1 hour apart in
time (4 minutes / degree).

Longitude & Time:

 Places that are on the same meridian have the same local (sun) time. Since the
earth makes one complete revolution of 360° in 24 hours, it passes through 15° in
one hour or 1° in 4 minutes.
 The earth rotates from west to east, hence places east of Greenwich see the sun
earlier & gain time whereas places west of Greenwich see the sun later & lose time.
 India, whose longitudinal extent is approx. 30°, has adopted only one time zone,
selecting the 82.5°E for the standard time which is 5 hours & 30 minutes ahead of
GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).

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 Q) Why there is a time lag of 2 hrs from Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh?
Ans) There is a time lag of two hours from Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh because of
the longitudinal extent of India. Gujarat is situated in the extreme west of India
Arunachal Pradesh is situated in the extreme east of India. The Sun rises two hours
earlier in Arunachal Pradesh than Gujarat.

International Date Line:

 It is the 180° meridian running over the Pacific Ocean, deviating at Aleutian Islands,
Fiji, Samoa & Gilbert Islands. It is a zig-zag line
 Travelers crossing the Date Line from West to East (i.e., from Japan to USA) repeat a
day & travellers crossing it from East to West (i.e., from USA to Japan) lose a day.
Because Japan is approx. 14 to 16 hour ahead of USA. For e.g. If one travels from
East towards West (from Japan to USA), the person looses a day, Tuesday 6.00 a.m.
on the other side of the line to Monday 6.00 a.m. on crossing the line into USA.

Important Parallels of Latitude:

 The Tropic of Cancer: It is in the northern hemisphere at an angular distance of 23

1/2⁰ (23°30'N) from the equator.
 The Tropic of Capricorn: It is in the southern hemisphere at an angular distance of 23
1/2° (23°30'S) from the equator.
 The Arctic Circle:It lies at a distance of 66 1/2° (66°30'N) north of the equator.
 The Antarctic Circle: It lies at a distance of 66 1/2° (66°30'S) south of the equator.
There are two solstices each year, called the Summer Solstice & the Winter Solstice.
 Summer Solstice: The day of 21st June when the sun is vertically overhead at the
Tropic of Cancer (23°30'N). Longest day in Northern Hemisphere.
 Winter Solstice: The day of 22nd December when the sun is vertically overhead at
the Tropic of Capricorn (23°30'S). Shortest Day in Northern Hemisphere.

Meridians of Longitude:

 The semi-circles running from pole to pole or from north to south are known as
meridians of longitude & distance between them is measured in degrees of
longitude. Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian with a value of 0° longitude serves
as a common base of numbering meridians of longitude lying on either side O of it
east as well as west. There are 360 meridians - including Prime Meridian. Each
degree of a longitude is divided into sixty equal parts, each part is called a minute.
Each minute is again divided into sixty equal parts, each part being called a
second.
 Local Time: Local time of any place is 12 noon when the sun is exactly overhead. It
will vary from the Greenwich time at the rate of four minutes for each degree of
longitude.

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 Greenwich Mean Time: The time at 0° longitude is called Greenwich Mean Time. It is
based on local time of the meridian passing through Greenwich near London.
 Indian Standard Time: It is fixed on the mean of 821/2°E Meridian, a place near
Allahabad. It is 5 1/2hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

Important Points
 Countries lies on tropic of cancer :
 N. America :Mexico, Bahamas (2)
 Africa :Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, Algeria, Niger, Libya, Egypt (7)
 Asia :Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, India, Bangladesh, China,
Myanmar,Taiwan(8)

 Oceans lies on tropic of cancer : Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean

 Water Bodies lies on tropic of cancer :Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea
Arabian Sea, Taiwan Strait, Philippine Strait.

 States of India lies on tropic of cancer :Gujarat, M.P, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,

(8)West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram, Rajasthan.

 Mahi Riverin India Crosses tropic of cancer Twice.

 Countries lies on tropic of Capricorn :

 S. America: Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil (4)
 Africa : Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar (5)
 Australia

 Limpopo River Crosses through Tropic of Capricorn Twice.

 Countries lies on Prime Meridian :

 Europe: UK, France, Spain(3)
 Africa: Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo(5)
 Antarctica: Queen Maud Land.

 Countries lies on Equator :

 S. America: Ecuador, Columbia, Brazil(3)
 Africa:Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia (7)
 Asia: Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati (3)

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 Equator passes through 13 countries, 3 continents and 3 water bodies (i.e. Atlantic
Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean).
 The largest country that the equator passes through is Brazil. It is the fifth-largest
country in the world and the largest in South America. Smallest is the Maldives.
 11 CountriesCrosses through Equator of their Land Masses.
 13 CountriesCrosses through Equator.

 Intersection of Prime Meridian:

 With Tropic of cancer: Algeria (Africa)
 With Equator: Gulf of Guinea(Atlantic Ocean)
 With Tropic of Capricorn: Atlantic Ocean (opposite Namibia)

 Horse Latitude :30-35 degrees North & South , having High atmospheric Pressure,
Calm Winds & Little Precipitation.

 Tropic of Cancer, Equator, Tropic of Capricorn all Three Passes through Africa.

India
 India is located entirely in the northern hemisphere; specifically in the south central
part of the continent of Asia.
 The mainland of India extends between latitudes 8º4'N and 37º6'N Longitudes and
68º7'E & 97 º 25' E. The southern boundary extends up to 6º45'N latitude in the Bay
of Bengal.
 With an area of 3.28 million square km, India is the 7th largest country of the world.
 The six largest countries of the world in decreasing order are Russia, Canada, USA,
China, Brazil, and Australia.
 India accounts for about 2.4 percent of the total geographical area ofthe world.
 India has a total land boundary of about 15,200 km.
 The coastline of India stretches along the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian
Sea in the west.
 From Gujarat (westernmost) to Arunachal Pradesh (easternmost), there is about 13º
difference; hence, because of this difference, there is a time difference of two
hours between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh.
 The sun rises in Arunachal Pradesh about two hours earlier as compared to
Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.
 The maximum length of the mainland from north to south is about3214 km.
 The maximum length of the mainland from east to west is about 2933km.
 India's total length of coastline is 6,100km of its mainland and after including
Andaman and Nicobar, and Lakshadweep islands, it is about 7,516 km.
 India's territorial limit further extends towards the sea up to 12 nautical miles (i.e.
about 21.9 km) from the coast.

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 Indian StandardMeridian
82°30'E Meridian crossing through the Mirzapur city of Uttar Pradesh is taken as
India's Standard Meridian.
Indian Standard Time is ahead of Greenwich (0° or Prime Meridian) Mean Time by 5
hours and 30 minutes.
Tropic of cancer (23°30'N) passes through Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
The difference in latitudinal extent influences the duration of day and night.
Q) Why there is a time lag of two hours from Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh?

Ans) There is a time lag of two hours from Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh because of the
longitudinal extent of India. Gujarat is situated in the extreme west of India Arunachal
Pradesh is situated in the extreme east of India. The Sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal
Pradesh than Gujarat.

India and Neighbours

 India has total 28 States, 7 Union Territories and 1 National Capital Territory.
 India is bounded by young fold mountains (the Great Himalaya) in the North and
North-East.
 Throughout the history, India's connections with other parts of the world has been
heavily influenced by waterways and also the mountain passes.
 India shares its (international boundaries with Afghanistan and Pakistan in the North-
West, China, Tibet (China), Nepal, and Bhutan in the North and North-East and
Myanmar and Bangladesh in the East.
 Island countries Sri Lanka and Maldives are India's neighbours across the sea.
 Sri Lanka is an island nation located off the southern coast of India in South Asia
and it is bordered by the Indian Ocean. India and Sri Lanka are separated by a thin
water body called the Palk Strait.
 Maldives is a chain of islands located south-west of Sri Lanka and India in the Indian
Ocean.

India's Extreme Points:

 Northernmost- Indira Col
 Southernmost- Indira point (It is located in Great Nicobar Island. The point was
earlier known as Pygmalion Point and Parsons Point. This was renamed after Indira
Gandhi visited the point in 1984.)
 Easternmost- Kibithu in Arunachal Pradesh
 Westernmost-Ghuar Moti in Kutch district, Gujarat

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 Neighbouring Countries Sharing Boundaries With States of India
 Pakistan: Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan & J&K
 China: Ladakh, Uttarakhand, H.P, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh.
 Bangladesh: Assam, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya & West Bengal.
 Nepal: Uttarakhand, U.P, Bihar, West Bengal & Sikkim.
 Bhutan: Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal.
 Afghanistan: Ladakh (POK region)
 Myanmar: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur & Mizoram.

Biggest & Smallest in India

1) Biggest State: 1st-Rajasthan , 2nd- M.P
3rd-Maharashtra, 4th- U.P
2) Biggest Union Territory : Ladakh
3) Biggest Population in State :Uttar Pradesh
4) Biggest Population in U.T : Delhi
5) Smallest State: Goa
6) Smallest Population in State: Sikkim
7) Smallest Union Territory- Lakshadweep
8) Smallest Population in U.T – Lakshadweep

Population of India
With 1.21 billion people, India is second most populous country after China.
17.5% of the world population lives in India. Out of 1.21 billion people 62.31 crores are males and
58.74 crores are females.

Literacy rate of India

1) The decadal population growth rate of India is 17.7%. 31.2% population lives in the cities and
68.8% population lives in rural areas.

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2) The total literacy rate of India is 74.04% out of which male literacy rate is 80.9% and female
literacy rate is 64.60%.

Sex ratio of India

1) Sex ratio of India is 943 women per thousand men which means if 1000 men go out seeking
brides 57 will never get a bride. In other words, 5.7% of the total male population in India will never
get married.
2) That’s whopping 3,55,17,945 men who will never get a bride. The population density of India is
382 person per square kilometre.

National Symbols of india

1) National animal of India is Bengal Tiger

2)National heritage animal of India is Elephant
3) National bird is peacock
4) National tree is Banyan Tree
5) National flower is Lotus
6) National emblem is Ashoka Pillar

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7) National anthem is Jan Gan Man
8) National song is Vande Maaram
9) National aquatic animal is Dolphin
10) National river is Ganges
11) National fruit is Mango
12) National game is Hockey
13) National Reptile is King Cobra
14) National Calendar : Saka Calendar
15) Indian Wonder of the World : Taj Mahal
16) Father of the Nation : Mahatma Gandhi
17) Indian National Currency : Rupee
18) National Flag : Tiranga
19) National Vegetable: Pumpkin

Islands
 LAKSHADWEEP ISLAND(Arabian sea)
1) Extend from 8°N—12° N.
2) Consists of 30 small islands, only 10 of which are populated.
3) Population consists of Mappila from Kerala.
4) Some islands are called Attol because of Horseshoe shaped.
5) Minicoy islands lie to the extreme south, it is the largest island of Lakshadweep.
6) Southern Most island - MINICOY
7) 8 Deg. Channel sparates Minicoy & Maldives.

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  ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLAND
 Extend from 6°39 'N to 13°34 'N.
 Consist of two groups-Andaman Group and Nicobar Group
 They are submerged part of Arakanyoma (Myanmar). It is a mountain range.
 10 channel separates Andaman from Nicobar.
 Little Andaman is separate from Great Andaman by Duncan passage.
 Great Nicobar is the largest island in the group.
 Saddle peak is the highest peak of Andaman and Nicobar island located in
North Andaman.
 Area is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis.
 Port Blair, the capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is situated in South
Andaman,
 The barren Island which is India's only active volcano is situated in the east of
Middle Andaman.
 Tribes: Onges, Senthelese, Jarawas, Shompens.
Biggest State Biggest UT

Area- 1st: Rajasthan, 2nd:Madhya Pradesh Area- Ladakh

3rd: Maharashtra, 4th: Uttar Pradesh

Population- Uttar Pradesh Population- New Delhi

Smallest State Smallest UT

Area- Goa Area-Lakshadweep

Population- Sikkim Population- Lakshadweep

THE HIMALAYS
 Himalayas means ‗ Abode of snow‘
 Young fold mountains of tertiary period.
 Folded over tethys sea due to intercontinental collision.(Drift Theory)
 Comprises mainly sedimentary rocks.

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PAMIRS(Roof of the world)- The connecting link between the Himalayas and the
high ranges of central Asia.(width-240-320km.)

HIMALAYAN RANGES
1. Trans Himalaya :a) No Life
b) No Agriculture

2. Greater Himalaya :a) Every year Ice present

b) No Life
c) No Agriculture
[Link] :a) Half year Ice present
b) Life (Little Bit)
c) Agriculture Possible
[Link]/ PurvanchalRanges :a)No year Ice present
b) Life (Present)
c) Agriculture Possible

Trans Himalaya
 Karakoram Mountains(Kashmir)
 Zanskar Mountains(Tibet)
 Ladakh Mountains(Ladakh)
 Kailash Mountains(Tibet)

Greater Himalaya (Himadri)

 Nanga Parbat(Kashmir) – man eater mountain/Mountain of devil/murder
 Bander punch Mountains(Uttarakhand)
 Nanda Devi Mountains(Uttarakhand)
 Annapurna Mountains(Nepal)
 Dhaula Giri Mountains(Nepal)
 Makalu Mountains(Tibet, China)
 Mount Everest Mountains(Nepal & Tibet)
 Kanchenjunga Mountains(Border of Sikkim & Tibet)- 5 treasures of snow
Important passes: Region

Karakoram Pass Ladkha

Burzil pass Jammu and Kashmir
Zozilan pass Ladkha
Shipkila pass Himachal Pradesh

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Yang yap pass Arunachal Pradesh
Jaleplaa pass Sikkim

MiddleHimalaya (Lesser Himalaya)

 Peer Panjal Mountains(J&K)
 Dhauladhar Mountains(Himachal Pradesh)
 Mussoorie Mountains(Uttarakhand)
 Mahabharata Mountains (Nepal)
 Nag Tibba Mountains(Uttarakhand)

Important ranges of Lesser Himalayas Region

The PirPanjal Range Jammu and Kashmir (They are to the
south of Kashmir Vailey)

The Dhaula Dhar Range Himachal Pradesh

The Mussoorie Range and The Nag Tibba Uttarakhand
Range

Mahabharat Lekh Nepal

 Nag Tibba : is the highest Peak in the lesser Himalaya Region of Uttarakhand State.
 PirPanjal is known to be the Largest Range of the Lower Himalayas.
 Major Crop of the Lower Himalayas is ‗Potatoes‘.

Important hill Resorts; Shimla, Chhail, Mussorie Nainital, Almora, Darjeeling.

JWAHAR TUNNEL
 Also called Banihal tunnel.
 2.85km.
 NH44
 Connects Jammu and Srinagar


Rohtang Tunnel
 Also called Atal tunnel
 Connects Manali (Solang valley) to LahaulSpiti (sissu)

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 Length -- 9.02km
 Longest highway tunnel in the world, -- 3000m./10,000feet.[ 1m=3.2foot]

Tunnels
 Longest highway tunnel in the world, (High altitude of 3048 m or 10,000 feet) [1
m=3.2 foot]- Atal tunnel (9.02 km) (Connects Manali (Solang valley) to Lahaul Spiti
(sissu))
 Longest Road Tunnel in India- Syama Prasad Mukharjee Road Tunnel (Chenani-
Nashari) (9.34 km)
 Longest Railway Tunnel in India- Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, Jammu & Kashmir (11.22
km)
 Second Longest Railway Tunnel in India- Sangaldan Railway Tunnel, Jammu &
Kashmir (8 km)

Shivalik Range (Outer Himalaya)

 Average height- 900-1200m.
 Youngest part of the mountains.
 Forms the foothills of Himalayas.
 Lies between Himalayas the plains.

Region Name of Shiwaliks

Jammu Region Jammu Hills

Dafla, Miri Abor and Mishmi Hills Arunachal Pradesh

The Dhang Range, Dundwa Range Uttarakhand

Mikir Assam
Churia Ghat Hills Nepal

Braille Manipur
Mizo Mizoram

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 Mount Everest
Regional name of Mount Everest Region

Sagarmatha (The Goddess of the Sky) Nepal

Chomlungma (Mother of the World) China (Tibet)

State Passes of Greater Himalayas

Jammu and 1 Burzil Pass

Kashmir
2. PirPanjal Pass

Himachal Pradesh 1. Bara Lacha La

2. Shipki La [The Hindustan- Tibet Road

connecting Shimla with Gartok in Wastern
Tibet]

Uttarakhand 1. Thaga La
2. Niti Pass
3. LipuLekh
Sikkim 1. Nathu La

2 Jlep La [important trade route

connecting Kalimpong (near Darjeeling)
with Lhasa in Tibet, passes through Jelep
La [4.386 m)

China- Myanmar (lies on McMohan Line) Diphu Pass

Important Points to be Remembered

1) Patkoi Bum is the Eastern Range of Himalaya India.
2) NamchaBaruhais the Eastern Range of Himalaya Ranges. (world)
3) K2/ Godwin Austinis the Highest Mountain of India.

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4) Kangchenjungais the Highest Mountain in India.

Important Hills in India

Hills State
Baba Budan Hills Karnataka
Nilgiri Hills Tamil Nadu

Anamalai Hills Tamil Nadu

Anaimudi Hills Kerala

Agastyamalai Hills Tamil Nadu
Cardamom Hills Kerala
Varushnad Hills Tamil Nadu
Nagari Hills Andhra Pradesh

Nallamala Hills Andhra Pradesh

MahendraGiri Hills Odisha

Palni Hills Tamil Nadu

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 Valley
Valley- Land between 2 Mountains is called Valley.

Some Important Valleys

 Between Peer Panjal& Greater Himalaya- Kashmir Valley
 Between Dhauladhar& Greater Himalaya- Kullu Valley
 Between Nagtibba& Greater Himalaya- Kangra Valley
 Between Mahabharat & Greater Himalaya- Kathmandu Valley

Highest peaks of India State wise

 The highest Peak of India->K2 (Godwin Austin) - 8611m. Kanchenjunga [if Pok is not-
I].
 The highest Peak in Aravallis->Guru Shikhar
 The highest Peak in Satpura ->Dhupgarhi
 The highest Peak in Eastern Ghats ->Mahendragiri
 The highest peak in Western Ghats->Anaimudi
 The highest peak in Uttrakhand ->Nanda Devi
 The highest peak in West Bengal->Tiger Hill
 The highest peak in Jharkhand->Parasnath
 The highest peak in Gujrat ->Sarkala (Gir Hills)
 The highest peak in Maharashtra ->Kalsubai
 The highest peak in Nilgiri. (Tamilnadu ->Doda Betta
 The highest peak in Arunachal pardesh ->Kangto
 The highest peak in Andaman & Nicobar-SaddlePeak
 The highest peak in Nagaland - >Saramati peak
 The highest beak in Mizoram ->Blue Mountains
 The highest peak in SK->Kanchenjunga

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 Plateau
A plateau is a raised flat area of land. It is a flat-topped table land that rises
above the surrounding terrain.
- The most common example of plateaus includes the East African Plateau in
Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, as well as Australia's Western Plateau.
- The Tibet Plateau is the world's highest plateau, rising 4,000 to 6,000 meters
above the mean sea level.
- The various process that creates the plateaus are volcanism (Deccan
Plateau), crustal shortening (Tibetian Plateau), and thermal expansion
(Ethiopian Highlands).
-A plateau is formed as a result of the surrounding land being eroded by
rivers, floods, and glaciers.
-A plateau can also develop over time as a result of numerous lava flows.

Plateau in India
 The Central Highland
 Malwa Plateau
 Bundelkhand
 Chotanagpur Plateau
 MarwarPlateau
 Baster Plateau
 Meghalaya Plateau
 The Deccan Plateau
 Deccan Trap
 Western Ghats
 Eastern Ghats
 North-East Extension

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 Central Highland
1) Also called the Madhya Bharat Pathaar or Madhya Bharat Plateau.
2) It is to the east of the Marwar or Mewar Upland.
3) Most of the plateau comprises the basin of the Chambal river which flows
in a rift valley.
4) The Kali Sindh, flowing from Rana Pratap Sagar, The Banas flowing through
Mewar plateau, and The Parwan and the Parbati flowing from Madhya
Pradesh are its main tributaries.
5) It is a rolling plateau with rounded hills composed of sandstone. Thick
forests grow here.
6) To the north are the ravines or badlands of the Chambal river [They are
typical to Chambal river basin].
7) The part of Peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river
covering with a measured area of Malwa plateau is known as the Central
Highlands.
8) The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Central Highlands on the south
and the Aravali on the Northwest.
9) The Central Highlands are wider in the West but narrower in the East.
10) The general elevation of the Central Highlands ranges between 700-1,000
m above the mean sea level and it slopes towards the north and
northeastern directions.

Marwar Plateau or Mewar Plateau

- It is the plateau of eastern Rajasthan. [Marwar plain is to the west of Aravalis

whereas Marwar plateau is to the east].
- The average elevation is 250-500 m above sea level and it slopes down
eastwards.
- It is made up of sandstone, shales, and limestones of the Vindhayan period.
- The Banas River, along with its tributaries [Berach river, Khari rivers] originate
in the Aravali Range and flow towards northwest into the Chambal river. The
erosional activity of these rives makes the plateau top appear like a rolling
plain.
Rolling Plain: ‘Rolling plains’ are not completely flat: there are slight rises and
falls in the landform. Ex: Prairies of USA

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Bundelkhand Upland
1) Yamuna river to the north, Madhya Bharat Pathar to the west, Vindhyan
Scarplands to the east and south-east, and Malwa Plateau to the south.
2) It is the old dissected (divided by a number of deep valleys) upland of the
‘Bundelkhand gneiss’ comprising of granite and gneiss.
3) Spreads over five districts of Uttar Pradesh and four districts of Madhya
Pradesh.
4) An average elevation of 300-600 m above sea level, this area slopes down
from the Vindhyan Scarp toward the Yamuna River.
5) The area is marked by a chain of hillocks (small hill) made of granite and
sandstone.
6) The erosional work of the rivers flowing here have converted it into an
undulating (wave-like surface) area and rendered it unfit for cultivation.
7) The region is characterized by senile (characteristic of or caused by old
age) topography.
8) Streams like Betwa, Dhasan, and Ken flow through the plateau.

Malwa Plateau
1) The Malwa Plateau roughly forms a triangle based on the Vindhyan Hills,
bounded by the Aravali Range in the west and Madhya Bharat Pathar to the
north and Bundelkhand to the east.
Lies in Madhya Pradesh b/w Aravali & Vindhyas
Extension of it is Bundelkhand, Bhaghelkhand& Chota Nagpur Plateau.
2) This plateau has 2 systems of drainage; one towards the Arabian sea (The
Narmada, the Tapi and the Mahi), and the other towards the Bay of Bengal
(Chambal and Betwa, joining the Yamuna).
3) In the north it is drained by the Chambal and many of its right bank
tributaries like the Kali, the Sindh and the Parbati. It also includes the upper
courses of the Sindh, the Ken and the Betwa.
4) It is composed of extensive lava flow and is covered with black soils.
5) The general slope is towards the north [decreases from 600 m in the south
to less than 500 m in the north]
6) This is a rolling plateau dissected by rivers. In the north, the plateau is
marked by the Chambal ravines.

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Baghelkhand
1) North of the Maikal Range is the Baghelkhand.
2) Made of limestones and sandstones on the west and granite in the east.
3) It is bounded by the Son river on the north.
4) The central part of the plateau acts as a water divide between the Son
drainage system in the north and the Mahanadi river system in the south.
5) The region is uneven with general elevation varying from 150 m to 1,200 m.
6) The Bhanrer and Kaimur are located close to the trough-axis.
7) The general horizontality of the strata shows that this area has not
undergone any major disturbance.

Chotanagpur Plateau
1) Chotanagpur plateau represents the north-eastern projection of the
Indian Peninsula.
2) Mostly in Jharkhand, northern part of Chhatisgarh and Purulia district of
West Bengal.
3) The Son river flows in the north-west of the plateau and joins the Ganga.
4) The average elevation of the plateau is 700 m above sea level.
5) This plateau is composed mainly of Gondwana rocks.
6) The plateau is drained by numerous rivers and streams in different
directions and presents a radial drainage pattern.
7) Rivers like the Damodar, the Subarnrekaha, the North Koel, the South Koel
and the Barkar have developed extensive drainage basins.
8)The Damodar river flows through the middle of this region in a rift valley
from west to east. Here are found the Gondwana coal fields which provide
bulk of coal in India.
9) North of the Damodar river is the Hazaribagh plateau with an average
elevation of 600 m above mean sea level. This plateau has isolated hills. It
looks like a peneplain due to large scale erosion.
10) The Ranchi Plateau to the south of the Damodar Valley rises to about 600
m above mean sea level. Most of the surface is rolling where the city of
Ranchi (661 m) is located.
11) At places it is interruped by monadnocks (an isolated hill or ridge of
erosion-resistant rock rising above a peneplain. Ex: Ayers Rock in Australia)
and conical hills.
12) The Rajmahal Hills (Jharkhand) forming the north eastern edge of the
Chotanagpur Plateau are mostly made of basalt & are covered by lava
flows {Basaltic Lava}.
13) They run in north-south direction and rise to average elevation of 400 m
(highest mount is 567 m).

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Highest Peak in Chhotanagpur Plateau- Parasnath (1366 m, Jharkhand) also
called Sri SammedSikharji

Meghalaya Plateau
1) The peninsular plateau extends further east beyond the Rajmahal hills to
from Meghalaya or the Shillong plateau.
2) Garo Raajmahal Gap (Malda Gap)- Separates this plateau from the main
block of Indian Peninsula Plateau.
3) This gap was formed by down-faulting (normal fault: a block of earth slides
downwards). It was later filled by sediments deposited by the Ganga and
Brahmaputra.
a) Down warping along Rajmahal–Garo hills = ‘Malda gap’
b) Ganga-Brahmaputra flow through the Malda gap.
4) The plateau is formed by Archaean quartzites, shales, and schists.
5) The plateau slopes down to Brahmaputra valley in the north and the
Surma and Meghna valleys in the south.
Its western boundary more or less coincides with the Bangladesh border.
6) The western, central, and eastern parts of the plateau are known as the
Garo Hills (900 m), the Khasi-Jaintia Hills (1,500 m), and the Mikir Hills (700 m).
7) Shillong (1,961 m) is the highest point of the plateau.

Bastar Plateau
1) Bastar is a district in the southernmost region in the state of Chhattisgarh.
2) It is a forested mineral rich region.
Southern part of Chhattisgarh between the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers.
4) Bisected into two parts by the Indravati River.
5) Tribal dominated region.
6) Under the strong grip of Naxalism.

Deccan Plateau
 Largest plateau in India: Lies to the south of the Narmada River, Shaped as inverted
triangle.
 Surrounded by Satpura hills, Mahadeo hills, Maikala range, Amarkantak hills and
Rajmahal hills in the north; Western Ghats in the west and the Eastern Ghats in the
east
 Volcanic in origin, made up of horizontal layers of solidified lava forming trap
structure with step like appearance
 Sedimentary layers are also found in between the layers of solidified lava, making it
inter trapping in structure

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  Average elevation of Western Ghats is 900-1600 metres; compared to 600 metres of
Eastern Ghats.
 Slopes towards east and south and descends abruptly towards west making
sahayadri ranges.
 The plateau is suitable for the cultivation of cotton; home to rich mineral resources
& a source to generate hydroelectric power.

Peninsular Plateau - also called Deccan Plateau

FEATURES:
1) Roughly triangular in shape.
2) Area-16 lakh sq. km.
3) Average height - 600 to 900km(above the sea level)
4) Most of the peninsular rivers flow west to east indicating it`s the general slope.

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5) Exception – NMSTe( Narmada, Mahi, Sabarmati, Tapti) flows from east to west in a rift.
6) It is a highly stable block composed mostly of the Archaean gneisses and schists Rocks.
7) Aggregation of several smaller plateaus.

 Western Ghats
1. Western Ghats
2. Folded parts of Deccan Plateau
3. Also known as Shayadries
4. More Continuous & higher than Eastern Ghats
5. Separated from coast by narrow coastal plains
6. Rich watersheds give birth to large peninsular rivers like Godavari and
Krishna
7. Extends from Tapi in North to Kanyakumari in south
8. Gujarat- Kachchh & Kathiawar Coast
9. Maharashtra- Konkan Coast
10. Karnataka- Kanara Coast & Goan Coast
11. Kerela- Malabar Coast
12. Malabar Coast has Kayals (Backwaters). Every year Nehru Trophy
Vallamkali (Boat Race) is held in Punnamada Kayal in Kerela

 EASTERN GHATS
 Eastern Ghats form a discontinuous line of hills Parallel to east coast.
 General altitude is 600 m.
 Width is 190 km in north and 75 km is south.
 Its width decreases from north to south because Peninsular Plateau is triangular in
shape.
 Mahendragiri is the highest peak is in Odisha.
 It is not a source of any big river.
 It receives less rainfall.
 Hills from north to south-Nallamala- Erralmala- Velikonda- Palkonda- Javadi-
Shevaroy.
 It is known by different names at different places-
 Northern circars north of Godavari.
 Palkonda and Nallamala between Godavari and Palar river.
 Shevaroy and Javadi as Tamil Nadu hills.
 Eastern Coastal Plain is divided into 2 parts- Northern Circars (Andhra) (b/n
Mahanadi & Krishna River) and Coromandal Coast (b/n Krishna & Kaveri)
(Tamilnadu).

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Features of Plateau
- Generally, plateaus have an abundance of mineral resources.

- As a result, many of the world's mining sites are situated on plateaus. Gold and diamond
mining are well-known on the African plateau.

- The Chota Nagpur plateau in India contains massive amounts of iron, coal, and
Manganese.

- The Hundru falls on the river Subarnarekha on the Chota Nagpur plateau and the Jog
falls in Karnataka are two instances of such waterfalls in India.

- The lava plateaus have a lot of black soil, which is productive and suitable for farming.
Many plateaus feature beautiful scenery and are popular with visitors.

- The black soil region known as Deccan Trap is one of the distinctive characteristics of the
Peninsular plateau.

- The rocks are igneous because they are of volcanic origin. Actually, these boulders have
depleted through time and are the cause of black soil development.
-The Aravalli Hills are located on the Peninsular Plateau's western and northern edges.

COASTAL PLAINS
The narrow coastal strip between the edges of the Peninsular plateau and the coastline
of India running for a distance of six thousand kilometres from the Rann of Kutch in the
west to the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta in the east is called Coastal Plains.
Indian Coastal Plains are of two types i.e.
1) West Coastal Plains
2) East Coastal Plains
India's Coastline touches-

9 States- Gujarat, Maharshtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerela, Tamil Nadu, Andhara Pradesh,
Odisha and West Bengal
2 Union Territories- Daman & Diu and Puducherry.

 WEST COAST PLAINS

 Extend from Gujarat to Kerala.
 Known by different names at different states-1. Konkan in Gujarat and Goa
2. Kanara in Karnataka.
3. Malabar in Kerala.
 Plains are wider in south and narrower in the north.

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  Garsopa falls (Jog falls) on Karnataka coast are highest in India.
 In Kerala, Coast has salt water lakes called lagoons.
 Ashtamudi and Vembanad are important lakes located here.

 EAST COAST PLAINS

 Coastal strip along with Bay of Bengal is broader as compared to the Western
coast.
 Known as Utkal plains in Odisha.
 Chilkalagoonis located in Odisha.
 Kolleru lake lies in Andhra Pradesh.
 Pulicatlake is located here.
 CoromundalCoastis in Tamil Nadu in south.
 It is formed by alluvium brought by rivers.
 Rivers of this coastal plains are longer and less erosine.
 Rivers form deltas.
 This coast is prone to cyclone and floods.
 Ports are lesser than that of Fastern Coast Plains.

OCEAN
 Ocean Currents :Ocean currents are patterns of water movement and patterns
that influence climate zones and weather patterns around the world. They're
primarily driven by winds and by seawater density, although many other factors
including the shape and configuration of the ocean basin they flow through -
influence them.

 Types of Currents
1. Surface Water Current
2. Deep Water Current

 Surface Water Current :Surface currents refer to movement of the top layer of
ocean water - the upper 330 feet or so- primarily driven by wind. The large-scale
circulation of these surface currents roughly mirrors the large-scale circulation of air,
which most simply derives from unequal heating of the planet's surface by the sun.
Currents form rotating systems in the middle of major ocean systems called gyres.
Like the winds controlling them, these surface currents help redistribute heat at a
planetary scale: Generally speaking warm water flows toward the poles and cold
water flows toward the equator.
 Deep Water Current : Deep-water currents describe water movement patterns far
below the ocean's surface and the influence of the wind. Instead of airflow, these
currents primarily arise from variations in the density of seawater, controlled by its

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 temperature and salt content (salinity). Their movement forms thermohaline
circulation ("thermo" meaning temperature, "haline" meaning salinity) which crosses
ocean basins and links to surface currents in what's called the "global conveyor
belt."

Current & Tide

Currents can be distinguished from tides, regular increases and decreases in the level of
the sea surface. As the Earth rotates around the sun and the moon, the gravitational pull
of each celestial body causes ocean levels to be slightly deeper at certain times. This
creates high and low tides twice a day, which occur at different times in different parts of
the world. When the moon, sun, and Earth line up, particularly strong tides ("spring tides")
result that can dramatically affect water levels. The action created by tides can impact
both types of currents by modifying depth levels and water displacement.

SOILS
Ancient Classification :
 Urvara [fertile]
 Usara [sterile]
Rivers bring minerals with them. And these minerals make alluvial soil fertile.
N- Nitrogen helps plant foliage to grow strong.
P-Phosphorous helps roots and flowers grow and develop.
K- Potassium (Potash) is important for overall plant health.

N- High nitrogen fertilizers will make for quick growth but weaker plants that are more
susceptible to attacks by diseases and pests. Fast, showy growth is not necessarily the best
thing for your plants.

P- Excessive soil phosphorus reduces the plant’s ability to take up required micronutrients,
particularly iron and zinc, even when soil tests show there are adequate amounts of those
nutrients in the soil.

K- Too much potassium can be unhealthy for plants because it affects the way the soil
absorbs other critical nutrients. Lowering soil potassium can also prevent excess
phosphorus from running into the waterways where it can increase growth of algae that
can eventually kill aquatic organisms

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CLASSIFICATION
1. Alluvial soil [43%]
2. Red soil [18.5%]
3. Black / regur soil [15%]
4. Arid / desert soil
5. Laterite soil
6. Saline soil
7. Peaty /marshy soil
8. Forest soil
9. Sub-mountain soil
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ALLUVIAL SOIL
 Mostly available soil in India (about 43%)
 Widespread in northern plains and river valleys.
 In peninsular-India, they are mostly found in deltas.
 Area of Alluvial: Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, U.P, Bihar, Chandigarh, Rajasthan, M.P,
West Bengal, Meghalaya, Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Goa,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha.
 Highly fertile.
 Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plain, Narmada-Tapi plain etc are examples.
 They are depositional soil transported and deposited by rivers, streamsetc.
 Crops: Wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, pulses, oilseed etc are cultivated .
 New alluvium is termed as Khadar and old alluvium is termed as bhangar.
 Colour: Light Grey to Ash Grey.
 Texture: Sandy to silty loam or clay.
 Rich in: potash
 Poor in: phosphorous.
 Bhabar, bhangar, khadar and teraiaregeologicaldivisions of alluvial soils.
 Bhabar region lies along the foot of the Siwaliks from the Indus to the Tista. But Terai
belt lies to the south of Bhabhar and run parallel to [Link] comprises of pebble-
studded rocks in the shape of porous beds. But Terai is composed of comparatively
finer alluvium and is covered by forest.
 Bhabar: It is found in the foothills of Shivaliks. It is 8 to 16 kms wide.

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 RED SOIL
 Seen mainly in low rainfall area.
 Also known as Omnibus group.
 Porous, friable structure.
 Area: Chhattisgarh, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerela.
 Absence of kankar (impure calcium carbonate).
 Deficient in: lime, phosphate, manganese, nitrogen, humus andpotash.
 Colour: Red because of Ferric oxide. The lower layer is reddish yellow or yellow.
 Texture: Sandy to clay and loamy.
 Crops:Wheat, cotton, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, potato etc are cultivated.

BLACK SOIL/REGUR SOIL

 Most of the Deccan is occupied by Black soil.
 Area of Black Cotton Soil: M.P, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Telangana, U.P,
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh.
 Mature soil.
 High water retaining capacity.
 Swells and will become sticky when wet and shrink when dried.
 Self-ploughing is a characteristic of the black soil as it developswide cracks when
dried.
 Rich in: Iron, lime, calcium, potassium, aluminium and magnesium.
 Deficient in: Nitrogen, Phosphorous and organic matter. Colour: Deep black to light
black.
 Texture: Clayey.
 Crops: Cotton, Wheat, Jowar, Linseed, Castor, Sunflower, Virginia, Tobacco &
Millets.

LATERITE SOIL
 Name from Latin word 'Later' which means Brick.
 Become so soft when wet and so hard when dried.
 In the areas of high temperature and high rainfall.
 Area: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, Odisha, Telangana, West Bengal.
 Lime and silica will be leached away from the soil.
 Organic matters of the soil will be removed fast by the bacteria as it is high
temperature and humus will be taken quickly by the trees and other plants. Thus,
humus content is low.
 Rich in: Iron and Aluminium
 Deficient in: Nitrogen, Potash, Potassium, Lime, Humus
 Colour: Red colour due to iron & Aluminium.
 Crops:Rice, Ragi, Sugarcane and Cashew nuts are cultivated mainly.

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 SALINE SOIL
 Salinity becomes a problem when enough salts accumulate in the root zone to
negatively affect plant growth.

DESERT / ARID SOIL

 Seen under Arid and Semi-Arid conditions.
 Area of Arid Soil : Rajasthan, Gujarat
 Deposited mainly by wind activities.
 High salt content.
 Lack of moisture and Humus.
 Kankar or Impure Calcium carbonate content is high whichrestricts the infiltration of
water.
 Nitrogen is insufficient and Phosphate is normal.
 Texture: Sandy
 Colour: Red to Brown.
 Crops:Barley, Cotton, Wheat, Millets, Maize & Pulses.

PEATY / MARSHY SOIL

 Areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity.
 A large quantity of dead organic matter/humus which makes the soil alkaline.
 Area: Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttaranchal.
 Heavy soil with black colour.
 Crops:This soil is best for crops like Rice, Oilseeds,Citrus, Tobacco, Sugarcane etc.

FOREST SOIL
 Regions of high rainfall.
 Humus content is less and thus the soil is acidic.

MOUNTAIN SOIL
 In the mountain regions of the country.
 Immature soil with low humus and acidic.

COLOUR MEANS (IMP)

 Black -Iron, Aluminium, Humus
 Grey/ Blue Grey- Waterlogged Dry and. Wet
 Greenish- Sulphur
 Red- Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorous

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 FOREST
Sir HG Champion categorised India’s forested types of for the first time in
1936 preliminary survey of forest Type of India and Burma
Classification of Vegetation
 Tropical Evergreen and 'Semi Evergreen forests.
 Tropical Deciduous forests.
 Tropical Thorn forests.
 Montane forests.
 Littoral and Swamp forests
 Mangroves
Tropical Evergreen Forests
 Tropical evergreen forests are found in the regions that receive annual precipitation
of over 200 cm and mean annual temperature above 22°C.
 Tropical evergreen forests are found in the western slope of the Western Ghats, hills
of the north eastern region, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 In tropical evergreen forests, trees reach great heights, i.e.. up to 60 m or even
above. And, largely these trees do not have fixed time to shed their leaves.
 Major examples of evergreen forests are rosewood, Mahogany, Aini, ebony, etc.

(A) Plant Species in Tropical Evergreen Forests

 1) Ebony
 2) Mahogany
 3) Rosewood
 4) Rubber Chinchona

(B) Animal Species in Tropical Evergreen Forests
 1) Elephants
 2) Monkeys
 3) Lemur
 4) Deer
 5) One-Horned Rhino
 (Assam, West Bengal)
 6) Birds
 7) Bats
 8) Sloth
 9) Scorpions
 10) Snails

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 Semi-evergreen Forests
 Semi-evergreen forests are a mixture of evergreen and moist deciduous trees,
found in the regions that receive less precipitation than the evergreen forests.
 Main species of semi evergreen white forests are cedar, hillock, and kail.

Tropical Deciduous Forests

 Tropical Deciduous Forests are the most widespread forests of India and are
popularly as Monsoon Forests.
 Tropical deciduous forests are found in the regions, which receive rainfall between
70 and 200cm.
 Tropical deciduous forests are further categorized as the Moist deciduous forests
and Dry deciduous forest.
 The moist deciduous forests are found in the regions, which record rainfall between
100 and 200 cm.
 The moist deciduous forests are found along the foothills of the Himalayas, eastern
slopes of the Western Ghats, and Odisha.
 Teak, sal, shisham, hurra, mahua, amla, semul, kusum, and sandalwood etc. are the
main species of the moist deciduous forests.
 Dry deciduous forests are found in the regions that receive precipitation between
70 and 100cm.
 As the dry season begins, the trees of deciduous forests shed their leaves
completely.
 Tendu, palas, amaltas, bel, khair, axlewood, etc. are the major trees of dry
deciduous forests.

Tropical Thorn Forests

 Tropical thorn forests are found in the areas, which receive rainfall less than 50 cm.
 Tropical thorn forests are found in the areas of south west Punjab Haryana,
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
 Babool, ber, and wild date: palm, khair, neem, khejri, palas, etc. are the important
species of tropical thorn forests.

Mountain Forests
 Mountain forests in India are normally classified into two types,i.e. the northern
mountain forests and the southern mountain forests.
 Deciduous forests are found in the foothills of the Himalayas.
 Temperate forests found between an altitude of 1,000 and 2,000m.
 In the higher hill ranges of northeastern India, for example, hilly areas of West
Bengal and Uttaranchal, evergreen broad leaf trees such as oak and chestnut are
predominant.
 Chir deodar pine, etc. are the important species of temperate forests.

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  Between 3,000 and 4,000m. Silver firs, junipers, pines, birch, and rhododendrons, etc.
are found.
 However, at higher altitude, the tundra vegetation is found and major speciesare
mosses and lichens.
 At a higher altitude, the southern mountain forests largely belong to the temperate
type, which are locally known as 'Sholas in the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, and Palani hills.
 Some of the trees of economic significance include magnolia, laurel, cinchona,
and wattle.

Littoral and Swamp Forests

 India is rich in Littoral and Swamp Forests.
 Chilika Lake (in Odisha) and Keoladeo National Park (in Bharatpur, Rajasthan) are
protected as water-fowl habitats under the Convention of Wetlands of International
Importance (i.e. Ramsar Convention).
 Mainly found in Deccan Plateau.
 Also found in sealine cost of Gujarat & Rajasthan, Gulf of Kutch, Eastern coast
Deltas and Lakes & Rivers of Kashmir & Ladakh.
 3 Types- a) Beach Forests b)Tidal (Mangrove) c) Fresh water Swamp Forests.
 Twiners and climbers are significant features of littoral forests.

Mangrove Forests
 Grows along the coasts
 Consist of several salt - Tolerant species
 Sundarbans of West Bengal (largest Ramsar Site of India)
 Andaman and Nicobar island
 Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna deltas
 Shrub/tree that grows in coastal saline/brackish water
 Mangrove grows along the coasts in the salt marshes, tidal creeks, mud flats, and
estuaries; and, it has a number of salt-tolerant species of plants.
 In India, the mangrove forests spread over 6,740 sq. km, which is 7% of the world's
mangrove forests.
 Mangroves are largely found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the
Sunderbans of West Bengal.

FOREST COVER IN INDIA

 Report - based on the aerial photograph and satellite imageries
 Total forest tree -24.56%
 According to the ‘Indian state of the forest report 2019’
 Area wise - MP has the largest forest cover in the country
 2nd Arunachal Pradesh
 Percentage-wise – Mizoram(85.41%), Arunachal Pradesh (79.63%)
 Top 2 states showing increase in forest cover -Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
 Forest conservation
 Forest policy, 1988
 Bringing 33% of the geographical area under forest cover

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Climate
The factors affecting the climate
Climate of India is affected by the factors of latitude, distance from the seas, monsoon
wind, relief features and jet stream.

Latitude
1) Latitudinally, India lies between 8°4'N and 37°6'N latitudes. The Tropic of cancer divides
the country into two equal halves.
2) The area located to the south of Tropic of cancer experiences high temperature and
no severe cold season throughout the year whereas, the areas to the north of this parallel
enjoys subtropical climate.
3) Here, summer temperature may rise above 40°C and it is close to freezing point during
Winter.

Altitude
• When the altitude increases, the temperatures decreases. Temperature decreases at
the rate of 6.50C for every 1000 metres of ascent. It is called normal lapse rate.
• Hence, places in the mountains are cooler than the places on the plains.
• That is why the places located at higher altitudes even in south India have cool climate.

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• Ooty and several other hill stations of south India and of the Himalayan ranges like
Mussourie, Shimla etc., are much cooler than the places located on the Great Plains.

Distance from the Sea

1) Distance from the sea does not cause only temperature and pressure variations but
also affects the amount of rainfall.
2) A large area of India, especially the peninsular region, is not very far from the sea and
this entire area has a clear maritime influence on climate.
3) This part of the country does not have a very clearly marked winter and the
temperature is equable almost throughout the year.
4) Areas of central and north India experience much seasonal variation in temperature
due to the absence of seas.
5) Here, summers are hot and winters are cold. The annual temperature at Kochi does not
exceed 30°C as its location is on the coast while it is as high as 40°C at Delhi, since it is
located in the interior part.
6) Air near the coast has more moisture and greater potential to produce precipitation.
7) Due to this fact, the amount of rainfall at Kolkata located near the coast is 119 cm and
it decreases to just 24 cm at Bikaner which is located in the interior part.

Monsoon Wind
a) The most dominant factor which affects the climate of India is the monsoon winds.
b) These are seasonal reversal winds and India remains in the influence of these winds for
a considerable part of a year.
c) Though, the sun's rays are vertical over the central part of India during the mid-June,
the summer season ends in India by the end of May.
d) It is because the onset of southwest monsoon brings down the temperature of the
entire India and causes moderate to heavy rainfall in many parts of the country.
e) Similarly, the climate of southeast India is also influenced by northeast monsoon.
Relief
a) Relief of India has a great bearing on major elements of climate such as temperature,
atmospheric pressure, direction of winds and the amount of rainfall.
b) The Himalayas acts as a barrier to the freezing cold wind blows from central Asia (e.g.
Bulunkul village in Tajikistan EXTREME TEMP. = -63 degree C) and keep the Indian
subcontinent warm.
c) As such the north India experiences tropical climate even during winter.
d) During southwest monsoon, areas on the western slope of the Western Ghats receive
heavy rainfall.
e) On the contrary, vast areas of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh
and Tamil nadu lie in rain shadow or leeward side of the Western Ghats receive very little
rainfall.
f) During this season, Mangalore, located on the coast gets the rainfall of about 280 cm.
whereas the Bengaluru located on the leeward side receives only about 50 cm rainfall.

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Jet Streams
1) Jet streams are the fast moving winds blowing in a narrow zone in the upper
atmosphere.
2) According to the Jet stream theory, the onset of southwest monsoon is driven by the
shift of the sub tropical westerly jet from the plains of India towards the Tibetan Nateau.
3) The easterly jet streams cause tropical depressions both during southwest monsoon and
retreating monsoon.

Monsoons
1) It blows from the south-west to north-east during summer and from the north-east to
south-west during winter
2) Monsoon wind originates due to the seasonal migration of planetary winds and
pressure belts following the position of the sun.
3) During summer solstice, the sun's rays fall vertically over the Tropic of cancer. Therefore,
all the pressure and wind belts of the globe shift northwards.
4) At this time, Inter -Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) also moves northward, and a
major part of Indian landmass comes under the influence of southeast trade winds.
5) While crossing equator this wind gets deflected and takes the direction of southwest
and becomes southwest monsoon.
6) During the winter season, the pressure and wind belts shift southward, thereby
establishing the north-east monsoon (trade winds) over this region. Such systematic
change in the direction of planetary winds is known as monsoon.

The meteorologists recognize the four distinct seasons in India.

1. Winter or cold weather season (January-February).
2. Pre-monsoon, summer or hot weather season (March-May).
3. Southwest monsoon or rainy season (June - September).
4. Northeast monsoon season (October-December)

Winter or cold weather season

1- During this period, the vertical rays of the sun falls over tropic of capricorn which is far
away from India.
2- Hence, India receives the slanting sun's rays which results in low temperature.
3- The cold weather season is characterized by clear skies, fine weather, light northerly
winds, low humidity and large day time variations of temperature.
4- During this season a high pressure develops over north India and a north-westerly wind
blows down the Indus and Ganges valleys.
5- In south India, the general direction of wind is from east to west.
6- The mean temperature increases from north to south, the decrease being sharp as one
moves northwards in the north-western part of the country.
7-The mean daily minimum temperatures range from 22°C in the extreme south, to 10°C in
the northern plains and 6°C in Punjab.
8-The rain during this season generally occurs over the Western Himalayas, Tamil nadu
and Kerala.
9- Western disturbances and associated trough in westerlies are main rain bearing system
in northern part of the country.
10- The jet stream plays a dominant role in bringing these disturbances to India.

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11- These disturbances cause rainfall in Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, and
snowfall in the hills of Jammu and Kashmir. This rainfall is very useful for the cultivation of
winter wheat.

Pre Monsoon or summer or hot weather season

1) During this season, the vertical rays of the sun falls over the peninsular India. Hence,
there is a steady increase in temperature from south to north.
2) During this season, temperature starts increasing all over the country and by April, the
interior parts of south India record mean daily temperatures of
30°C-35°C.
3) Many stations in Gujarat, North Maharashtra, Rajasthan and North Madhya Pradesh
exhibit high day-time and low night-time temperatures during this season
4) Because of the atmospheric pressure conditions, the winds blow from southwest to
northeast direction in Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
5) They bring pre monsoon showers to the west coast during the month of May. There are
few thunder showers called "Mango Showers" which helps in quick ripening of mangoes
along the coast of Kerala and Karnataka.

Southwest monsoon or Rainy Season

1) The southwest monsoon takes place normally over the southern tip of the country.
2) The monsoon is influenced by global phenomenon like EINino. Prior to the onset of the
southwest monsoon, the temperature in north India reaches upto 46°C.
3) It lowers the temperature of India to a large extent. The monsoon wind strikes against
the southern tip of Indian land mass and gets divided into two branches.
4) One branch starts from Arabian sea and the other from Bay of Bengal. The Arabian sea
branch of southwest monsoon gives heavy rainfall to the west coast of India as it is
located in the windward side of the Western Ghats.
5) The other part which advances towards north is obstructed by Himalayan Mountains
and results in heavy rainfall in north.
6) As Aravalli Mountain is located parallel to the wind direction, Rajasthan & western part
donot get much rainfall from this branch.
7) The wind from Bay of Bengal branch moves towards northeast India and Myanmar. This
wind is trapped by a chain of mountains namely Garo, Khasi and Jaintia are mainly
responsible for the heaviest rainfall caused at Mawsynram located in Meghalaya.
8) Later on, this wind travel towards west which results in decrease in rainfall from east to
west.
9) Over all about 75% of Indian rainfall is received from this monsoon. Tamil nadu which is
located in the leeward side receives only a meagre rainfall.

El Nino, as is commonly known, refers to an abnormal warming of surface waters in

equatorial Pacific Ocean. It is known to suppress monsoon rainfall.
The opposite phase, La Nina, which is the abnormal cooling of sea surface waters in the
same region, is known to aid rainfall over India.

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Post monsoon or Retreating or Northeast monsoon season
1) The southwest monsoon begins to retreat from north India by the end of September
due to the southward shifting pressure belts.
2) The southwest monsoon wind returns from Indian landmass and blows towards Bay of
Bengal.
3) The coriolis force deflects this wind and makes it to blow from northeast. Hence, it is
known as Northeast monsoon or Post-monsoon season.
4) The season is associated with the establishment of the north-easterly wind system over
the Indian subcontinent
5) Andhra Pradesh, Tamil nadu, Kerala and south interior Karnataka receive good amount
of rainfall
accounted for 35% of their annual total.
6) Many parts of Tamil nadu and some parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka receive
rainfall during this season due to the storms forming in the Bay of Bengal.
7) Large scale losses to life and property occur due to heavy rainfall, strong winds and
storm coastal regions.
8) The day time temperatures start falling sharply all over the country. The mean
temperature over northwestern parts of the country shows a decline from about 38°C in
October to 28°C in November.

Distribution of rainfall
1) The average annual rainfall of India is 118 cm. However, spatial distribution of rainfall in
the country is highly uneven.
2) About 11% area receives over 200 cm of annual rainfall, 21% area receives 125 to 200
cm, 37% area receives 75 to 125 cm, 24% area gets 35 to 75 cm and 7% area gets less
than 35 cm.
3) The Western coast. Assam, South Meghalaya, Tripura, Nagaland and Arunachal
Pradesh are the heavy rainfall areas which get more than 200 cm rainfall.
4) The whole of Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Western and Southwestern parts of Uttar
Pradesh, Western Madhya Pradesh, the entire Deccan Trap or Plateau region east of
Western Ghats except for a narrow strip along Tamil nadu coast receive a low rainfall of
less than 100 cm.
5) The rest of the areas receive a rainfall ranging between 100 and 200 cm

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 Rivers
India is known as the land of rivers. There are seven major rivers (Indus, Brahmaputra,
Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Krishna and Mahanadi along with their numerous tributaries
that make up the river system of India.

 Rivers in India can be categorized in many ways out of which some prominent ways
are:
1. Perennial and Non-Perennial River
2. East flowing Vs West flowing Rivers
3. On the basis of their origin

Perennial River- Rivers that flow throughout the year are called perennial river. They usually
originate from mountains. They are also known as Permanent River. Almost all the rivers
originating in the Himalayan region are perennial rivers. They are found in regions with

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humid climate where evaporation rates are much lesser than the [Link] rivers
include The Ganges and The Yamuna.

Non-Perennial River- Rivers which do not have a constant flow throughout the year are
known as non-perennial rivers. It mainly consists of those rivers which flow only during the
rainy season and usually originate in plateau region. They are also called Periodic Rivers.
These rivers are found in areas with arid climates where evaporation tends to be greater
than precipitation. Examples of Non-perennial river are Godavari,, Krishna, Kaveri, etc

East flowing Vs West flowing river:If the river falls into Bay of Bengal then it is east flowing
river whereas if it drains into Arabian Sea then it is west flowing river.

On the basis of their origin :There are three main sources form which rivers originate
andthey are:
1. The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges.
2. Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur plateau in central India.
3. Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India.

INDUS River System

 INDUS River :West Flowing River
 Origin:Chemayungdung Glacier
 Length: 3180 Km
 India 709 kilometre
 Place: BokharChuGlacier Range: Kailash Range (Home of Lord Shiva)
 Location: Tibet
 Route: Tibet>> India >> Pakistan
 India Entry: Damchauk (J&K)
 India Exit: Chillas (POK)
 In Tibet, called- singikhamban/ lions mouth
 Flows Between Ladakh &Zansker Range
 It makes Gorge (V Shape Valley) in POK Region
 Ends – Arabian Sea from Karachi
 Tributaries: Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Satluz&Beas

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 LEFT BANK TRIBUTARIES RIGHT BAMK TRIBUTARIES
 Zaskar  shyok
 Suru  gilgit
 Soam  hunza
 Jhelum  swat
 Chenab  kunnar
 Ravi  Kurram
 Beas  Gomal
 Satluj  Kabul
 Panjnad  Shigar

INDUS WATER TREATY

 Water distribution treaty between India and Pakistan.
 Arranged by World Bank.
 Signed in Karachi 1960.
 Indian pm Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Ji.
 Pakistan president Ayub Khan.
 To use the water available in the Indus River its tributaries.
 Indian commissioner for Indus water- shri [Link].

TRIBUTARIES OF INDUS

SATLUJ
 Origination- Rakesh tal, Mansarovar lake, Kailash range, Tibet.
 Sometimes called Red River.
 Enter HP at shipti(Kinnaur).
 Leaves the HP at Bhakra (world’s highest gravity dam).
India's second highest dam- 226 metre

Highest- Thiri(UK)-261m

 It’s water is mainly used for power generation and irrigation.

 Other dams- Koldam(HP), NathpaJhakhri (HP).
 Flows in HP- 320 kilometre.
 Cities- Ludhiana, Firozpur Bilaspur.
 Tributaries- Spiti, Baspa, Noglikhad.
 Merges with bias at harikapatan, firozpur Punjab.

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 End : Indus

JHELUM
 Origination- Sheshnag, lake, verinag, Kashmir.
 Tributaries of Chenab River.
 Largest tributary of Jhelum- Kishanganga River.
 The water of Jhelum are collected to Pakistan under Indus water treaty.
 Merges with Chenab in Trimmu.
 Cities- Srinagar Baramulla, Anantnag.
 By ancient Greek it was called Vitasta.
 Length: 725 Km
 End :Jhang District (Indus)
 Dams-Uri Dam, Mangla Dam, Kishanganga hydro-electric project.
 The Greeks regarded this river as God.
 Jhelum town named after this river.

CHENAB
 Origination- near Barlacha, pause Zanskar range, Lahaul, Spiti.
 Formed by the confluence over Chandra and Bhaga.
 Also called Chandrabhaga.
 Flows in Himachal Pradesh, Chamba, Jammu and Kashmir.
 Dams- Baglihar dam, Dulahasti dam, Sulal.
 Cities- Kishtwar, Udhampur, Jammu.
 Largest Tributary of INDUS
 Length: 960km
 End : Indus

RAVI/Parushani
 Origination- Barangal, Tuladhar, range, Kangada, Rohtang pass, Chamba (H.P)
 The water of Ravi River allocated to India.
 Flowers in Himachal Pradesh Jammu Kashmir and Pakistan.
 Meets Chenab in jihang district.
 Cities- Chamba and Lahore.
 Tributaries- Saho, Siul, Budhil, Chirchind Nala.
 Dams Ranjit Sagar Dam and Chamera Dam.
 Length: 720 Km
 End: Indus

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 BEAS/Vipasha
 Origination- Beas kund, Rohtang pass, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh.
 Total length- 460 kilometre.
 Himachal Pradesh- 256 kilometre.
 Merges with Satluj near ‘Hari ka patan’ Firozpur.
 Tributaries- luni, Banganga.
 Cities-Manali.
 Dams- Pandor Dam, Pong dam, Largi hydro-electric project.
 End: Indus

Ganga River System

 GANGA River :
 Origin: Gangotri Glacier (Nanda Devi Mountains)in Uttarakhand
 Route: Haridwar > Varanasi >Pryagraj> Kanpur > Ghazipur > Patna > Kolkata.
 End: Bay of Bengal
 Length: 2525 km
 Triveni Sangam is formed due to the confluence of three sacred rivers namely
Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati at Prayagraj i.e. Allahabad.
 Sundarbans Delta is the place where the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra
meet i.e they form 'Delta'.
 Ganga enters plains at Haridwar.
 Rudraprayag is situated at the confluence of rivers Alaknanda and
Mandakini in Uttrakhand.
 Alaknanda joins Bhagirathi River at Devprayag hereafter, it is known as
Ganga.
 Mandakini River is also known as Kali Ganga.
 Biggest river system of India
 Made up of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi.
 Longest river of India.
 4 States: UK-110km.
UP-1450km.
BH-445km.
WB-520km.
 KOSI- SORROW OF BIHAR
 DAMODAR-SORROW OF BENGAL
 Cities-Haridwar, Kanpur, Allahabad, Patna, Varanasi, Kolkata.
 Exit point-Merges with Brahmputra(near Gwalando)
 Dams-Tihridam(UK)- Bhagirathi, Frakha Dam(WB)

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LEFT BANK TRIBUTARIES RIGHT BANK TRUBUTARIES
 Ramganga  Yamuna
 Gomti  Son
 Kosi  Rihand
 Rapti  Ajay
 Kali  Punpun
 Gandak  Falgu
 Ghagra  Damdar
 Mahamadi  Haldi

 Considered holy by Hindus and worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism.

TRIBUTARIES OF Ganga
 Yamuna:Longest Tributary of Ganga
 Origin:Yamnotri Glacier (champasar Range)
 End: Sangam ( Triveni, Prayagraj)
 Length:1376 Km
 Alaknanda:
 Origin:Sathopant Glacier (Uttarakhand)
 Length: 195 Km
 Gandak/ Narayani:
 Origin:Nhubine Glacier (Nepal)
 Length: 814 Km
 Sone:
 Origin: Amarkantak Hills ( M.P)
 Length: 784 Km

 Gomti:
 Origin: Gomat Tal (U.P)
 Length: 475 km
 Kosi:
 Origin: Sunkosi Glacier (Tibet)
 Length: 729 km
 Route: Tibet > Nepal > India
 Meets Ganga at: Kursela (Bihar)
 Ghaghra:Largest Tributary
 Origin: Mansarovar Lake
 Length: 1080 km
 Meets Ganga at:Chapra (Bihar)

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 Yamuna River System
 The Yamuna River is the largest tributary of the Ganga River.
 Origin- From the Yamunotri glacier, at the Bandarpoonch peak in
Uttarakhand.
 Tributaries - Sindh, Hindon, Betwa Ken, Banas and Chambal.
 The Tons is the largest tributary of the Yamuna.
 Route: The catchment of the river extends to the states of Delhi, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.
 End- It meets Ganga at Prayagraj& Ganga finally ends at Bay of Bengal.

RIGHT BANK TRIBUTARIES

YAMUNA:
 Western most and longest tributary of Ganga
 Origination -- western slope of BandarpunchYamunotri glacier, Uttarakhand
 Meets Ganga at Allahabad
 Cities- Delhi Mathura Agra and Allahabad
 SON
 Origination SonbhadraAmarkantak heels MP (Meets Ganga Near Patna)

DAMODAR:
 Origination -- Chandwa, latehar, distt. Jharkhand.
 Most polluted river of India series-- Dhanbad, Durgapur, Raniganj,
vardhamanAssansal

RAPTI:
 Origination -- Between western Dhaulagiri, Himalaya and Mahabhartal range, Nepal
 Gorakhpur Sorrow -- Floods.

LEFT BANK TRIBUTARIES

Ramganga:
 Origination -- Southern slope of Dushtoli, Hills in the Chamoli distt. UK.
 Also flow through the dun Valley of Corbett National Park.
 Meets Ganga near Kannauj
 Damn --Kalagarh dam
 Cities -- Bareilly, Ramnagar

Telegram- [Link]
GOMTI:
 Origination -- Gomattal (Fulhar lake) Near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit, UP
 At Gazipur meets Ganga
 City- Lucknow,Lakhimpur, Sultanpur, Jaunpur.

SHARDA:
 Origination-- Kalapani, Milam glacier, near Kama Yum, Nepal, Himalayas
 Indian Nepal called gori Ganga
 Also called river Mahakaliin Nepal Kali temple situated in Kalapani
 Cities -- Tanakpur
 Dam --sharda dam\Pancheshwar dam
 Meets river Ganga at Behram Ghat
 Tributaries --Sarju, Suheli.

GANDAK
 Also called Kaligandaki, KrishnAgandagi and naarayani.
 Origination --Dhauligiri Range, Tibet- Nepal border.
 Merger with Ganga at Sonpur, Patna.
 Cities -- Narayangarh, Devghat, valmikinagar.

KOSI
 Origination -- Gosainath, Mt. Everest also called Saptakoshi for its 7.
 Himalayan River (tributaries)
 Meets Ganga at Kathiar Distt.
 Tributaries-- Bhangmati, Arun.
 ―Sorrow of Bihar‖
 Cities- Brihatnagar, Purnia, Kathiar.

GHAGHARA
 Origination -- Mapchachungo Glaciers, Rakastal, Mansarvor Lake, Tibat and China.
 Also called Karnali/ Kauriala
 Meets Ganga at Chhapra, Bihar.
 Tributaries -- ChhattiGandak, Sharda
 Cities -- Ayodhya, Seti.

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Five Prayags (Panch Prayag)

Prayag means the ‘Place of the confluence of a river’. The source of Alakhnanda is in the
Satopath glacier above Badrinath. The river Alakhnanda is joined by its tributaries and
forms important pilgrimage sites Known as five Prayags (Panch Prayag).
The Panch Prayag are as follows:
1) Vishnuprayag: Dhauliganga (Originates from Niti Pass) joins the Alaknanda near
Joshimath on the Badrinath route. Dhauli Ganga originates from Niti pass, after traveling a
distance of 25 km from Vishnu Prayag.
2) Nandprayag: Nandakini joins the Alaknanda. The Nanda Prayag is second prayag.
3) Karnprayag: Pindar River joins the Alaknanda River.
4) Rudraprayag: River Mandakini joins the Alaknanda.
5) Devprayag: Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda to form Ganga in Garhwal division of state
Uttarakhand.

Telegram- [Link]
 Programs for Ganga
1) National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)
2) Namami Gange Programme

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)

NGRBA has been established with the objectives of:-
(a) ensuring effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga
by adopting a river basin approach to promote inter-sectoral co-ordination for
comprehensive planning and management.
(b) maintaining environmental flows in the river Ganga with the aim of ensuring
water quality and environmentally sustainable development.

NAMAMI GANGE YOJNA

1) Aim- efforts to clean and protect the river Ganga in comprehensive manner
2) Government announced 2037 crore toward this mission
3) Launched in June 2014.
4) Also called integrated Ganga conservation mission project
5) The programme is being implemented by the national mission for clean Ganga
NMCG (implementation wing of national Ganga council)
6) Being operated under the Dept. of Water Resources, River Development &
Ganga Rejuvenation a Ministry of Jal shakti.
7) Will cover 8 state and 12 rivers under the project
8) Prime focus- involving people on the reverse bank in the project
9) Project Dolphin- To conserve Riverine& Oceanic Dolphins.

OTHER INITATIVES TAKEN

 GANGA ACTION PLAN:First river action plan taken up by Ministry of Environment,
forest and climates change in 1985.-9+
The National River Conservation Plan – An extension of Ganga Action Plan.

 NATIONAL RIVER GANGA BASIN AUTHORITY- formed by GOI 15 2009

Declared Ganga as the ‘national river’ of India

 CLEAN GANGA FUND- 2014

 Bhuvan Ganga web app-Ensured the involvement of the public in the monitoring of
pollution and entering into the Ganga river.

 BAN ON WASTE DISPOSAL- 2017

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 BRAHMAPUTRA River System
 Brahmaputra River : Also called as RED River.
 Origin :Chomayungdung Glacier (Tibet)
 In Tibet called Tsangpo
 Route: Tibet > India > Bangladesh
 It is calledJamuna in Bangladesh.
 Majuli (Assam)is the biggest River Island in the
world located in Brahmaputra River.
 Enters India in Arunachal Pradesh, called Siang/Dihang.
 Brahmaputra and Ganga meets at Bangladesh (Gwalando) and thereafter is
called padma.
 Last tributary of Brahmaputra before going to Bay of Bengal -- Meghna
 Originates on the South of ―konggyuTsho‖ lake
 Flows in 4 countries; Tibet, Bhutan, India, Bangladesh
 World’s biggest delta- Sundarbans (Brahmputra+Ganga)major part
Bangladesh
 Volume wise largest river of India.
 Length: 2900km
 Length in INDIA : 900 km
 Before flowing intoBay of Bengalit Join Meghna & adopt its name.
 End : Bay of Bengal
TRIBUTARIES OF Brahmaputra
 Nyang:
 Origin: China
 Length: 307 km
 Parlung/ Yarlung:
 Origin: Tibet
 Length: 284 km
 Largest Tributary
 Kolong:
 Origin: Assam
 Length: 212km

 Lhasa:
 Origin: China (Nyenchen Mountain)
 Length: 440 km
 Rich in Minerals :Gold, Copper, Borax

 Dhansiri:
 Origin: Laisang Peak (Nagaland)
 Length: 352km

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 Lohit:
 Origin: Tibet
 Length: 440 km
 Manas:
 Origin: Himalaya
 Length: 400km
 Beki:
 Origin: Bhutan
 Length: 85 km
 Teesta: (India-Nepal issue on Teesta)
 Origin: Tso Lhamo Lake (Sikkim)
 Length: 315 km
 Raidok:
 Origin: Himalaya (Bhutan)
 Via India meets Bangladesh
 Length:370 km
 Kameng:
 Origin: Glacial Lake (Indo-Tibet Border)
 Length: 264 km
 Jaldhaka:
 Origin: Bitang Lake (Sikkim)
 Via Bhutan meets Brahmaputra at Assam.
 Length: 186 km
 Subansiri:Longest Tributary of Brahmaputra
 Origin: Tibet
 Length: 442 km
 Route: Arunachala Pradesh > Assam(Jamurighat- meets with Brahmaputra)

Godavari River System

 Godavari River :
 Origin :Trembakeshwar (Maharashtra)
 Route:Maharashtra> Telangana > Chhattisgarh > Andhra Pradesh >odisha
 Length: 1465 km
 End : Bay of Bengal

TRIBUTARIES OF Godavari
 Peinganga:
 Origin: Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
 Length: 675 km
 Meets to another River at : Chandrapur

Telegram- [Link]
 Weinganga:
 Origin: Mahadev Hills (M.P)
 Length: 570 km
 Meets to another River at : Chandrapur
 Wardha:
 Origin:satpura Range (M.P)
 Length: 528 km
 Meets to another River at : Chandrapur

 Pranhita: Largest Tributary of Godavari

 Origin:Kautla (Maharashtra)
 Length: 113 km
 Meets to Godavari River at :Chunnar (Telangana)
 Purna:
 Origin: satpura Range (M.P-BetulDistrict)
 Length: 334 km
 Meets to Godavari River at:Kamteshwar (Maharashtra + Telangana Border)
 Purvara:
 Origin: Ahmad Nagar (Maharashtra)
 Length: 208 km
 Meets to Godavari River at: Sholapur (Maharashtra)
 Manzira: Longest Tributary of Godavari
 Origin: Beed District (Maharashtra)
 Length: 725 km
 Route: Maharashtra > Karnataka > Telangana
 Meets to Godavari River at: Telangana (Rural Area)
 Sabri:
 Origin:Sinkaram Hills (Eastern Ghats-Odisha)
 Length: 420 km
 Meets to Godavari River at:Kunavaram (Telangana)
 Indravati:
 Origin: Dandkaranya (Eastern Ghats-Odisha)
 Length:535 km
 Meets to Godavari River at:Bijapur (Chhattisgarh)

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 Krishna River System
 Krishna River :
 Origin : Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra)
 Length: 1400 km
 Route: Maharashtra> Karnataka> Andhra Pradesh>Telangana
 End: Bay of Bengal
TRIBUTARIES OF Krishna

 TungaBhadra : Largest Tributary of Krishna

 Length: 531 km,
 meets Krishna at Gundimalla, Jogulamba Gadwal, Telangana.
 Confluence of 7 Rivers: Sangameshwaram Village, Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh)

 TungaRiver:
 Origin: VarahParvat (Karnataka)

 Bhadra River:
 Origin: Anant Giri Hills (Karnataka
 Meets to Tunga Riverat :Koodli District (Karnataka)

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 Bhima:Longest Tributary of Krishna
 Origin: BhimshankarJyotirling (Maharashtra)
 Length: 860 km
 Meets to Krishna River at :Nivruthi Sangam ( Karnataka Border)
 GhataPrabha:
 Origin: Sidhudurg(Maharashtra)
 Length: 283 km
 Meets to Krishna River at :Chik Sangam (Begalkut District, Karnataka)

 Malprabha:
 Origin: Belagum District (Karnataka)
 Length: 300 km
 Meets to Krishna River at :Kundal Sangam ( Begalkut District )
 Musi:
 Origin: Anant Giri Hills (Telangana)
 Length: 240 km
 Meets to Krishna River at :Wadabally(Telangana)
 HYDERABAD is situated on Musi River.

 Koyna :
 Origin: Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra)
 Length: 130 km
 Meets to Krishna River at :Priti Sangam (Maharashtra)

Tungbhadra Krishna River :

 Tungbhadra (PAMPA) is largest tributary of the river Krishna.
 It is formed by the confluence of river Tunga and river Bhadra.
 The river Tunga and Bhadra originates at Gangamula in Chikmagalur district in
Karnataka near the origin of Nethravati river which flows into Arabian sea.
 The famous Hampi site (UNESCO World Heritage site) lies on the bank of river
Tungbhadra.
 The famous Virupaksha temple also is on the banks of river Tungbhadra.
 The tributaries of river Tungbhadra are:
 Left bank: Tunga, Varada.
 Right bank: Bhadra, Vedavati, Hindri.
 Almati dam on Krishna river

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 Cauvery / Kaveri River System
 Kaveri River :
 Origin :Talkaveri, Brahmagiri Hills (Karnataka)
 Route:Karnataka> Tamil Nadu
 Length: 800 km
 End: Bay of Bengal
TRIBUTARIES Of Kaveri
 Bhavani : Largest Tributary of Kaveri
 Origin: Nilgiri Mt. Ranges (Tamil Nādu)
 Length: 215 km
 Meets to Kaveriat :Kooduthurai (Tamil Nādu)
 Amravati: Longest Tributary of Kaveri
 Origin:Mujampatti Valley
 Length: 282 km
 Meets to Kaveri at :Karur District (Tamil Nadu)
 Hemavati:
 Origin: Balur (Chikamanglore - Karnataka)
 Length: 245 km
 Meets to Kaveri at :Krishna Raj Sagar (Karnataka)
 Harangi:Smallest Tributary of Kaveri
 Origin: Pushpa Giri Hills (Karnataka)
 Length: 50 km
 Meets to Kaveri at :Kudigue (Karnataka)
 Kabini:
 Origin: Waynod District (Kerala)
 Length: 240 km
 Meets to Kaveri at:Trimakudalu (Mysore, Karnataka)

 Suvarnawati:
 Origin: Nasur Ghat Hills (Mysore)
 Length: 90 km
 Meets to Kaveri at :Badibagda (Karnataka)
Important Points :

1. Narmada—Longest Westward Flowing River.

2. Brahmaputra – known asYarlungTsangpo in Tibet.
3. Ganga known asPadma in Bangladesh.

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 Narmada RIVER SYSTEM
 It is located mainly in Madhya Pradesh.
 The Narmada River is also known as the Rewa River.
 Origin- From Maikala range near Amarkantak.
 It is a West flowing river(peninsular river)
 Route: It flows through Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
 Tributaries of Narmada River- Kolar River, Shakkar River, Dudhi River, Tawa River, and
Hiran River.
 Major Hydro Power Projects in this river Maheshwar Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam, and
Indira Gandhi Sagar Dam.
 End:At Arabian Sea.

TAPTI RIVER SYSTEM

 It is located mainly in Madhya Pradesh.

 Origin-From Multai reserve forest.
 It is a West flowing river.
 Route: It flows through Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra and Gujarat.
 Tributaries of Tapti River- The Suki, theGomai, the Arunavati, the Vaghur, the
Amravati, the Purna, the Mona, and the Sipna.
 Major Hydro Power Projects on this river- Kakrapar Dam, Ukai Dam, Girna Dam
 End:At Arabian Sea

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 Continents of World
Asia Africa N. S. Europe Australia Antarctica
America America

Area 29.9 % 20.2 % 16.3 % 11.9 % 6.7 % 5.2% 8.9%

Highest Mt. Kilimanjaro Mt. Ojesdel Mt. Mt. Mt.

Peak Everest (5895m) Makenly Salado Albrush Kyusku Winson
(8852m) (6190m) (7084m) (5640m) (2228m) (5140m)
Lowest Dead Aasal Death Velds Caspian Ayre Bental
Point Sea Lake Valley Peninsula Sea Lake Trench

Largest Yangtze Nile Missori Amazon Volga Murry ---

River Darling

Smallest Maldives Meoti St. Piere Folkland Vetican Nauru ---

Country Island City

Largest China Alegria Canada Brazil Russia Australia -----

Country

1) Area Wise Continents :

Asia> Africa> N. America>America>Antarctica>Europe> >Australia
2) Population Wise Continents :
Asia> Africa> Europe> N. America> S. America> Australia/Oceania > Antarctica
3) Order of Oceans Area, Volume, Depth Wise:
Pacific Ocean > Atlantic Ocean > Indian Ocean > Southern Ocean > Artic Ocean.
4) Order of Oceans Coastal Line Wise :
Pacific Ocean > Atlantic Ocean > Indian Ocean > Artic Ocean > Southern Ocean

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 World‘s Important Tribes
Tribe Place
Bindubu Australia

Negro Africa

Red Indian North America

Barbbar Africa

Bantu Africa

Chukchi Siberia (Russia)

Fin Europe

Beja Africa

Amerind America

Fellah Africa

Ainu Japan

Batwa Africa

Alklauf S. America

Kurd Iran, Iraq, Syria, Qatar & Philippines

Yuma N. America

Nagonda Africa

Laai Myanmar

Maori NewZealand

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 World‘s Highest Peak
Peak Height Location

Mt. Everest 8852m Nepal-Tibet

K2 (Godwin Austin) 8611m India

Kanchenjunga 8586m Nepal-India

Lhotse 8516m Nepal-Tibet

Makalu 8466m Nepal-Tibet

Cho-yu 8201m Nepal-Tibet

Dhaulagiri 8167m Nepal

Mansalu 8163m Nepal

Nanga Parbat 8126m India (J&K)

Annapurna 8091m Nepal

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 Highest Peak of Ranges
Ranges Continent Highest Peak

Himalaya Asia Mt. Everest

Alpus Middle Europe Mt. Blank

Los Andes S. America Aconcagua

Rocky N. America Mt. Elbert

Ural Asia, Europe GovaNarodnaya

Atlas Africa Jewel Toubkal

Alpesian N. America Mt. Michale

Tienshan Russia (Asia Region) Poveda

Trans. Antarctica Antarctica Winson Massif

Alaska U.S Mt. Makenly

Apinnei Italy Mt. Corno Grand

SeeraMedre Mexico Mt. Toipic

Zagros Iran Mt. Zadkoh

Drakensberg Africa DwanayaTeleneya

Kamchatka Russia Mt. Sopka

Great Dividing Range Australia Mt. Kyousku

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 Important Lakes
Lake Location Length

Caspian Sea Russia/ Azerbaijan / Iran / 1200 km

Turkmenistan / Kazakhstan
Superior Canada 616 km

Victoria Uganda / Tanjania 310 km

Huron Canada 400 km

Michigan N. America 494 km

Aral Uzbekistan / Kazakhstan 425 km

Tanjayika Tanzania 670 km

Baikal Russia 635 km

Great Bear Canada 375 km

Nyasa Malawi- Tanzania 380 km

Great Slave Canada 480 km

Chad Mexico 650 km

Erie Canada 390 km

Winnipeg Canada 425 km

Ontario Canada 300 km

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 International Boundaries
Boundary Countries
Red Cliff India – Pakistan

McMohan India – China

Maginot Germany – France

Blue Line Lebanon – Israel

Green Line / Cyprus – Turkey

Attila line
Mannehirem Russia – Finland

Durand Pakistan – Afghanistan

Hindenburg Poland – Germany

17th Parallel N. Vietnam – S. Vietnam

20th Parallel Sudan – Libya

22nd Parallel Sudan - Egypt

25th Parallel Mauritania - Mali

31st Parallel Iran - Iraq

38th Parallel S. Korea – N. Korea

49th Parallel U.S. - Canada

24th Parallel India – Pakistan (Gujarat)

Seizefired Line France - Germany

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 Important Thermal Power Plants
Power Plants Location

Mundra Gujarat (Run of kutch)

Sipat Chhattisgarh (Bilaspur)

Talcher Odisha (Angul)

Vindhyachal M.P (Singrauli)

Rihand U.P (Sonbhadra)

Sikka Gujarat (Jamnagar)

Tiroda Maharashtra (Gondia)

Satpura M.P (satpura)

Durgapur West Bengal (Durgapur)

Wanakbori Gujarat (Mahisagar)

Anpara U.P (Sonbhadra)

Korba Chhattisgarh (Korbha)

 Maximum Thermal Power Plants are in – Gujarat.

 Biggest Thermal Power Plant in India- Vindhyachal (4760 MW)

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 Major National Highways
National Highway Route Length

NH 1 Delhi to Amritsar 456 km

NH 2 Delhi to Kolkata 1465 km

NH 3 Agra to Mumbai 1161 km

NH 4 Mumbai to Chennai 1235 km

NH 5 Jharpokhria (Odisha) to Chennai 1533 km

NH 6 Kolkata to Hazira(Gujrat) 1949 km

NH 7 Varanasi to Kanyakumari 2369 km

NH 8 Delhi to Mumbai 2807 km

NH 9 Delhi- Meerut Expressway 82 km

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 Ancient Name of Cities
Current Name Ancient Name

Prayagraj Allahabad/ Prayagraj

Chennai Madras

Guwahati Gauhati

Kojhikod Kaalikat

Lucknow Lakhnauti

Patna Patliputra

Panji Panjim

Saket Faizabad

Vadodara Baroda

Vishakhapatnam Vijayapatnam

Kanpur Cawnpore

Delhi Indraprastha

Kolkata Culcatta

Ahmadabad Karnavati

Mumbai Bombay

Pune Poona

Ranchi Kishunpur

Varanasi Banaras

Bengaluru Banglore

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 Top Spices Producer States
Crop Producer State

Saffron Jammu & Kashmir

Black Pepper Kerela

Cardamom Kerela

Ginger Kerela

Cumin Rajasthan

Clove Tamil Nadu

Chili Andhra Pradesh

Turmeric Andhra Pradesh

Coriander Rajasthan

Fenugreek Rajasthan

Garlic Gujrat

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 Top Fruits Producer States
Fruit Producer State

Mango Uttar Pradesh

Banana Maharashtra

Grapes Maharashtra

Guava Jharkhand

Gooseberry Uttar Pradesh

Papaya Andhra Pradesh

Coconut Kerela

Orange Maharashtra

Apple J&K

lychee Bihar

Pomegranate Maharashtra

Pear Himanchal Pradesh

Cashew Kerela

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 National Parks
[Link]. National Park State Established

1 Papikonda National Park Andhra Pradesh 2008

2 Rajiv Gandhi National Park Andhra Pradesh 2005

3 Sri Venkateswara National Park Andhra Pradesh 1989

4 KasuBrahmananda Reddy Telangana 1994

National Park
5 Mahavir HarinaVanasthali Telangana 1994
National Park
6 Mrugavani National Park Telangana 1994

7 Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh 1983

8 Mouling National Park Arunachal Pradesh 1986

9 Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Assam 1999

10 Kaziranga National Park Assam 1974

11 Manas National Park Assam 1990

12 Nameri National Park Assam 1998

13 Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park Assam 1999

14 Valmiki National Park Bihar 1989

15 Indravati National Park Chhattisgarh 1982

16 Kanger Valley National Park Chhattisgarh 1982

17 Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay) National Chhattisgarh 1981

Park
18 Bhagwan Mahavir (Mollem) Goa 1992
National Park
19 Blackbuck National Park, Gujarat 1976
Velavadar

20 Gir Forest National Park Gujarat 1975

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[Link]. National Park State Established

21 Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch Gujarat 1982

22 Vansda National Park Gujarat 1979

23 Kalesar National Park Haryana 2003

24 Sultanpur National Park Haryana 1989

25 Pin Valley National Park Himachal Pradesh 1987

26 Great Himalayan National Park Himachal Pradesh 1984

27 Inderkilla National Park Himachal Pradesh 2010

28 Khirganga National Park Himachal Pradesh 2010

29 Simbalbara National Park Himachal Pradesh 2010

30 Dachigam National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1981

31 Hemis National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1981

32 Kishtwar National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1981

33 Salim Ali National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1992

34 Betla National Park Jharkhand 1986

35 Bandipur National Park Karnataka 1974

36 Bannerghatta National Park Karnataka 1974

37 Kudremukh National Park Karnataka 1987

38 Nagarhole (Rajiv Gandhi) National Karnataka 1988

Park
39 Anshi national park Karnataka 1987

40 Eravikulam National Park Kerala 1978

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[Link]. National Park State Established

41 Mathikettan Shola National Park Kerala 2003

42 Periyar National Park Kerala 1982

43 Silent Valley National Park Kerala 1984

44 Anamudi Shola National Park Kerala 2003

45 Pambadum Shola National Park Kerala 2003

46 Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh 1968

47 Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh 1955

48 Madhav National Park Madhya Pradesh 1959

49 Mandla Plant Fossils National Park Madhya Pradesh 1983

50 Panna National Park Madhya Pradesh 1981

51 Pench (Priyadarshini) National Park Madhya Pradesh 1975

52 Sanjay National Park Madhya Pradesh 1981

53 Satpura National Park Madhya Pradesh 1981

54 Van Vihar National Park Madhya Pradesh 1979

55 Dinosaur National Park Madhya Pradesh 2010

56 Chandoli National Park Maharashtra 2004

57 Gugamal National Park Maharashtra 1975

58 Navegaon National Park Maharashtra 1975

59 Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli) National Park Maharashtra 1983

60 Todoba National Park Maharashtra 1955

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[Link]. National Park State Established

61 Pench National Park Maharashtra 1975

62 KeibulLamjaa National Park Manipur 1977

63 Balphakram National Park Meghalaya 1985

64 Nokrek National Park Meghalaya 1986

65 Murlen National Park Mizoram 1991

66 Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Mizoram 1992

Park
67 Intanki National Park Nagaland 1993

68 Bhitarkanika National Park Odisha 1988

69 Simlipal National Park Odisha 1980

70 Sariska National Park Rajasthan 1982

71 Ranthambore National Park Rajasthan 1980

72 Mukundra Hills (Darrah) National Park Rajasthan 2006

73 Desert National Park Rajasthan 1992

74 KeolodeoGhona National Park Rajasthan 1981

75 Khangchendzonga National Park Sikkim 1977

76 Mudumalai National Park Tamil Nadu 1990

77 Mukurthi National Park Tamil Nadu 1990

78 Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Tamil Nadu 1989

Park
79 Guindy National Park Tamil Nadu 1976

80 Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park Tamil Nadu 1980

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 Indian Cities on River Bank
City River State

Gangakhed Godavari Maharashtra

Agra Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Ahmedabad Sabarmati Gujarat

Allahabad Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati Uttar Pradesh

Ayodhya Badrinath Saryu Uttar Pradesh

Badrinath Alaknanda Uttarakhand

Kolkata Hooghly West Bengal

Cuttack Mahanadi Odisha

New Delhi Yamuna Delhi

Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Assam

Firozpur Sutlej Punjab

Guwahati Brahmaputra Assam

Haridwar Ganges Uttarakhand

Hyderabad Musi Telangana

Jabalpur Narmada Madhya Pradesh

Kota Chambal Rajasthan

Jammu Tawi J&K

Jaunpur Gomti Uttar Pradesh

Rajahmundry Godavari Andhra Pradesh

Srinagar Jhelum Jammu & Kashmir

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 City River State

Surat Tapi Gujarat

Varanasi Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Vijayawada Krishna Andhra Pradesh

Mathura Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Modasa Mazum Gujarat

Mirzapur Ganga Uttar Pradesh

Morbi Mochchu Gujarat

Auraiya Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Etawah Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Bangalore Vrishabhavathi Karanataka

Farrukhabad Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Rangpo Teesta Sikkim

Shimoga Tungo River Karnataka

Bhadravathi Bhadra Karnataka

Hospet Tungabhadra Karnataka

Gwalior Chamboi Madhya Pradesh

Gorakhpur Ropti Uttar Pradesh

Lucknow Gomti Uttar Pradesh

Malegaon Girna River Maharashtra

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Sombalpur Mahanadi Odisha

City River State

Paton Saraswati Gujarat

Thiruchiropa Kaveri Tamil Nadu

Bharuch Narmada Gujarat

Nashik Godavari Maharashtra

Kolhapur Panchaganon Maharashtra

Kurnool Tungabhadra Andhra Pradesh

Nizamabad Godavari Telangana

Sonali Krishng Maharashtra

Ujjain Shipra Madhya Pradesh

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 Straits
 Longest Straits:Strait of Malacca (800 km) connects the Andaman Sea with the
South China Sea (Pacific Ocean).
 Narrowest Strait: Strait of Bosphorus connecting the Black Sea withthe Marmara Sea.
 Bering Strait: separates Asia from America.
 Bass Strait:separates Australia from Tasmania.
 Gibraltar Strait:Separates Africa from Europe.

Name Separates Connects

Bering Strait Asia and North America East Siberian Sea with Bering
Sea

La ParouseStrait Sakhalin Island & Hokkaido Sea of OKhotsk with Sea of

Island Japan

Tata Strait Eastern Russia and Sakhalin Sea of OKhotsk with Sea of
Japan

Korea Strait South Korea and Kyushu (Japan) Yellow Sea with Sea of Japan

Formosa Strait (Taiwan Taiwan & China East China Sea with South
Strait) China Sea

Luzon Strait Taiwan & Luzon (phillippines) South China Sea with Pacific
Ocean

Makassar Strait Borneo (Kalimantan) & Celebes Celebes Sea with Java Sea
Island
Sundra Strait Java and Sumatra Java Sea with India Ocean

Malacca Strait Malaya Peninsula and Sumatra Java Sea with Bay of Bengal

Strait of Jahore Singapore & Malaysia South China Sea with strait of
Malacca
Strait of Hormuz UAE and Iran Persian Gulf with Gulf of
Oman
Strait of Bosporus Asia and Europe Black Sea with Sea of
Marmara

Strait of Dardanelles Asia and Europe Sea of Marmara with

Mediterranean Sea

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 Important Passes of India
 Passes in JAMMU & KASHMIR

 Banihal Pass:
Across the PirPanjal Range After Jawahar Tunnel (1956) no longer used for road
transport
 PirPanjal Pass: Also called Pir ki Gali.
 Burzil Pass:
Best-known route connecting Gilgit & Srinagar
Now a conflict territory and partitioned

 Passes in LADAKH
 Zoji La:
Zanskar Range.
Connects Srinagar with Kargil and Leh town
Part of NH1
 Pensi La-Known as the Gateway to Zanskar.

 KhardungLa:
Ladakh Range - gateway to Shyok and Nubra valleys.
Used to carry supplies to Siachen Glacier.

 Umling La -World's highest motorable pass in Ladakh

Passing through Uminlga top)
Height of over 19,300 feet (Khardung La-2nd highest)
Constructed by Border Roads Organisation (under its Project Himank)

 Passes in LADAKH
 Mintaka Pass -Means 'thousand goats'.
Near trijunction of India-China and Afghanistan border.

 Aghil Pass - Karakoram Range - near K2 peak

 Qara Tag La -Karakoram Range

 Lanak La - Located in the disputed Aksai-Chin area

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 Passes in HIMACHAL PRADESH

 Shipki La:
Located on Indo-China border
Passes through Jhelum Gorge
Link between Himachal Pradesh and Tibet region

 Debsa Pass- link between Kullu&Spiti

 Rohtang Pass- link between Kullu, Lahul&Spiti valleys of Himachal Pradesh

 Bara Lacha La - Zanskar Range

ConnectsHimachal Pradesh with Ladakh
situated along the Leh-Mandi Highway.

 Passes in UTTARAKHAND

 LipuLekh:
Near trijunction of India, Tibet and Nepal borders.
Pilgrims use this pass to reachKailash-Mansarowar.

 Mana Pass - connects Uttarakhand with Tibet.

 Niti Pass - connects Uttarakhand with Tibet region.

 Muling La -situated North of Gangotri.

 Passes in SIKKIM

 JelepLa:
Lies at Sikkim-gives way to Bhutan
Route that connects Lhasa to India
Tista River has created this pass

 Nathu La-situated on India China border.

Important auxiliary route making up the ancient Silk Route
Nathu La connects Sikkim with Tibet region.

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 This pass was closed after Indo-China war in 1962 but was reopened in 2006.

 Passes in ARUNACHAL PRADESH

 Diphu pass - Lies on the trijunction of India, China and Myanmar.

Lies on Macmohan Line.

 Bom Di La - connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa (Tibet)

 Yonggyappass-on Indo-China border and joins Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet

region.

 Passes in RAJASTHAN

 Goram Ghat–
Located in the Aravali Range
Connects Mewar and Marwar
Connects Udaipur with Sirohi and Jalore

 HaldighatiPass:
Located in the Aravali Range - Connects Rajsamand and Pali.
Historically very significant-famous Battle of Haldighati took place (1576) between
Kingdom.
of Mewar (army led by Maharana Pratap) and Mughal emperor Akbar's general
Man Singh of Amer.
Turmeric-coloured yellow soil of the area.

 Passes in MADHYA PRADESH

 AsirgarhPass :Satpura Range

Popularly Known as DakkaniDarwaza or Doorway to the Deccan/ Key to the

Deccan.
Connects North India with Deccan Plateau.
Connects the Narmada and Tapti Valleys.

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  Passes in Western Ghats (MAHARASHTRA)

 ThalGhat:Northern Sahyadri , Links Nasik to Mumbai.

 Bhor Ghat -In Northern Sahyadri &Links Mumbai to Pune

 Passes in Western Ghats (Kerala)

 Pal Ghat :Also called Palakkad Gap

Between Nilgiri and Annamalai hills.
Connects (Kochi) Kerala to(Chennai) Tamil Nadu

 Senkota Pass -
Between the Nagercoil and the Cardamom hills.
Links Thiruvanathpuram (Kerala) and Madurai (Tamil Nadu)

Projects of India

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 Projects of India

S. Name of the Project Location State Purpose

No.
1. Omkareshwar Narmada River M.P Hydropower &
Irrigation
2. Tapovan-Vishnugarh Alaknanda River U.P Hydroelectricity

3. Pamba Project Pamba River Kerala River

Conservation &
Irrigation
4. Gima Project Gima River Maharahtra Irrigation & River
Link
5. Daman Project River Daman Ganga Gujarat Irrigation & River
Link
6. Farakka Project Ganga West Bengal Irrigation

7. Tehri Project Bhagirathi River Uttarakhand Hydroelectricity

8. Loktak Project Loktak Lake Manipur Hydroelectricity

9. Papanasam Project Thamirabarani River Tamil Nadu Hydroelectricity

10. Rana Pratap Sagar Chambal River Rajasthan Hydroelectricity

Project
11. Pallivasal Project Munnar Abuja River Kerala Hydroelectricity

12. Mettur Project Kaveri River Tamil Nadu Hydroelectricity

13. Mayurakshi Project Mayurakshi River West Bengal Irrigation,

Hydroelectricity
14. Sharda Sahayak Beas River Punjab &Haryana Hydroelectricity

15. Sardar Sarovar Project Narmada River Gujarat &M.P Irrigation,

Hydroelectricity
16. Bansagar Project Son River M.P & Chhattisgarh Irrigation

17. DulHasti Project Chenab River J&K Hydroelectricity

18. Salal Project Chenab River J&K Hydroelectricity

19. Theri Dam Ravi River Punjab Irrigation,

Hydroelectricity
20. MalaPrabha Project MalaPrabha River Karanataka Irrigation

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S. Name of the Project Location State Purpose
No.
21. Jayakwadi Project Godavari River Maharashtra Irrigation

22. Beas Project Beas River Punjab &Haryana Hydroelectricity

23. Nagarjun Project Krishna River Andhra Pradesh Irrigation

24. Pochampad Project River Godavari Andhra Pradesh Irrigation

25. Lower SileruProject Sileru River Andhra Pradesh Hydroelectricity

26. Kakrapur Project Tapi River Gujarat Irrigation

27. Kothagudem Project Singreni Coal Fields Andhra Pradesh Thermal Power

28. Kosi Project Kosi River Bihar Flood Control,

Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
29. Gandak Project Gandak River U.P & Bihar Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
30. Dhuvaran Power Kheda District Gujarat Thermal Power
Station
31. Sabarigiri Project Pamba-kakki River Kerala Hydroelectricity

32. Idukki Project Periyar, Cheruthoni, Kerala Hydroelectricity

Idukki River
33. Chambal Project Chambal River Rajasthan, M.P Irrigation

34. Tawa Project Narmada(Tawa) M.P Irrigation

River
35. Korba Project Near Korba Chhattisgarh Thermal Power
Coalfields
36. Satpura Power Station Patharkada M.P Thermal Power
Coalfields
37. Koyna Project Koyna River Maharashtra Hydroelectricity

38. Nagpur Power Station Koradi, Near Nagpur Maharashtra Thermal Power

39. TungaBhadra Project TungaBhadra River Karanataka, Irrigation,

Andhra Pradesh Hydroelectricity
40. Upper Krishna Project Krishna River Karnataka Irrigation

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S. Name of the Project Location State Purpose
No.
41. Sharavathi Project Sharavathi River Karnataka Hydroelectricity

42. Hirakund Project Mahanadi River Odisha Irrigation

43. Bhakra Nangal Project Sutlez River H.P , Punjab Irrigation,

&Haryana Hydroelectricity
44. Rajasthan Canal River Sutlez Rajasthan Irrigation
Project
45. Kundah Project Kundah River Tamil Nadu Hydroelectricity

46. Ramganga Project Chuisot Stream near Uttarakhand Irrigation,

Kalagarh Hydroelectricity
47. Matatila Project Betwa River U.P, M.P Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
48. Rihand Project Rihand River U.P Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
49. Damodar Project Damodar River Jharkhand Irrigation,
Hydroelectricity
50. Ukai Project Tapi River Gujarat Irrigation

51. Mahi Project Mahi River Gujarat Irrigation

52. GhataPrabha Project GhataPrabhaRiver Andhra Pradesh, Irrigation

Karnataka
53. Bhima Project Bhima River Maharashtra Irrigation

Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 kilometres from Sambalpur in
the state of Odisha in India. It is the longest earthen dam in the world. Behind the dam
extends a lake, Hirakud Reservoir, 55 km long.

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 Rivers and Disputing States
River Disputing States

Krishna Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka

Godavari Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha,

Karnataka

Cauvery Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. Puducherry

Narmada Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra

Mahanadi / mandovi Odisha & Chhattisgarh

Vansadhara Andhra Pradesh and Odisha

Ravi and Beas Punjab and Haryana

Mullaperiyar Kerala and Tamil Nadu

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 Important Falls in India
Water Fall Height in Meters River Location

Kunchikal falls 455 Varahi Karnataka

Langshiang falls 337 Kynshi Meghalaya

Nohkalikai falls 335 - Meghalaya

Nohshgithiang 315 - Meghalaya

Dudhzagar falls 310 Mandovi Goa

Kynoemfulls 305 - Meghalaya

Meenmutty falls 300 Karimpuzha Kerala

Thalaiyar falls 297 Majjalar Tamil Nadu

Barkana falls 259 Sita Karnataka

Barchipani falls 399 Budhabalanga Orissa

Lakes of India
Wular Lake Jammu & Kashmir Sambhar Rajasthan

Lonar Maharashtra Sukhna Chandigarh

Kolleru Andhra Pradesh Parashuram Kund Arunachal Pradesh

Loktak Manipur Pongong Tso Jammu & Kashmir

Dal Lake Jammu & Kashmir Nakki Lake Rajasthan

Naini Tal Uttarakhand Pushkar Lake Rajasthan

Salt Lake Kolkata Udaipur Lake Rajasthan

Chilka Odisha Upper & Lower Lake Bhopal, MP

Pulicut Andhra Pradesh Nizam Sagar Hydera

VembanadKayal Kerala Bhim Tal Uttarakhand

Ashtamudi Kerala Tso Morari J&K

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 THE GREAT PLAINS OF INDIA
 To the south of Himalayas & to the North of Peninsula.
 Total length-2400km ,width -- 150-300km
 Formed by deposition works of 3 major rivers-Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra
 Very fertile
 Alluvial soil
 Its western portion is occupied by desert

ALLUVIAL TYPES
BHANGAR(Old Alluvium) KHADAR(New Alluvium)
1. Found away from the river 1. Found near the rivers
2. Less fertile 2. Very fertile
3. Contains calcareous deposits 3. Fine grained
called kankar 4. The deposit of fresh alluvium
4. These are low plains every year brought by the
Himalayas makes this belt.

BHABAR PLAINS
 Long narrow plain along the foothills.
 Pebble studded zone.
 9-16 km. wide.
 Unsuitable for agriculture.
 streams disappear here.

TARAI PLAINS
 Broad long zone south of bhabar plain.
 Damp area covered with dense forests.
 20-30km wide.
 suitable for agriculture:
 streams appear here

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 SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE GREAT PLAINS

THE RAJASTHAN PLAINS:Thar/ The Great Indian Desert

 Western most region of the Great Indian plain
 Luni- only South West flowing river of the region.
 Undulating plain[ wave like]
 Marusthali
 Saline Lakes-Didwana, Kuchaman, Sambhar, etc.

THE PUNJAB-HARAYANA PLAINS:

PUNJAB PLAINS:
 Formed by 5 Important rivers of Indus system.
 This plain is primarily made up of DOABS -the land between the 2 rivers

DOAB REGION
 BIST DOAB Between Beas and Sutlej
 BARI DOAB Between Beas and Ravi
 RACHNA DOAB Between Ravi and Chenab
 CHAJ DOAB Between Chenab and Jhelum
 SIND SAGAR DOAB Between Jhelum and Indus

PUNJAB-The land of five waters- Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas

The eastern boundary of this plain ismarked by; Delhi,Aravalli, Ridge

 Total area-1.75 lakh sq. km.

 Average elevation -- about 250 meter.
 The only River between Yamuna and Sutlej considered -Ghaggar (successor of
Saraswati river)

THE GANGA PLAIN:

 Extends from Delhi to Kolkata States -- UP,Bihar,WB,UK.
 The Ganga and its tributaries deposit large amount of alluvium and make this
extensive plain more fertile.
 Largest unit of great plain of India.
 Rivers -- Chambal, Betwa, Kein, Son
 General Slope -- East to South East
 Rivers-> Keep on shifting their courses making this area prone frequent floods.
 KOSI -- sorrow of Bihar.

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THE BRAHMAPUTRA PLAIN:
 Low level plain formed by Brahmaputra river system
 Also called AS valley / AS plain.

THE COASTAL PLAINS

 Indian coastline -- 7516.6km. (including Island)
 Indian coastline -- 6100km.(without Island)
 Indian coastline touches --13 states + UT`S.
 India is a country surrounded by the sea on three of its sides.

On the basis of location:1. Eastern coastal plains

2. Western coastal plains

EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS

 Rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaverifrom deltas (very fertile and
agriculture) in eastern coastal plains.
 The delta of river Krishna->Granary of the south India.

Deltas: Wetlands that from as rivers as empty their waterand sediment into another body
of water such as ocean lake etc.

 Lies between eastern Gates and Bay of Bengal.

 Extends from Ganga delta to Kanyakumari.
 Important geographical features; CHILKA LAKE
PULICAT LAKE

REGIONAL NAMES OF EASTERN COAST:

 Orissa --Utkal Coast.
 From the southern limit of Utkal coast -- Andhra Coast.
 Tamil Nadu –Tamil Nadu Coast
 TN Coast +Parts of Andhra Pradesh Coast– Coromandal Coast/Payan Ghat

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 COASTLINE OF EMERGENCE
 Formed either due to a upliftment of the land or due to the lowering of sea level.
 Because of its emergent nature, It has less no. of ports.

WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS

 Stretches from Gujrat(Gulf of Khambat) North to Kerala in the south, passing through
Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra.
 Stretches for 1500km from North to South.
 Width -- 10-25 km
 The continental shelf is at its widest off the Bombay coast.
 Form estuaries. (of the Narmada &Tapi).
 It is narrower than the Eastern Coast
 4CATEGORIES: 1. Kachchh & Kathiawar Coast.
[Link] Coast.
[Link] Coast.
[Link] Coast.

ESTUARIES: An estuary is an area where a freshwater river meets the ocean- brackish
water (salty but not as much as ocean water).

1. Kachchh and Kathiawar Coast:Gujrat,

Great Rann- North
Little Rann- South

2. konkancoast:Daman in the North to goa in the South,

Important crops of the region -- Rice and Cashew.

[Link] coast:Marmagaon –North

Mangalore – South
Rich in the iron deposits.

4. Malabar coast:Mangalore -- North,

Kanyakumari -- south.

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 Regional Names
 KONKAN COAST = MH Coast, Goa coast
 MALBAR COAST= Kerala coast, Karnataka Coast
 COROMANDAL COAST= Coastline of Emergence
 MALABAR COAST (KERALA)=Coastline of Emergency
 KONKAN COAST(MH+GOA COAST)=Coastline of Submergence

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COSTAL PLAIN REGION:

 Agriculturally very productive.
 (W) coastal Plains --Tropical Crops.
 (E) coastal -- Rice
 Tourist centres.
 Salt making, Fishing.
 Centres of Commerce.

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 ISLANDS OF INDIA
Islands->Body of land surrounded by the water.

ANDAMAN AND NICOBARS ISLANDS

 Group of 572Islands.
 Formed by volcanic activity
 Northern part – AndamanIsland
 Southern Part --Nicobar
 10°Channel separates them
 Ritchies' Archipelago & labyrinth Islandare the two groups.
 India’s only active volcano -- Barren Island(Nicobar islands)
 Formed due to collision between Indian Plate &BurmaMinor Plate [part of Eurasian
plate).
 These are divided into 3 main islands - North, Middle & South.
 Duncan passageseparates Little Andaman from south Andaman
 Port Blair(lies in the south Andaman) -capital
 Among the Nicobar Islands , Largest -- the great Nicobar
 The Great Nicobar-- Southern Most island very close to Sumatra island ( Indonesia)
 These islands are made up at tertiary sandstone, limestone and shale.
 Most of the island -thick forests &Some of the island- coral reefs
 Highest peak- saddle peak(North Andaman)
 Andaman's State Animal --Dugong (sea Mammal).
 Also called Emerald Islands.
 The sentinels -- the only known Palaeolithic people Live here
 Located in the EQ zone.
 Coconut
 Worlds largest crab -- Giant Robber Crab.

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 LAKSHADWEEP ISLAND:
 Located in the Arabian Sea.
 U.T of India:
 Previously called Lacadive, Minicoy &Aminidive (1956-1973)
 Minicoy + Aminidive group – PrimaryIslands
 Group of many islands.
 Inhabitable - only 10.
 In Malayalam, &Sanskrit, Lakshadweep means» "Hundred Thousand Lands"Called
"Coral Islands‖
 Northern most- Aminidive islands
 Southern most - Minicoy islands
 The Largest & most advanced - Minicoy Island.
 Capital --kawaratti( Largest city in the U.T)
 Primary source of Income- fishing
 Biggest island- Minicoy Island
 Island of Pitti -- Bird sanctuary

SOME OTHER IMPORTANT ISLANDS:

ABDUL KALAM ISLAND

 APJ Abdul Kalam.
 AvulPakirJainulabdeen Abdul Kalam.
 Indian Scientist.
 Politician.
 Missile man.
 President ofIndia (2002-2007).
 Played an important role in the development of nuclear programs.
 "'People‘s president of India".
 Wheeler Island(Name change) --Abdul Kalam Island.
 Near the Orissa coast-- Bay of Bengal.
 Missile launching station.
 India's most advanced missile testing facility.

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 PAMBAN ISLAND
 Lies b/w Sri Lanka .
 Located in the Gulf of Mannar
 Comes under Ramananthpuram, Tamil Nadu (district)
 Must of the land- white sand.
 Not suitable for agriculture.

SRIHARIKOTA ISLAND
 Lies between Pulicat Lake and Bay of Bengal.
 Located in the Nellore district Andhra Pradesh /Tirupati.
 One of the ISRO satellite launch facilities.

ISRO
 Indian Space Research Organisation National Space Agency of India.
 HQ -Bangalore.
 Department of space.
 Established Year --15th Aug,1969
 India has two satellite Launch center:

 TERLS (Thirivanathapuram, Kerala)-Thumba Equatorial: Rocket Launch Station.

 SDSC(Sriharikota Island )Satish : Dhawan Space: Centre, Andhra Pradesh

MAJAULI ISLAND
 Assam
 World's largest freshwater Island.
 Bhramputra river.
 India's 4th dist. – 2016.
 Also called cultural capital of Assam.

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 ALABET ISLAND
 Gulf of Khambat(Gujrat).
 In the delta of river Narmada.
 India's 1st. off -shore oil well site.

SALSETTE ISLAND
 India most popular Island.
 Mumbai city is located on it.

SAGAR ISLAND; Ganga delta, Bay of Bengal, significant Hindu Pilgrimage site.

HOLIDAY ISLAND; Part of the Sunderbans region, WB, Malta river.

PHUMBIS/FLOATING ISLAND; MN, Located with inKeibuj, Lamjao N.P.

MUNROE ISLAND; Kerala, At the confluence of lake and Kallada river.

NEW MORE IASLAND

 Ganga delta.
 Born of contention between India and Bangladesh.
 Sometimes -- appear or disappear.
 Firstly appeared in 1970.
 No permanent inhabitants.
 Rumours- oil and natural gas.
 2010- completely submerged by the rising sea water due to global warming.

SIGNIFINANCE
 Naval and military bases.
 Surveillance and comments.
 War add battle- launch platform.
 Tourist Destination.

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 TRANSPORT
RAILWAYS
 Largest railway network in the world- USA, China, Russia, India(4th)
 In term of number of rail passenger travel through the year --first.

 Indian Railways, operate in 3 different gauge:

 Board gauge (1.676 metre)
 Metre gauge (1 metre)
 Narrow gauge (0.761 and 0.610 metre)

 First railway line in India- 1853,Bombay to Thane distance 34 kilometre

 Second railway line in India -1854 Howrah to Hooghly
 First electric train in India- Deccan queen (1929)- Bombay and Pune
 HQ Indian railway- New Delhi (1853)- lord Dell house
 Indian Railways-
 1901- on the recommendations officer Thomas Robertson committee.
 1 chairman (Vijay Kumar Tripathi)+ 7 member+1 finance commissioner,
formed 1905

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 RAILWAY ZONES
Total 17 + 1 non-operational is equal to 18

South Coast railways HQ- Visakhapatnam AP youngest railway zone

ZONE HQ
 Control Railway Mumbai
 Eastern railway Kolkata
 East control railway Hajipur, Bihar
 East coast railway Bhubaneshwar
 Western railway Mumbai(church gate)
 West-control railway Jabalpur, MP
 Northern railway(largest) New Delhi
 North-Easternrailway(smallest) Gorakhpur
 North eastern frontier railway Malegaon, Guwahati, AS
 North central railway Allahabad, UP
 North western railway Jaipur, RJ
 Southern railway Chennai
 South central Securndarabad, Telangana
 South eastern Kolkata
 South east central railway Bilaspur, Chhatisgarh
 South west railway Hubli

 The Fastest train in India-Vande Bharat express,

Train 18
Max speed 180 kilometre per hour
First run- New Delhi to Varanasi

 Second fastest train in India-Gatiman express, 160 kilometre per hour

Hazrat Nizamuddin to Agra cantonment (188Km)
Facilities- Veg food and non-veg food, free [Link],
Train Hostess

 3rd of fastest train in India- Shatabdi express

New Delhi- Bhopal
speed 150 kilometre per hour

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 Longest train route of India- Vivek express
 China of express trains
 Railway budget 2011 to 2012- announce
 Standard to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of swami Vivekananda
2013.
 Dibrugarh to Kanyakumari
 Weekly train
 4227 kilometres

The second longest train route in India- HIMSAGAREXPRESS

 From JammuTawi to Kanyakumari
 3726 km.
 Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, MP, RJ,UP, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana
and Jammu Kashmir- 12 states
 Weekly train
 First service 1984.

First metro in India

 24 October 1984 -- Metro Railway, Kolkata
 Distance -- 3.4 km.
 Dehradun --Belgacchla

DELHI METRO:Started-2002

 Bengaluru 2011
 Gurgaon 2013
 Jaipur 2015
 Chennai 2015
 Hyderabad 2015
 Navi Mumbai 2016
 Kochi 2016
 lucknow 2016

MONO RAIL-: A railway in which the track consist of a single rail or a beam monorail (style
of the track)First operational monorail in India --Mumbai MONO RAIL 2014Planning --
Kerala, Delhi, Bengaluru(KR)

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 KONKAN RAILWAYS:
 Operated by Konkan railway cooperation
 HQ- Navi, Mumbai, MH
 Establishment-1998
 4 states-MH, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala.

COMMITTEES CONSTITUED FOR RAIL SECURITY

COMMITTEES YEAR
 Shahnawaz Committees 1954
 Kunzrou Committees 1962
 Wahchoo Committees 1968
 Sikri Committees 1978
 Khana Committees 1998

 The oldest stream engine -- fairy queen

 Uphas largest railway network in India
 Mumbai CST Busiest railwayjunction in India
 First solar powered railway station in India--Guwahati, Assam
 Railway Electrification was introduced in 1925 in I Railway in India.

DIAMOND QUADRILATERAL
 Indian Railways- Project
 To establish high speed rail network in India
 Will connect 4 Mega cities – Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai & Mumbai.

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 RAILWAY MANUFACTURING UNITS
UNIT LOCATION
 Chittaranjan Locomotive works (CLW)  WB
 Diesel Locomotive Work (DLW)  Varanasi, UP
 Diesel Component Works (DCW)  Patiala

 Rail Coach Factory (RCF)  Kapurthala, PB

 Integral Coach factory (ICF)  Chennai

 Wheel Axle Plant  Durgapur (WB)Yelahanka

(Karnattka)

 Bharat Earth Movers Ltd.  Bengaluru

 Central Org. for Railway  Allahabad,, UP.
electrification.

TRANSPORT -- ROADWAYS
 The first road development plan was formulated in 1943 (Nagpur plan)
 According to first 5 year plan (1951-1956) --NH, SH, District roads ,Village roads
 Largest roads network in the work --USA,India 2nd
 National highways – constructed byCPWD

NHAI National Highway Authority of India

 1995(act1988)
 Responsible for management of highway
 Ministry of road, transport and highways
 HQ- New Delhi

 Longest NH-NH44,from Srinagar to Kanyakumari, old name -NH7, 3745 KM

 Shortest NH-NH966B, old name -NH47A, Kundanoor and Willingdon island in Kochi,
Kerala

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  NH5 – Easten coast
 NH17--westen coast

NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

 To upgrade,widen major highways in India
 Project started – 1998(PM-Atal Bihari Vajpayee)
 NH-2% of total road,40% of total traffic
 The golden quadrilateral connects:
 Delhi to Kolkata
 Kolkata to Chennai
 Chennai to Mumbai
 Mumbai to Delhi

 North to south and east to west corridors:

 NS corridors:Srinagar to Kanyakumari
 EW corridors: Porbandar(Gujrat) to Silchar(Assam)

 Maximum length of corridors is in – Tamilnadu, UP(2nd)

TRANSPORT-AIRWAYS
 JRD Tata --1stPerson- Flight (Mumbai to Karachi (1931)
 1935 -- ‗Tata Airline‘ started operation between Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram
 1937- Mumbai and Delhi
 Vayudoot Limited- 1981

AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA

 Established Year –1995
 HQ-Delhi, Ministry of Civil Aviation

 HISTORY:IAAI + NAAI
(Int. AAI) (National AAI) Merged-> 1995

(1972) (1986) By an act of parliament,

Int Airports Domestic Airports Act, 1994. Statutory Body

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  Responsible For upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation
infrastructure.
 Responsible for providing safe and efficient services.
 Fastest mode of transport- Saves time, High speed
 AAI manages – Civil Aviation Training College -- Allahabad National institute of
Aviation Manage and research – N- Delhi.

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS IN INDIA

 Rajiv Gandhi int. Airport  Hyderabad
 Calicut int. Airport  Calicut
 Chhatrapati Shivaji Int. Airport  Mumbai
 Goa ( Dabalim) Airport  Goa
 Netaji Subhash Chandra base Int. Airport  Kolkata
 Thiruvananthapuram int. Airport  Kerala
 Lokpriya Gopinath Bordolai int. Airport  Guwahati
 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel int. Airport  Ahemdabad
 Indira Gandhi Int. Airport  Delhi
 Shri Guru Ram Das jee Int. Airport  Amritsar
 Cochin Int. Airport  Kerala
 Combatore Int. Airport  Tamilnadu
 Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport  Varanasi (UP)
 Chaudhary Cahran Singh Airport  Lucknow (UP)
 Ambedkar Airport  Nagpur (MH)
 Veer Savarkar int. Airport  Port blair

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 TRANSPORT-WATERWAYS
 Cheapest and oldestmode of transport.
 Does not require huge capital investment in the construction and maintenance of
track.
 Suitable for carrying bulky goods over long distances.

MAJOR WATERWAYS OF INDIA

LONGEST-NW1 -- Allahabad- Haldia(1620km.), Ganga River

SHORTEST-NW69 --Tamiklnadu (5km.), Manimutharu River

IWAI: Inland Waterways Authority of India

 Under IWAI- 1985 Act
 Statutory Body ( i.e. made by act of Parliament)
 Formed- 1986
 HQ- Noida
 Ministry of ports, Shipping and Waterways

PORTS IN INDIA
 The waterways Authority in India has divided Ports in 3 categories:
1. MAJOR PORTS (13)
2. MINOR PORTS (190 appx.)3. INTERMEDIATE PORTS

POINTS TO REMEMBER:
 Jawahar Lal Nehru Port Trust (JLNPT) -- Best Global port in India.
Third time in arrow in the Atal Shastra Markenomy Award 2020.

 6 New Mega Ports --to be developed underSAGAR MALA PROJECT

PORTS ON THE EASTERN COASTS

 Located along the Bay of Bengal
 Wider coast
 Extends from Ganga to Kanyakumari region
 Cuts 3 Indian states: Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
 The Deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri are present here.
 Deltas --- very fertile, Suitable for agricultural purposes.
 Delta of Krishna River -Granary of South India

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1. CHENNAI PORT:
 Also called Madras port
 2nd largest port of India
 Oeration-1881
 3rd oldest port of india
 Lies on the Coromandal Coast
 TN’s main port

2. TUTICORIN PORT:
 Tamil Nadu
 Connected by railways and roads
 Mainly trades with Sri Lanka
 Pearl city ->Pearl fishery
 Direct weekly container service to USA

3. VISHAKHAPATNAM PORT:
 Andhra Pradesh
 1933– lord Willingdon inaugurated it.
 Serves the Bhilai and Rourkeila steel plant

4. PARADIP PORT:
 Orissa
 Major deep water seaport
 Allows it to handle heavy and bulk containers
 Mainly deals with the trade of coal and iron ores
 Has its own railway for the transportation of goods

5. KOLKATA PORT
 On the bank of river Hooghly
 Oldest port of India (constructed by EIC)
 Mainly trades with Australia and SE Asian countries.
 ‗Gateway of easternIndia‘
 Main centre for the trade of Jute
 Only port having two dock system: Kolkata Dock, Haldia Dock

6. ENNORE PORT
 First corporatized major port in India
 Major exporter of coal
 Railway + Roads links – Transportation
 coromandel coast
 Tamil Nadu

PORTS ON THE WESTERN COASTS:

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KANDLA PORT:
 Also calledkandlaGreek(place)Gujrat
 Busiest and richest port of India
 First export processing port of India
 Currently – Highest profitable port of India

MUMBAI PORT:
 Largest port of India
 Handles 1/5th of India’s foreign trade also called front bay or gateway of India

JLN PORT:
 Mumbai, also called Nava- Sheva port
 Largest container part of India
 Construction in 1989& completely owned by GOI.

COCHIN PORT:
 Kerala, highly growing ports on Arabian sea,
 lies between 2 islands: Willingdon and vallarpadam.

MANGALORE PORT:
 Indira Gandhi – Inauguration – 1974
 Also called Panamburport(Karnattka)

MURMUGAO PORT :
 Goa – Major port – 1963

 13th major port– Port Blair port, Andaman and Nicobar islands, Bay of Bengal.

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NICKNAMES OF IMPORTANT INDIAN PLACES
 Abode of the god Prayagraj
 Blue mountains Nilgiri
 Boston of india Ahmedabad
 City of buildings Kolkata
 City of castels Kolkata
 City of festivals Madurai

 City of lakes Srinagar

 City of nawabs Lucknow
 City of rallies New Delhi
 City of 7 Islands Mumbai

 City of temples Varanasi

 City of weavers Panipat
 Dakshin ganga Godavari
 Deccan Queen Pune
 Egg bowl of India Andhra Pradesh
 Electronic city of India Bengaluru
 Garden city of India Bengaluru
 Garden of spices of India Kerala
 Gateway of India Mumbai
 Golden city Amritsar
 Space city Bengaluru
 Pink city Jaipur
 Old Ganga Godavari
 Soya Region MP
 Heaven of India J and K
 Hollywood of India Mumbai
 Manchester of India Ahmedabad
 Manchester of the N. I Kanpur
 Manchester of the S. I Coimbatore
 Pittsburg of India Jamshedpur
 Queen of Arabian Sea Cochin
 Queen of the Mountains Mussorie
 Sacred river Ganga
 Silicon Valley of India Bengaluriu
 State of five rivers PB
 Steel city of India Jamshedpur
 Switzerland of India Kashmir
 Venice of the East Kochi

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 City of Chillies Guntur
 Spiritual Capital of Andra p. Tirupati
 The place of victory Vijaywada
 The city of destiny Vishakhapatnam
 Tea city of India Dibrugarh
 The city of Blood Tezpur
 Silk city of India Bhagalpur
 The land of knowledge Nalanda
 Power Hub of India Kobra, Chhattisgarh
 City of Rallies New Delhi
 Millennium city of India Gurgaon
 Mini Cuba Bhiwani
 Coal capital of India Dhanbad, JH
 Scotland of India Coorg ,Kamattka
 Ice cream city of India Manglore
 Rome of the east Manglore
 Heritage city of Karnataka Manglore
 Cashew capital of the Kolam, kerala
world Indore
 Mini Mumbai Mumbai
 Financial capital of India Mumbai
 City of Dreams Nagpur
 City of oranges Nasik
 Wine capital of India Pune
 Oxford of the East Shillong
 Scotland of the East Deogarh
 City of waterfalls Puducherry
 Paris of the East Patiala
 Royal city Udaipur, RJ
 White city Chennai
 Detroit of India Ooty
 Queen of hill stations Hyderabad
 City of Pearls Hyderabad
 City of the Nizams Up
 City of Taj

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 FAMOUS HILL STATIONS
Hill StationState
 Coonor Tamil Nadu
 Delhouse Himachal Pradesh
 Darjeeling West Bengal
 Gangtok Assam
 Gulmarg J&K
 Kalimpong West Bengal
 Kasauli Himachal Pradesh
 Khandala Maharashtra
 Kullu valley Himachal Pradesh
 Landoune Uttarakhand
 Lonawala Maharashtra
 Mahabaleshwar Maharashtra
 Mannar Kerala
 Manali Himachal Pradesh
 Mandi Himachal Pradesh
 MT. Abu Rajasthan
 Mukteshwar Uttarakhand
 Musoorie Uttarakhand
 Nainital Uttarakhand
 Ooty Tamil Nadu
 Pahalgam J&K
 Panchgani Maharashtra
 Periyar Kerala
 Ranikhet Uttarakhand
 Shimla Himachal Pradesh
 panchmarhi Madhya Pradesh

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 CROPS IN INDIA
 All crops do not grow in the same season
 Different crops -- Different suitable climatic conditions

KHARIF CROPS:
 At the beginning of 1st Monsoon rains
 Sown – June to July
 Harvesting –Sep to Oct
 Require good rainfall
 Turmeric, pulses, Soyabean, Sugar cane, Jawar, Bajara, Makka, Rice.

RABI CROPS:
 Also called Winter crops
 Sown – Oct to Nov.
 Harvesting –March to April (spring season)
 Require frequent irrigating; because they are grown in dry areas
 Wheat, potato, peas, mustered, Chickpeas.

ZAID CROPS:
 Grown, between kharif and Rabi seasons i.e, between march to June
 Require warm and dry weather
 Groundnut, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Watermelon, Muskmelon, Sugarcane.

CASH CROPS:
 Cultivated to be sold in the market.
 To earn Profits.
 Trading -- National and International market
 Coffee, Tea, Cotton, Sugarcane, Groundnut, Rice, Wheat

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 CLIMATIC REGIONS OF INDIA
 TREWARTH`S CLASSIFICATION
 This is scheme has been most satisfactory of all the classifications of the Indian
climate regions.
 Presented a modified form of Koppen`s classifications

Climatic regions of India:

1. A type: Two types: AM& AW
Temp. does not fall Below 18 degree C.

 AM: Tropical Rain Forest:

 High temperature throughout the year
 Heavy rainfall
 Annual rainfall -- 200 centimetre
 Western gates, Western Coastal planes, parts of Assam&Tripura.

 AW: Tropical Savanna Climate:

 Dry winter
 Annual rainfall --100 centimetre
 Most of the peninsular region

2. B type:Three types BS, BSH, BWH

 BS:Tropical semi- Arid or Steppe Climate:
 Rainfall--Low- 60- 80 centimetre
 Temperature -- 20˚-30˚C
 Rain shadow zone of western Ghats.

 BSH-Tropical and subtropical steppe climate

 Temperature less than 30˚
 Punjab, Haryana, Kachchh region

 Bwh --Tropical Desert Climate

 Scanty rainfall
 High temperature
 Thrown Bushest – Rajasthan& Gujrat

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3. C type- CAW: subtropical climate with dry winters

 Mild winters
 Extremely hot summer and
 South ofHimalayasi.e, Northern planes

4.H type- Mountain Climate and Highlands

 Low temperature
 Higher snowfall in winters
 Himalayan region from J&K to Arunachal Pradesh

RAINFALL IN INDIA
 The average rainfall in India – 118cm[ According to annual data report from
Meteorological Department]

Area of High Rainfall:

 Rainfall=Above 200cm
 NE part (Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram,
Naga Land, Myanmar), Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim)
 Western Coast

Area of Medium Rainfall:

 Rainfall – 100 to 200cm

 Eastern Slopes of WG
 Northern plains
 Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh &Tamil Nadu

Area of law Rainfall:

 Rainfall - 50 – 100 cm
 Gujrat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Rajasthan

Areas of Inadequate Rainfall

 Rainfall – below 50cm

 All the arid & semi – arid areas of India
 Western Rajasthan, Kachchh region Ladakh

Indian Meteorological Department:

 IMD:1875
 New Delhi
 Ministry of earth Sciences
 Agency responsible for meteorological observations & weather forecasting

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 FOREST IN INDIA
 Sir HG Champion categorised India’s forested types of for the first time in 1936
preliminary survey of forester Type of India and Burma

TROPICAL EVERGREEN FOREST

 Annual rainfall = 200 centimetre
 Annual temperature = >20 degree Celsius
 Trees height = 60 metre or above
 Western slope of western ghats
 Andaman and Nicobar islands
 Northern eastern region-Hills

TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST

 Most widespread forest in India,
 Monsoon forest,
 Annual rainfall – 70 to 200 centimetre
 On the basis of availability of water
 MOIST DECIDUOUS FOREST
 Rainfall – 100 - 200 centimetre
 NE states
 Eastern slope of western Ghats
 TEAK, SHISHAM, MAHUA, KUSUM, SANDALWOOD

TROPICAL DECIDOUS FOREST

 Rainfall – 70 to 100cm
 winter region- moist
 Drier- Thorny Fore
 Plains of UP, Bihar
 Peninsula Reiner area

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TROPICAL THORN FOREST
 Rainfall – Less than 50cm
 Semi Arid areas- Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh, UP
 Plants – Leafless
 Variety of grasses & shrubs.
 BABOOL, BER, KHAIR, NEEM

MONTANE FOREST
 Mountains areas – Temperature decrease and altitude increase
 Causing change in natural vegetation
 Tropical area – Tundra area
 Vegetation – variation
 Deciduous forest – Foothills of Himalayas
 PINE FOREST, CHIR, DEODAR
 Evergreen Broad leaf Trees
 Wet temperate type of forest - 1000m – 2000m

LITTORAL & SWAMP FOREST

 also called wetland 4 Astra- 70% area
medical deviation
 Mainly found in deccan plateau
 Sealine cost of a Gujrat& Rajasthan
 Eastern coast deltas
 Lakes & Rivers of Kashmir

MANGROVES
 Grows along the coasts
 Consist of several salt - Tolerant spices
 Sundarbans of West Bengal
 Andaman and Nicobar island
 Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishnadeltas
 Shrub/tree that grows in coastal saline/brackish water

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FOREST COVER IN INDIA
 Report - based on the aerial photograph and satellite imageries
 Total forest tree -24.56%
 According to the ‘Indian state of the forest report 2019’
 Area wise - MP has the largest forest cover in the country
 2ndArunachal Pradesh
 %age-wise – Mizoram(85.41%), Arunachal Pradesh (79.63%)
 Top 2 states showing increase in forest cover -Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh

Forest conservation
 Forest policy, 1988
 Bringing 33% of the geographical area under forest cover

Types of farming
SHIFTING AGRICULTURE
 A piece of land is cleared by tribal peoplemainly
 By burning trees
 Crops grown under the type of agriculture
 Paddy, maze, beat, Tobacco,Sugarcane
 Practised in–Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Nagaland, Myanmar&
Jharkhand

Various names of Shifting agriculture

State Agriculture

Assam Jhum

Kerala Ponam

Andhra Pradesh & Orissa Podu

Madhya Pradesh Beewar&Mashan

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INTENSIVE FARMING
 Cultivator uses – Large amount of labour on a relatively small Area
 This type of farming is done where population is Large & Land is Small.

EXTENSIVE FARMING
 Cultivator uses – Limitedamount of labour on a relatively Large Area
 Regions: population is Small & land is Enough
 Agriculture is done by machines.

SUBSISTENCE FARMING

 Majority of farmers in India practice it.

 Entire Production – Consumed
 No Surplus to sell in the market
 Cultivation Techniques – simple
 Total absence of modern equipment.

COMMERCIAL FARMING
 Opposite of above -- Irrigation, Chemical Fertilisers, Pesticides, HYV of seeds
 Some of the major commercial crops of Indian -- Cotton,Jute& Sugarcane

PLANTATION FARMING
 Growing & Processing of a Single cash Crops – purely meant for sale.
 Example – Tea, coffee, Rubber & Banana.

MIXED FARMING
 When both rising crops & rearing Animals are carried on Simultaneously.

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 AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONS IN INDIA

GREEN REVOLUTION IN INDIA

 The term ‘Green Revolution’ was first used by - William guard
 Father of green revolution- Norman Borlaug
 It led to him winning the Nobel Peace Prize in
1970 for his work in developing HYV ofwheat
 Also called the ‗Third Agricultural Revolution‘
after the nealitflic revolution
 British agricultural revolution
 ‗Mexico- birthplace‘ and ‗Burial Ground‘ of
the Greenrevolution

what is green revolution

 Rapidly increase in wheat and rice yields
 Indeveloping countries
 With the help of a high yielding variety of seeds good fertilizers and other inputs
 India 1965 with the help of MSN Swaminathan (Father of the green revolution in
India)
 Great success
 Change the countries status from aFood deficient economy to world’s largest
leading agricultural nations
 Listed till 1978
 Led to increase in agricultural production – Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh

WHITE REVOLUTION IN INDIA

 Also called operation flood
 GOI initiated it with the motive of increasing milk production
 To make the country one of the largest producer
of milk in the world
 Today - India is a world‘s largest producer of milk
 Doctor VergheseKurien father of white
revolution in India

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  Started in 1970
 Aimed -to create a nationwide milk grid
 Linking milk producers in India directly to consumer reducing sectional regional
price variations and ensuring that produces get a fair market prices
 1964- 65- ICCD-IntensiveCattleDevelopment Programme
 NDDB- National Dairy Development Board
 Introduced operation flood to increase the speed of milk production

REVOLUTIONS PRODUCT
Round Revolution Potato
Green Revolution Food grains
Grey Revolution Fertilisers
Pink Revolution Onion Production
White Revolution Milk Production
Blue Revolution Fish related
Red Revolution Meat /tomato Production
Yellow Revolution Oilseed Production
Brown Revolution Leather Production
Golden Revolution Fruits/ honey
Golden FiberRevolution Jute Production
Silver Revolution Egg Production
Silver FiberRevolution Cotton
Protein Revolution Agricultural
Black Revolution Petroleum Production
Evergreen Revolution Overall dew of agriculture

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 WATERFALLS IN INDIA
 Ranchi -city of waterfalls in India
 Nohsngithiang falls-Meghalya (also called
7 sister waterfalls)
 NohkalikaiFalls- Tallest plunge waterfall in India
 Without touching the underlying different place
 Athirapally waterfall –‘The Niagara of India’
 Highest waterfall in the word --ANGEL FALLS (Venezuela, South Africa)

CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES
CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES

POMICULTURE Fruit Cultivation

OLERICULTURE Vegetable Cultivation

FLORICULTURE Flower farming

VITICULTURE Grapes Cultivation

ARBORICULTURE Tree farming

PISCICULTURE Fish farming

VERMICULTURE Earthworm’s Breeding

SILVICULTURE Forest planting

TISSUE CULTURE Cultivating single cell from a plant

SERICULTURE Rearing of silkworms

MORICULTURE Mulberry Cultivation

MARICULTURE Marine fish farming

HORTICULTURE Flower, fruit, ornamental, plant Cultivation

CUNICULTURE Rearing of rabbits

APICULTURE Beekeeping

AQUACULTURE Fish farming

AEROPONIC CULTURE To grow plant in air (soil less agriculture)

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