NAGPUR ORANGE

SUBMITTED TO:

Mrs. Debmita Mondal

SUBMITTED BY:
Praharsh Gour
Roll No.- 115
Semester X
Section- A
B.A., LL.B (Hons.)

SUBMITTED ON:
06.04.2018

Hidayatullah National Law University Raipur, Chhattisgarh

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I feel highly elated to work on the topic ‘Nagpur Orange’ because it has significant importance in
the current scenario.
I express my deepest regard and gratitude for our Faculty of IPR. Her consistent supervision,
constant inspiration and invaluable guidance have been of immense help in understanding the
importance of the project report.
I would like to thank my family and friends without whose support and encouragement, this project
would not have been a reality.
I would also like to thank Mr. Sachin Choudhary, Associate, K&S Partners, Gudgaon, for his
valuable inputs on research on this topic.
I take this opportunity to also thank the University and the Vice Chancellor for providing extensive
database resources in the Library and through Internet.
Praharsh Gour
B.A.-L.L.B (Hons.)

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................................2

A BRIEF HISTORY OF NAGPUR ORANGE............................................................................6

REGISTRATION OF NAGPUR ORANGE AS A GI .................................................................7

TRADE IN NAGPUR ORANGE .............................................................................................. 10

IMPACT OF DEMONETIZATION .......................................................................................... 13

CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 16

3
INTRODUCTION

Orange has a long, convoluted history, in part because it is not a wild fruit. Rather, it is a carefully
refined hybrid of mandarin and pomelo. Contenders for the countries that first cultivated the orange
are northeastern India, southern China, and possibly Indochina. While pummelos originate in
India, mandarins came from China. Oranges are a major crop for India, ranking only after bananas
and mangos in volume. 2010 figures published by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization
ranks India third in the world for oranges, behind only Brazil and the United States. Combined,
these three countries account for almost half of the world’s production of 68 million tons. India
exports sweet oranges to countries including Sri Lanka, France, the UK, Belgium, and Bangladesh.
In the month of April 2014, Oranges from Nagpur were granted the protection under the
Geographical Indications Act of India along with the famous tribal Warli art, Dharmavaram saris
and Kerala’s Kaipad rice have been cleared for inclusion in Geographical Indications (GI) registry
in the country. The logo for Leather Toys of Indore (already a GI product) was also approved.

The item was granted the GI tag 385 along with a logo, signifying that Nagpur oranges have ‘a
specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin’. The
GIs are part of WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
Agreement of which India is also a signatory. By getting a GI, Nagpur orange joined other notable
national and international products: Darjeeling Tea, Nashik Grapes, Welsh lamb, Scotch beef,
Champagne, Roquefort cheese, to name a few.

Upon Receiving the aforementioned status, the proprietor of Nagpur oranges will be enabled to a
better protection of geographical indications relating to goods. It excludes unauthorized persons
from misusing geographical indications. This would protect the interest of producers,
manufacturers and thereby consumer from being deceived by the falsity of geographical origin to
economic prosperity of the producer of such goods and promote goods bearing geographical
indications in export market.

In the instant paper, the author has strived to highlight the nature, proprietor and uniqueness of the
aforementioned commodity. In endeavor to do so, the author has brushed upon the history of the
origin of the product in India and in order to discuss the contemporary position of the product, the
author has tried to highlight any controversy with regard to the aforesaid commodity.

4
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This project is largely based on secondary & electronic sources of data. Books, case laws, journals
& other reference as guided by faculty were primarily helpful for the completion of this project.
the research work is a descriptive and analytical study.

OBJECTIVES

 To research on different information pertaining to Nagpur Orange

5
A BRIEF HISTORY OF NAGPUR ORANGE

"The greatest ornament of the garden is... (an) orange tree called Cintra (santra) or Coolang. Its
fruit is juicy and of exquisite flavour. There is a floating notion that it was introduced by the
Portuguese. Some, however, believe that the great superiority of the orange is owing to a system
of grafting and budding in which local gardeners of Nagpore are pre-eminently skilful." Were the
words used by the famous Englishman Major Henry Bevan, to explain the Orange farms of
Nagpur.1

Orange has a long, convoluted history, in part because it is not a wild fruit. Rather, it is a carefully
refined hybrid of mandarin and pomelo. Contenders for the countries that first cultivated the orange
are northeastern India, southern China, and possibly Indochina. While pummelos originate in
India, mandarins came from China. 2

Several ancient civilizations engaged in citrus cultivation: the Chinese, Indians, Jews, Persians,
Arabs, Greeks, and Romans, to name a few. Each of these groups use citrus in one ceremony or
another: the Jews buy etrogs for Sukkot, Christians placed oranges on Christmas trees, and the
Chinese exchange citrus during the New Year.3

All of these groups often traded—or forcibly acquired, in the event of war—citrus seeds,
cultivation techniques and technology. One of the greatest periods for oranges was the Andalusian
period, occurring from the 13thcentury onward: Improvements in irrigation created a veritable
citrus belt throughout Spain, many of which created the orange cultivars best recognized today:
Seville, Valencia, Zaragoza, and Granada, to name a few. 4

In the mid 1400s, Italian traders brought oranges fruit to Europe, and the Spaniards introduced
them throughout South America and Central America. The United States owes Spanish voyager,
Ponce de Leon, for bringing citrus to Florida in 1513. Today, oranges are one of the most widely
cultivated fruits in the world. 5

1
[Link] (Last accessed on 3.04.2018)
2
Supra Note 1.
3
Supra Note 1.
4
Supra Note 1.
5
Supra Note 1.

6
The oranges of Nagpur see its origin in the kitchen gardens of Maharaj Rajaji Bhosle of Nagpur
kingdom in 1700s.

REGISTRATION OF NAGPUR ORANGE AS A GI

About the Proprietor

Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola was established on 2 October, 1969 with its
headquarter at Akola under the Punjabrao Agriculturial vidyapeeth) Act, 1968. In 1983, the
Maharashtra Government amended the law relating to agricultural university and introduced a
common law for better governance of Agriculture Universities called The Maharashtra
Agricultural universities (Krishi Vidyapeeths) Act, 1983, which entrusted the university with the
responsibility of "providing best facilities for education in agricultural and allied matters and in
particular for the development of agricultural sciences and for carrying out or undertaking such
schemes or activities to help and support the Agricultural programs and erosion education". 6

In tune to these mandates' Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth is supporting the producer
groups of Nagpur orange to register their unique goods by providing financial, technical support
and also to help in bringing transparency in benefits sharing of GI registration of Nagpur Orange
among all the producers of Nagpur Orange.7

Specification of Nagpur Orange

Nagpur Orange is described as oranges cultivated in the Nagpur & Vidharbha regions of
Maharashtra and some regions of Madhya Pradesh. The oranges are medium sized, oblate with
yellowish green to orange colour with are easily peel able with thin skin and fine texure. The Pulp
is tender, Saffron or orange with excellent blend of-sugar-acid.8

6
[Link]
[Link] (Last accessed on 4.4.2018).
7
[Link]
[Link]( Last accessed on 4.4.2018).

8
[Link]
%[Link] ((Last accessed on 4.4.2018).

7
Geographical Area of Production of Nagpur Orange9

Nagpur Orange are cultivated in the Nagpur & Virbhadra region of Maharashtra and adjoining
regions of MP in black Clay soil under hot sub-humid tropical climate-

Blooming Season of Nagpur Orange10

 Nagpur oranges bloom un ice in a year. The flush that comes in the month of January -
February is called Ambia Babar (The name is taken from the period when mango also have
a bloom in January - February in Vidarbha region.
 ln local language mango is called Amba hence the name Ambia bahar).
 The fruit from this flush would be available in the months of November - December.
 Because of the lower temperature during fruits maturity period of Ambia Bahar, these
fruits are some what sour compared to the fruits of Mrig Bahar.
 But these fruits escape the possible damage from hailstorms, which may come in the
following months of January to March. And thus there is certainty of getting fruit yields
from Ambia bahar.
 Because of this certainty of getting yield, farmers prefer Ambia Bahar_
 As the development of the fruit of Ambia bahar continues throughout the summer months
assured supply of irrigation water must be there if 'Ambia bahar' is preferred. The bloom
that comes h June-July (i.e. after' Mrig Nakshatra') is called Mirg bahar and the fruits of
this bloom would be available in the months of February - March.
 It is the beginning of the summer months and therefore there is heavy demand and higher
price for this crop.
 Because of clear sunshine and better atmospheric conditions, the quality, development of
the fruits continues in uninterrupted manner resulting in better qualities and sweeter than
the fruits of Ambia Bahar.

9
[Link]
%[Link] ((Last accessed on 4.4.2018).
10
[Link]
%[Link] ((Last accessed on 4.4.2018).

8
Site11

 Orchard: Soil should be well drained and of shallow or medium depth. Deep heavy soil
having more than 60 percent clay content is not suitable for citrus plantation. National
Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur prescribes the threshold values of soil properties.
 Nursery: It should be located at least 500 mts away from the Orchard, preferably Western
side, to avoid incidents of pests and diseases.

Uniqueness 12

 Nagpur orange / Nagpur mandarin is considered as one of the best mandarin of the world
because of its attractive colour, pleasant flavor and good taste.
 Nagpur orange / Nagpu mandarin is most commonly thought of as a good source of vitamin
C.
 Nagpur orange also contain an impressive list of other essential nutrients, including both
glycaemic and non-glycaemic carbohydrate (sugars and fibers), potassium, folate, calcium
thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, phosphorus, magnesium, copper riboflavin, pantothenic acid
and a variety of phytochemicals.
 Nagpur orange / Nagpur mandarins contains no fat or sodium. The average energy value
of fresh citrus is also low, which can be very important for consumers concerned about
putting on excess body weight.

Other GIs in Oranges13

Coorg orange grown in the Kodagu, Hassan and Chikmagalur districts of Karnataka has been
awarded Geographical Indication owing to its characteristics such as medium sized, fairly tight
skinned orange yellow fruits having dark orange pulp, being tender, juicy with a rich flavour and
excellent blend of acid and sugar.

11
[Link]
%[Link] ((Last accessed on 4.4.2018).
12
[Link]
%[Link] ((Last accessed on 4.4.2018).
13
Ibid.

9
Hilly terrains with well-drained soil having high rainfall in Coorg (Kodagu) and surrounding
regions gives the specific taste, aroma and keeping quality to this particular cultivar.

It is unique to this particular regionand if it is grown in places other than Coorg, it loses that specific
taste, aroma and keeping quality.

TRADE IN NAGPUR ORANGE14

The Nagpur variety of orange, till 2015, was majorly consumed by the domestic populi of India,
with no or limited exports. Experts have stated that post harvest of sweet oranges characterized by
peculiar problems of being highly seasonal, perishable and bulky in nature. Due to this, sweet
oranges need high degree of care at harvest and post-harvest phases. Losses in post harvest of
sweet oranges are estimated at about 25-35% as the product moves from sweet oranges grooves to
ultimate consumers. Activities like sorting, grading and packing are not taken care of by the
growers resulting in decreased profitability. Post harvest losses of sweet oranges can be minimized
by adopting the proper harvesting and storage conditions practices in study area. There was a
farmer fallow post harvest practices activities like sorting, grading and packing, and pre –cooling,
storage fallowed.15

They have further identified following as the issue with post harvest oranges16
1. Mechanical damage due to mishandling along the supply chain;
2. Loss of moisture through evaporation and transpiration which causes shriveling;
3. Early senescence and death of tissue due to interruption of metabolic rate when stored in higher
4. than optimum or extremely low temperature;
5. Low shelf life due to ethylene biosynthesis; and
6. Spoilage and rot due to the invasion of pathogens on injured fruits.

The Domestic industry tends to suffer majorly due to existence of middle men and transportation
thereby increasing the total cost of output. As experts have claimed that estimated the overall

14
Ibid.
15
[Link]
duty/articleshow/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
16
[Link]
export/articleshow/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).

10
average marketing cost at Rs.17.47 per quintal of Nagpur mandarin among which middle man’s
share constituted 35.11 per cent followed by transport cost of 32.41 per cent (that too in 1988!)
Experts have further claimed that the producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee in the marketing
of Nagpur mandarins varied from 30 to 53 per cent in different markets. The truck freight and cost
of packing material took a lion’s share in market expenditure incurred by the traders. It was
observed that the benefits of price rise had not been availed by mandarin traders reflecting the
inefficiency in existing marketing system. 17

Therefore, despite being third largest producer of oranges in the world India remains 64 th nation
in terms of orange productivity. Where orange is grown across the world in 41.96 lakh hectares
with 684.75 lakh tonnes production which translates into 16.32 tonnes a hectare productivity
according to FAO, 2009. It is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. Brazil is the world
leader in orange production (176.18 lakh tonnes) contributing to 25.73 per cent of world tonnage
followed by the US at 12.09 per cent (82.81 lakh tonnes), India at 7.60 per cent (52.01 lakh tonnes)
and China at 7.10 per cent (48.65 lakh tonnes). 18

Although, India is second in area and third in production of orange in the world, the
productivity/hectare is very low as compared to the US, Indonesia, Turkey and other countries
where the crop is grown commercially. 19

In terms of productivity, India ranks 64th with only 9.23 tonnes a [Link] export of orange
from India during 2009-10 was 25.06 thousand tonnes (Rs 25.39 crore in value).

In the year 2015, It was announced that Nagpur Oranges shall be exported to Sri Lanka. For the
fact that the local variety of the orange is not much preferred by orange processing units because
of higher presence of seeds that get crushed along with pulp making it bitter, To resolve this,

17
[Link]
duty/articleshow/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
18
[Link]
export/articleshow/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
19
[Link]
duty/articleshow/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).

11
alongside, a seedless variety of the Nagpur mandarin is also in the offing and was brought out by
the citus research institute.20

It has been reported that no serious effort was made by the government earlier to boost exports of
this orange variety. The defunct Orange Export Centre at Karanja (Ghatge) in Wardha district has
been restored to operate for the aforementioned purpose. 21

Another issue which cropped up subsequently after export of the oranges was that of import duty.
In 2017, it has been reported that orange growers in the Maharshtra region are demanding
intervention by the state and the central governments in regulating the import duty on oranges.
They want the import duty to be minimized to allow orange exporters to have a good market in
countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka which are big importers of orange. High import duty
increases the cost of the oranges so much that India cannot afford to export to these countries
Since the import duty on orange in countries like China, Bhutan and Nepal is relatively very less,
Sri Lanka and Bangladesh prefer to buy oranges from these countries. Hence, there is a need for
Indian government to work in collaboration with Bangladesh and Sri Lankan government and
ensure the required reduction in the import duty to facilitate export of oranges from Vidarbha.
There is a high demand of oranges in the Gulf countries too.22

NGOs like Shramjeevi Orange Farmers Producer Company has stated that the import duty in
Bangladesh is as much as Rs30,000 per ton whereas the cost of orange is Rs20,000 per ton. This
reduces the farmers' benefit so much that neither they are keen on exporting nor the buyers are
keen on buying the stock. "Orange growers, for past many years, have been requesting government
to negotiate the import duty with these neighbours. But somehow nothing has moved in the right
direction.”. Shridhar Thakre, director, Maha Orange, also said that the country needs to take a
serious move in the direction of minimizing the import duties by Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
Both the NGOs also want the state government to set up grading, packaging, cooling and storage

20
[Link]
export/articleshow/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
21
[Link]
duty/articleshow/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
22
[Link]
duty/articleshow/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).

12
unit at each taluka place where orange is grown in the region. "If there are these units at taluka
place, it saves a lot of transport charges to the district place or elsewhere. It also motivates the
farmers to enter the system of exporting orange through these centres and earn more price for their
produce," said Manoj Jawanjal, one of the directors of Maha Orange. 23

Impact of Demonetization

The orange exporters who export to Bangladesh have suffered the most as the fruit prices have
fallen by up to 50%.
“Prices have crashed by 50% and the time to harvest the fruits is getting over. We fear that the sit
uation can lead to increase in suicides of farmers,” was written in a memorandum that was given
to the government from the orange farmers of Vidarbha. 24

Exports starts peaking during December and this time the domestic rates are good which is why
the farmers may prefer selling in the domestic market. Last year this time rates were around
R10,000 to R15,000 per tonne, and now farmers are getting R25000 to R30,000 per tonne.25

Maharashtra is the country’s largest producer and exporter of oranges, contributing 50% to the
country’s total production. The kinoor variety from Rajasthan, is the main competitor and accounts
for 20 per cent of the total production in the country. 26

Of the country’s total area under orange cultivation at around 2 lakh hectare, Maharashtra
has about 1.21 lakh hectares and the states’ total production averages 10 lakh tonnes annually,
through two seasons — Ambia and Mruga. The orange is mostly cultivated in Amravati, Nagpur,

23
Ibid.
24
[Link]
cultivating-Nagpur-orange-in-Kodagu-IIHR/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
25
[Link]
cultivating-Nagpur-orange-in-Kodagu-IIHR/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
26
[Link]
cultivating-Nagpur-orange-in-Kodagu-IIHR/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).

13
Akola, Wardha and Yavatmal districts, Amravati district alone has 56747 hectare area under
orange cultivation and accounts for 45% of mandarin area of the state.27

Other places where the fruit is grown are the northeast, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan.
However, oranges from Nagpur are considered top notch and the best in the country. 28

Of the total orange production from Maharashtra, about 35% is exported to Bangladesh, while
Kerala and Delhi are the other main markets for the fruit exports to Bangladesh usually happen via
road and some 100 tonnes to 200 tonnes are transported to Bangladesh through Kolkata on a daily
basis. Last year, for the first time in many years, around 52 tonnes of oranges from Maharashtra
were exported to Sri Lanka through the sea route.29

The economic condition of orange growers in this region is not very encouraging. But they are
certainly better off than the cotton grower who is often pushed to suicide. But the orange farmer
is also not spared by the vagaries of nature and uncertain markets.

“This season will last another one month. We have weathered the worst brunt of demonetization
and we should be able to push through to the end,” says Abdul Waheed, a wholesale fruit merchant
in Nagpur. Waheed belongs to the family of original fruit merchants tracing the lineage to Subhan
Seth and Shakoor Seth who ruled the trade in the fifties. The orange crop grows twice a year. The
fruit available from September to December is Ambiya which has a slightly sour taste. It is
followed by the sweeter Mrig crop from January to March. 30

The signature Nagpur Santra has an interesting history. It was fertilized more than a century and
a half back by grafting a wild orange variety from Assam with sakhar limbu (sweet lemon,
Citrus Lamiata), a local sweet citrus variety .Brought here by the Bhonsalas — the erstwhile rulers

27
[Link]
cultivating-Nagpur-orange-in-Kodagu-IIHR/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
28
[Link]
cultivating-Nagpur-orange-in-Kodagu-IIHR/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
29
[Link]
cultivating-Nagpur-orange-in-Kodagu-IIHR/[Link] (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
30
[Link]
reticulate-blanco-under-various-automatic-drip-irrigation-scheduling-with-e-6-hybrid-station-
controller (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).

14
of the region , oranges made Nagpur famous. It is a variety that is exclusively grown in Nagpur
and has a pockmarked exterior. The oranges are famous for their sweet and juicy pulp and were
given the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2014.31

The GI tag 385 identifies Nagpur orange as being one which has ‘a specific geographical origin
and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin’. The GIs are part of WTO
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) to which India is
also a signatory. With a GI, Nagpur orange joined other notable national and international
products: Darjeeling Tea, Nasik Grapes, Welsh lamb, Scotch beef, Champagne, Roquefort cheese,
to name a few.32

Nagpur mandarin, although considered a good variety, was not considered viable for the food
processing industry due to bitterness caused by the seeds, The current season also marks the arrival
of the seedless variety of the oranges. Named NRCC Nagpur mandarin seedless-4; it was
developed by selecting a plant from the orange (Nagpur mandarin) crop that had, by genetic
mutation, seedless fruits. While a normal orange has an average of 12.68 seeds, the new variety
has only 2.57 seeds per fruit. The seedless variety has bigger fruit, high yield (679 fruits/plant).
The ordinary mandarin variety with seeds yields 520 fruits per year per plant. 33

Orange traders are mow becoming savvy and using professional marketing practices. They now
want to hook consumers from the first orange they buy. Growers had noticed that, after an uptick
in sales at the start of each season, when shoppers embraced the fresh harvest, orders would drop
off. 34

After extensive research on consumers’ taste preferences and fruit-buying habits, Orange growers
found that those first oranges sold each year were often bland, because they had spent less time

31
[Link]
reticulate-blanco-under-various-automatic-drip-irrigation-scheduling-with-e-6-hybrid-station-
controller (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
32
[Link]
reticulate-blanco-under-various-automatic-drip-irrigation-scheduling-with-e-6-hybrid-station-
controller (Last Accessed on 4.4.2018).
33
Ibid.
34
Ibid.

15
ripening on the tree. Dissatisfied consumers often waited weeks before trying another orange,
while those that tried a sweet piece of fruit kept coming back for more.35

The commercialization of orange crop has been impeded by several factors. One of it is
the absence of freezing and processing centres and the demand for setting up a major processing
centre in Vidarbha is an old one. The first organized attempt was made in the 1960s when farmers
came together to form the Nagpur Orange Growers’ Association (NOGA) with its plant at
Motibagh in north Nagpur. NOGA ran into losses and the government took over it in 1972,
bringing it under the Maharashtra Agro-Based Industries Development Corporation (MAIDC).36

CONCLUSION

With the grant of a GI status to Nagpur Orange, a certain highlight was thrown upon the orange
farming community of the city, however, in reality no good a been done to the farmers. The middle
men still exist, with high transportation cost, the exports of the fruits are at anytime low and
moreover the fruits surely cannot be used in processed food industries.

With many industrialists, upon grant of the status, have established “Orange farms” much like
“French vineyards” to promote the fruit amongst the urban populi, a little or none of their output
goes to the starving farmers of Maharashtra.

Another less talked about incentive which Nagpur enjoys, contrary to other geographic locations
of GI protected commodities, is the infusion of it’s identification with that of its product. No other
city in the nation is known as exclusively, for its GI protected products, as Nagpur. In fact, the
people of Nagpur have taken it upon themselves to make sure that every other city of the country
should identify the city from its oranges and have taken up the title of “Orange city” upon
themselves.

However, despite the robust identity the city and its oranges enjoy, the plight of the farmers remain
the same. With the preceding chapters discussing the lack of initiative on part of the government
to improve the export of the oranges of Nagpur, in the year 2011, due to immense competition, the
government decided to take away the much needed subsidies from the farmers of Vibhadra.

35
Ibid.
36
Ibid.

16
Ironically the subsidies provided to the farmers of Nashik, Pune and Nagpur remained untouched,
the adjoining area of Vibhadra suffered from the aforementioned decision.

With FDI in picture, a boom was expected for the farmers of these oranges, agronomist R
Ramakumar of TISS, is skeptical about the claims by the advocates of FDI in retail. According to
him “The new set-up will transfer risk to the producer while transferring control to the corporate.
The risk of production failure is transferred through the quality standards mechanism, the risk of
fertility loss is transferred by the nature of the contracts themselves, and the risk of demand
fluctuations is transferred through the delay in payments. These structures are further
complemented by more straightforward abuses of power.

17
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 [Link]
%[Link]
 [Link]
orange-export/articleshow/[Link]
 [Link]
import-duty/articleshow/[Link]
 [Link]
reticulate-blanco-under-various-automatic-drip-irrigation-scheduling-with-e-6-hybrid-
station-controller
 [Link]
 [Link]
cultivating-Nagpur-orange-in-Kodagu-IIHR/[Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
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18