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1. Financing Relief Measures Machinery and equipment requirements. Expenses met from their respective budgets,
Hazard, risk, vulnerability zone mapping. not reviewed by Finance Commissions.
Disaster Relief Phase: State Government Expenditure: The majority of
Provides direct assistance to alleviate Post-Disaster Phase disaster management spending (post-disaster
suffering. Relief camps for victims. relief and rehabilitation) is incurred by state
Includes financial aid, counseling, and support governments and district administrations.
services. Food, health facilities, and medicine Finance Commission Role: Budgetary
provision. allocations are based on Finance Commission
Critical for engaging with impacted Compensation for loss of life or property. recommendations (Article 280).
communities during high-risk times.
Activities include evacuations, relief centers, Socio-economic structure reconstruction. Assistance Objective: Financial assistance is
temporary shelter, and first aid. 3. The Financial Arrangement limited to immediate relief and restoring public
utilities, not compensation or full
Emergency services are crucial, often involving Constitutional Ambiguity: The Indian reconstruction.
volunteers. constitution doesn't specify which government Relief-Centric Approach: This approach didn't
level is responsible for disaster management. encourage strategic financial planning, resource
Central Government Support: Provides early gap quantification, or innovative risk
warnings, deploys resources (aircraft, boats, management instruments.
NDRF), arranges relief materials, and restores 13th Finance Commission: Had the
infrastructure. opportunity to address financing issues in
Central Government Funding: Expenses are disaster management.
met from central ministries' budgets (e.g., 4. Margin Money Scheme (MMS)
Ministry of Home Affairs).
Other Nodal Ministries: First Finance Commission (1950-55): No
2. Need for Finance in Disaster recommendations on financing relief expenditure.
Management Ministry of Agriculture (drought, pest attacks) Second Finance Commission (1955-60):
Ministry of Environment and Forests Introduced margin money allocation to states
Pre-Disaster Phase (industrial, chemical disasters) for natural calamities, calculated based on
Mitigation: Structural (dams, retaining walls, Department of Atomic Energy (nuclear average annual expenditure.
embankments) and non-structural (mangrove disasters) Investment of Surplus: Surplus funds were
plantation). Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (epidemics, invested in government securities.
Government scheme implementation (e.g., pandemics)
watershed development).
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Central Assistance: 75% central assistance Tenth Finance Commission (1995-2000): NCCF Purpose: To provide funds for
(50% loan, 25% grant) if expenditure Recommended CRF continuation with calamities of rare severity.
exceeded the margin. modifications (e.g., flexible investment options, NCCF Funding: Special surcharge on central
common guidelines for expenditure items). taxes.
Eleventh Finance Commission (2000-05): NCCM Role: National Centre for Calamity
Justified CRF continuation for immediate relief. Management monitors calamities and
Twelfth Finance Commission (2005-10): recommends assistance.
Recommended CRF continuation with minor NCCF Expenditure:
modifications.
Initial corpus: Rs. 500 crore.
High spending in 2005-06 due to floods.
5. Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) Subsequent years saw a decline in
expenditure due to stricter norms.
Ninth Finance Commission (1990-95):
Replaced the margin money scheme with the
CRF.
Fund Composition: 75% central government
contribution, 25% state contribution.
Fund Management: Managed by a state 6. National Fund for Calamity Relief (NFCR)
committee headed by the chief secretary. Tenth Finance Commission: Proposed NFCR for
Flexible Norms: Norms are decided by the calamities of rare severity.
state committee. Fund Management: Managed by a National
Surplus Carryover: Interest and savings are Calamity Relief Committee (headed by the 8. Items of Permissible Expenditure Under
carried forward. Union Agriculture Minister). CRF and NCCF
Additional Features: Fund Corpus: Rs. 700 crore (built over five 9. Additional Central Assistance (ACA)
years, initial corpus Rs. 200 crore, 75:25
Covers all natural calamities. center-state contribution). Mechanism: Provides additional funds to states
Expert group monitors fund utilization. 7. National Calamity Contingency Fund for post-disaster reconstruction, beyond Finance
(NCCF) Commission arrangements.
National insurance fund deemed unviable.
Eleventh Finance Commission: Recommended
dissolving NFCR and establishing NCCF.
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Funding Ratio: 70:30 loan-grant ratio for Purpose: Exclusively for mitigation projects. Operational Guidelines: Determined by the
general states, 90:10 for special category Corpus: Provided by the central government. central government in consultation with the
states. NDMA.
Sources: Often raised as soft loans from Application: Applied by the national authority. 15. Evolution of Disaster Risk Financing in
multilateral institutions. Other Levels: Similar funds at state and district India
Examples: Gujarat earthquake (2001), Indian levels.
Ocean tsunami (2004), Kashmir earthquake Annual Budget: Central and state government DM Act (2005): Created NDMA and SDMA,
(2005), monsoon floods (2005). influencing Finance Commissions'
ministries must include provisions in their annual recommendations.
10. Restructuring Disaster Risk Finance budgets.
Finance Commissions: Gradual approach to
Financial Provisions: Aims to address disaster Emergency Procurement: Authorizes strengthening financial arrangements.
risk reduction through effective response and emergency procurement in severe calamities.
XV Finance Commission (2021-2026): New
sustained prevention and mitigation measures. 13. NDRF vs. NCRF and NCCF methodology combining capacity, risk exposure,
Clear Distinction: Separates response and Statutory Fund: NDRF is a statutory fund, and hazard vulnerability for allocation.
mitigation funding, acknowledging different requiring parliamentary appropriation, unlike
expenditure requirements. NCRF and NCCF.
National Funds: Establishes the National Fund Use: NCRF and NCCF are for state
Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) and the National governments; NDRF can be used by the central
Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF). government and the national executive
11. National Disaster Response Fund committee (NEC).
(NDRF) Composition: NDRF comprises central
government funds and other grants, unlike NCRF
Purpose: Used for meeting any threatening and NCCF.
disaster situation or disaster.
14. NDRF Composition and Operational 16. XV Finance Commission (2021-2026)
Components: Majority from government corpus Guidelines Disaster Management
and other grants/donations. Mitigation Funds: Continuation of NDMF and
Availability: Available to the national executive Sources: Central government appropriation and State Disaster Mitigation Funds.
committee for emergency response, relief, and grants from individuals/institutions.
rehabilitation. No State Contribution: NDRF does not include Earmarked Allocations: Six types of earmarked
allocations within NDRF and NDMF.
12. National Disaster Mitigation Fund state contributions.
Market-Based Instruments: Exploration of
(NDMF) market-based risk management instruments.
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State Contributions: States contribute 25% Recommendation: 30% of SDRF and NDRF Support for Funding Windows: Development of
(10% for NEH states) to SDRF and SDMF. resources earmarked for recovery and guidelines led by NDMA.
Mitigation Fund Use: For local and community- reconstruction. 23. NGOs Role in Disaster Management
based interventions. Long-Term Assistance: Multi-year program with First Responders: Community groups, police,
Allocation Basis: Based on past expenditure, annual release of funds. fire, local government, army, and civilians.
area, population, and disaster risk index. 19. DM: Preparedness and Capacity- Collaboration: Community groups and local
Total Corpus: Rs. 1,60,153 crore for states (2021- building Grants agencies collaborate in the response.
26). Purpose: Support for state disaster management
17. Allocation of Funds for National Disaster agencies, training, and emergency response
Risk Management Fund facilities.
Funding Windows: Possible amendment to the NDRF Window: Similar window for national
Disaster Management Act to create funding agencies.
windows. 20. Dedicated Capacity for Managing
Flexibility: Re-allocation within NDRF sub- NDRMF and SDRMF
windows (up to 10%). Strengthening Capacities: Dedicated capacity
Graded Cost-Sharing: Central assistance on a to supervise funds and augment funding. 24. Non-Governmental Organizations
graded cost-sharing basis based on state Disaster Database: Development of a disaster (NGOs)
contribution. database. Definition: Nonprofit, voluntary, independent of
NDMA Role: Proactive collaboration with states government, addressing societal and
for disaster management reforms. developmental issues.
21. Two-stage Assessment for NDRF Disaster Role: Quick response, life-saving, faster
Allocation than government due to less paperwork.
Improved Access: Two-stage assessment Link between Government and Community:
replacing the existing system. Maintains effective communication during pre-
disaster, disaster, and post-disaster phases.
Stages: Initial humanitarian needs assessment
and post-disaster needs assessment (PDNA). Humanitarianism: Impartial, neutral,
18. DM: Recovery and Reconstruction independent from political, religious, or other bias
Facility 22. Development of Guidelines (World Disasters Report 1997).

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Vulnerability assessment and coordination Technical and material support for safe
with government and other agencies. construction.
Gather information about disaster needs. Assistance in seeking financial aid.
Awareness generation and education. Monitoring and revival of educational
Formation of village task forces and institutions.
committees. Restoration of livelihoods.
Training and capacity building. Damage assessment and assistance to
Information channels to villages and districts. external agencies.
25. High Powered Committee (HPC) Assist government in monitoring
Recommendations Advocacy and planning. reconstruction and recovery programs.
Code of Conduct (1994): First attempt to define Regular contact with block control rooms. Provide recovery information and resources.
NGO roles in disaster relief, welcomed by Development of disaster management plans.
governments in 1995.
Nationwide Consultation (600+ NGOs): Conduct of mock drills.
Addressed lack of coordination between During Disasters
government, NGOs, and among NGOs
themselves. Warning dissemination.
Nationwide NGO Network: Coordinated action Help block administration for wide
for all aspects of disaster management. dissemination of warnings.
Disaster Management Act, 2005: Legislative Immediate rescue and first-aid (including
support, entrusting State Executive Committees psychological aid). 27. Types of NGOs
and District Authorities with advising, assisting, Supply of food, water, medicines, and other Local NGOs: Active at the grassroots level.
and coordinating NGO activities. necessities.
District Authority Mandate: Encourage NGO Sanitation and hygiene. Larger NGOs: Provide technical and material
and voluntary institution involvement at the support to local NGOs, understanding community
grassroots level. Shelter management. vulnerabilities and needs.
26. Roles of NGOs in Disaster Management Damage assessment. Well-coordinated approach: Local NGOs take
Assistance to external agencies. the lead, linking with larger NGOs and district
Pre-Disaster Phase administration.
Post-Disaster Phase
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28. NGOs Working for Disaster Vivekananda Rural and Urban Development Planning and Organizing: Coordinating projects
Management in India Association or teams.
Action Aid Voluntary Health Association of India Public Speaking: Media outreach.
Action for Food Production (AFPRO) World Vision of India Communication: Seeking financial donations.
Arpan 29. Top NGOs in India (DMMM) Operational Logistics: Tracking, sorting,
Rapid Response: Disaster response and managing supplies.
Catholic Relief Services preparedness services, providing food, Teaching or Tutoring: Training disaster
CASA education, healthcare, livelihood, and housing volunteers.
CARITAS India programs. Troubleshooting Technology: Providing
Goonj Sakal Relief Fund: Supports underprivileged and technical support.
Ekam Foundation unfortunate people, initiated by a Maharashtrian 31. Next Steps to Become a Disaster
newspaper. Volunteer
Habitat for Humanity Care India: Empowers women and girls, offering
Indo-German Social Services Society interventions in health, livelihood, education, and Contact government agencies or NGOs.
Island Development Organization disaster relief. Ask about volunteer opportunities.
Lutheran World Service India Smile Foundation: Provides dry meals, hygiene Inquire about orientation and training.
kits, and critical kits during disasters (e.g., Assam Explore opportunities through employers or
OXFAM India Trust floods). community organizations.
Navajeevan Rural Development Society HindRise: Helps marginalized sections of society Review the list of disaster relief organizations and
Plan International and disaster victims, including animals. visit their websites.
Help Age India: Works in education, disaster
Ramakrishna Mission relief, old-age services, etc. 32. Community and Business Response to
Red Cross 30. Individual Volunteer Opportunities Disasters
Sai Andaman Nicobar Motivation and Education Preparing or Serving Meals: Shelters, Neighborhood Association
Trust emergency response vehicles.
SOS Children's Village India Provide prepared meals.
Providing Comfort and Support: Interviewing Gather information about disaster needs and
Steps Aid India clients, finding resources. damage.
The Akshaya Patra Foundation Analyzing Data: Damage assessment, relief
operations data. Community Groups and Individuals
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Distribute water and cleaning supplies. 33. IBM's Disaster Strategy Save the Children
Collect and distribute essential items. Assistance with response and recovery (70+ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Provide prepared meals. disasters since 2001). (UNHCR)
Assist in shelters. Community preparedness. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Provide civic protection and security. Partnerships with NGOs and government United Nations International Children's
agencies. Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
Coordinate services. United Nations Office for the Coordination of
Provide shelter facilities. Technology and service donations. Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)
Gather information about damage and needs. Support for volunteer activities (IBM Volunteers). United States Agency for International
Donate money and supplies. Support for Sahana (open-source disaster Development (USAID)/Office of US Foreign
management application). Disaster Assistance (OFDA)
Support employee volunteer work. Employee donation programs. World Bank (WB)
Businesses 34. International Relief Aid Agencies World Food Programme (WFP)
Provide prepared meals. Asian Development Bank (ADB) World Health Organization (WHO)
Gather information about disaster needs and CARE 35. Global Disaster Response
damage. Department for International Development (DFID) Organizations
Corporations and Disaster Response Economic and Social Council (EcoSoC) CARE: Fights global poverty, delivers emergency
Financial donations to relief efforts. aid, helps rebuild lives.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) International Medical Corps: Delivers vital
Attend to employee needs. International Federation of Red Cross and Red healthcare services, focuses on training and self-
Donate products or services. Crescent Societies (IFRC) reliance.
Set up donation collection places. International Medical Corps International Rescue Committee: Helps people
Help agencies obtain supplies. International Rescue Committee (IRC) survive and rebuild lives during humanitarian
crises.
Support employee volunteer work (safely). Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without
Collaborate with other organizations. Borders) Borders): Delivers emergency medical aid
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian worldwide.
Provide grant support. Affairs (OCHA)
Corporate citizenship programs. Save the Children: Prepares for and responds to
Sahana Foundation disasters, helping children and families.
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UNHCR: Protects and safeguards refugee rights

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