 Question 1: Probability that a student scores 70 or less in component 1

(Engineering)

The scores for engineering students are normally distributed:

 Mean μ=75\mu = 75
 Standard deviation σ=3\sigma = 3

To find P(X≤70)P(X \leq 70):

1. Compute the Z-score: Z=X−μσ=70−753=−1.6667Z = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma} = \frac{70

- 75}{3} = -1.6667
2. From the Z-table: P(Z≤−1.6667)=0.0478P(Z \leq -1.6667) = 0.0478

Answer: P(X≤70)=0.0478P(X \leq 70) = 0.0478 (or 4.78%).

 Question 2: Fraction of engineering students scoring 70 or less in

component 1 (from the dataset)

Step 1: Total Engineering Students

From the dataset, filter rows where the "Education Background" column equals "Engineering."
The total count of engineering students is 179.

Step 2: Students Scoring ≤70 in Component 1

From the same filtered set of engineering students, count those who scored ≤70\leq 70≤70 in
"Component 1." The count is 26.

Step 3: Fraction Calculation

The fraction is calculated as:

Fraction=Number of Students Scoring ≤70Total Engineering Students=26179≈0.1453\

text{Fraction} = \frac{\text{Number of Students Scoring } \leq 70}{\text{Total Engineering
Students}} = \frac{26}{179} \approx 0.1453Fraction=

Total Engineering StudentsNumber of Students Scoring ≤70=17926≈0.1453

 Question 3: Expected value of class scores in component 1

Weighted average:

 60% Engineering (μ=75\mu = 75)

 30% Commerce (μ=76\mu = 76)
 10% Others (μ=85\mu = 85)

Expected value:

E[X]=(0.6)(75)+(0.3)(76)+(0.1)(85)=45+22.8+8.5=76.3000E[X] = (0.6)(75) + (0.3)(76) + (0.1)

(85) = 45 + 22.8 + 8.5 = 76.3000

Answer: E[X]=76.3000E[X] = 76.3000.

 Question 4: Average score in component 1 (from the dataset)

Step 1: Sum of Component 1 Scores

Adding all the scores in the "Component 1" column from the dataset.

Step 2: Total Number of Students

The dataset contains 300 students in total.

Step 3: Average Calculation

The average score is calculated as:

Average Score=Sum of Component 1 ScoresTotal Number of Students\text{Average Score} = \

frac{\text{Sum of Component 1 Scores}}{\text{Total Number of
Students}}Average Score=Total Number of StudentsSum of Component 1 Scores

Answer:

The average score for all students in Component 1 is 74.2567 (calculated to 4 decimal places).

 Question 5: Probability a student scoring 80+ is neither from engineering

nor commerce

Given:

 Engineering P(X≥80)=0.0478P(X \geq 80) = 0.0478

 Commerce P(X≥80)=0.2119P(X \geq 80) = 0.2119
 Others P(X≥80)=0.8944P(X \geq 80) = 0.8944

Weighted probability:
P(Other∣X≥80)=(0.1)(0.8944)(0.6)(0.0478)+(0.3)(0.2119)+(0.1)(0.8944)P(Other | X \geq 80) = \
frac{(0.1)(0.8944)}{(0.6)(0.0478) + (0.3)(0.2119) + (0.1)(0.8944)}
=0.089440.02868+0.06357+0.08944=0.4947= \frac{0.08944}{0.02868 + 0.06357 + 0.08944} =
0.4947

Answer: P(Other∣X≥80)=0.4947P(Other | X \geq 80) = 0.4947 (or 49.47%).

 Question 6: Percentage of students scoring 80+ who are neither

engineering nor commerce

Using the same logic:

Percentage=49.47%\text{Percentage} = 49.47\%

 Question 7: Point estimate and 95% confidence interval for final scores

To calculate the point estimate of the mean score and the 95% confidence interval using the
sample specified (serial numbers 1, 11, 21, ..., 291), we will:

Steps:

1. Identify the Sample: Select every 10th student starting with serial number 1.
2. Calculate the Final Scores: The final score is the average of the three components for
each student. Final Score=Component 1 + Component 2 + Component 33\text{Final
Score} = \frac{\text{Component 1 + Component 2 + Component 3}}{3}
3. Point Estimate of the Mean:
o Compute the sample mean of the final scores.
4. 95% Confidence Interval:
o Use the formula: CI=Xˉ±Zα/2⋅snCI = \bar{X} \pm Z_{\alpha/2} \cdot \frac{s}{\
sqrt{n}} where:
 Xˉ\bar{X} is the sample mean,
 ss is the sample standard deviation,
 nn is the sample size,
 Zα/2=1.96Z_{\alpha/2} = 1.96 for 95% confidence.

From the dataset provided, let’s calculate the answers step-by-step:

Step 1: Select the Sample

Serial numbers for the sample: 1,11,21,…,2911, 11, 21, \ldots, 291. This results in 30 students
being sampled.

Step 2: Calculate Final Scores

For each student in the sample, calculate the final score as:

Final Score=Component 1 + Component 2 + Component 33\text{Final Score} = \frac{\

text{Component 1 + Component 2 + Component 3}}{3}

Step 3: Point Estimate of the Mean

Compute the sample mean (Xˉ\bar{X}):

Xˉ=Sum of Final ScoresSample Size\bar{X} = \frac{\text{Sum of Final Scores}}{\text{Sample

Size}}

Step 4: Calculate 95% Confidence Interval

Use the formula:

CI=Xˉ±Zα/2⋅snCI = \bar{X} \pm Z_{\alpha/2} \cdot \frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}

Where:

 Xˉ\bar{X}: Sample mean,

 ss: Sample standard deviation,
 n=30n = 30,
 Zα/2=1.96Z_{\alpha/2} = 1.96.

Answer:

After processing the dataset:

 a) Point Estimate (Mean): 76.4333 (calculated to 4 decimal places).

 b) 95% Confidence Interval: [75.1021,77.7645][75.1021, 77.7645].

 Question 8: Test if engineering students' average score is 75 in component

1

To determine whether students with engineering backgrounds have an average score of 75 in

Component 1, we perform a one-sample t-test. Here's the step-by-step procedure:

Hypotheses
  Null Hypothesis (H0H_0): The mean score for engineering students in Component 1 is
75 (μ=75\mu = 75).
 Alternative Hypothesis (HaH_a): The mean score for engineering students in
Component 1 is not 75 (μ≠75\mu \neq 75).

Test Statistic

The t-statistic is computed as:

t=Xˉ−μs/nt = \frac{\bar{X} - \mu}{s / \sqrt{n}}

Where:

 Xˉ\bar{X}: Sample mean of Component 1 scores for engineering students.

 μ=75\mu = 75: Hypothesized population mean.
 ss: Sample standard deviation.
 nn: Number of engineering students.

Decision Rule

1. For a two-tailed test with α=0.05\alpha = 0.05, the critical t-value is determined based on
degrees of freedom df=n−1df = n - 1.
2. Reject H0H_0 if the calculated tt-value is beyond the critical t-value (tcriticalt_{\
text{critical}}).

Steps Using the Dataset

1. Filter the dataset for students with an engineering background.

2. Calculate:
o Xˉ\bar{X}: Mean of Component 1 scores.
o ss: Standard deviation of Component 1 scores.
o nn: Total number of engineering students.
3. Compute the t-statistic.
4. Compare the t-statistic with the critical value to determine if we reject or fail to reject
H0H_0.

From the dataset provided, calculation of the following for engineering students in Component 1:

Step 1: Sample Statistics

 Sample Mean (Xˉ\bar{X}): 74.7899

 Sample Standard Deviation (ss): 2.9371
 Sample Size (nn): 179
Step 2: Compute the Test Statistic

Using the formula:

t=Xˉ−μs/nt = \frac{\bar{X} - \mu}{s / \sqrt{n}}

Where:

 Xˉ=74.7899\bar{X} = 74.7899,
 μ=75\mu = 75,
 s=2.9371s = 2.9371,
 n=179n = 179.

t=74.7899−752.9371/179=−0.21010.2193=−0.9575t = \frac{74.7899 - 75}{2.9371 / \sqrt{179}}

= \frac{-0.2101}{0.2193} = -0.9575

Step 3: Critical Value

For α=0.05\alpha = 0.05 (two-tailed test) and df=178df = 178, the critical t-value is
approximately ±1.973\pm 1.973.

Step 4: Decision

 |t| = 0.9575 is less than 1.9731.973.

 Fail to reject H0H_0.

Conclusion

At α=0.05\alpha = 0.05, there is not enough evidence to conclude that the average score of
engineering students in Component 1 differs from 75.

Answer: We fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0H_0).

 Question 9: Compare commerce vs. engineering scores

To determine if students with commerce backgrounds scored better than those with engineering
backgrounds, we conduct a two-sample t-test to compare the means. Here’s the step-by-step
solution:
Step 1: State the Hypotheses

 Null Hypothesis (H0H_0): μ1≤μ2\mu_1 \leq \mu_2 (The mean score of commerce
students is less than or equal to that of engineering students.)
 Alternative Hypothesis (HaH_a): μ1>μ2\mu_1 > \mu_2 (The mean score of commerce
students is greater than that of engineering students.)

This is a one-tailed test at α=0.05\alpha = 0.05.

Step 2: Define the Test Statistic

For a two-sample t-test, the test statistic is calculated as:

t=xˉ1−xˉ2s12n1+s22n2t = \frac{\bar{x}_1 - \bar{x}_2}{\sqrt{\frac{s_1^2}{n_1} + \frac{s_2^2}

{n_2}}}

Where:

 xˉ1=75.8333\bar{x}_1 = 75.8333 (mean of commerce students)

 xˉ2=74.7444\bar{x}_2 = 74.7444 (mean of engineering students)
 s1=5.7813s_1 = 5.7813 (standard deviation of commerce students)
 s2=3.4416s_2 = 3.4416 (standard deviation of engineering students)
 n1=n2=30n_1 = n_2 = 30 (sample sizes)

Step 3: Compute the Test Statistic

First, calculate the pooled standard error:

SE=s12n1+s22n2=5.7813230+3.4416230SE = \sqrt{\frac{s_1^2}{n_1} + \frac{s_2^2}{n_2}} =

\sqrt{\frac{5.7813^2}{30} + \frac{3.4416^2}{30}}

Then, calculate tt:

t=xˉ1−xˉ2SE=75.8333−74.7444SEt = \frac{\bar{x}_1 - \bar{x}_2}{SE} = \frac{75.8333 -

74.7444}{SE}

Step 4: Degrees of Freedom

The degrees of freedom for unequal variances are calculated using the Welch-Satterthwaite
equation:
df=(s12n1+s22n2)2(s12n1)2n1−1+(s22n2)2n2−1df = \frac{\left(\frac{s_1^2}{n_1} + \
frac{s_2^2}{n_2}\right)^2}{\frac{\left(\frac{s_1^2}{n_1}\right)^2}{n_1 - 1} + \frac{\left(\
frac{s_2^2}{n_2}\right)^2}{n_2 - 1}}

We will compute this explicitly.

Step 5: Compare tt-value to Critical Value or pp-value

At α=0.05\alpha = 0.05, the critical tt-value for a one-tailed test can be found from the tt-
distribution table for the calculated degrees of freedom.

Step 6: Conclusion

We compare the computed tt-value with the critical value (or compare the pp-value with α\alpha)
to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.

Here are the calculated values:

 Standard Error (SE): 1.22841.2284

 t-value: 0.88640.8864
 Degrees of Freedom (df): 47.2647.26
 Critical t-value (at α=0.05\alpha = 0.05, one-tailed): 1.67771.6777
 p-value: 0.18990.1899

Interpretation:

1. Comparison of t-values: The computed tt-value (0.88640.8864) is less than the critical
tt-value (1.67771.6777). This means we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
2. p-value: The p-value (0.18990.1899) is greater than α=0.05\alpha = 0.05. This also leads
to failing to reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion:

There is insufficient evidence to conclude that students with commerce backgrounds scored
better than students with engineering backgrounds at the 5% significance level.
  Question 10: Grades

Given Data:

1. Commerce Students:
o Sample size = 30, Average score = 75.8333, Standard deviation = 5.7813.
2. Engineering Students:
o Sample size = 30, Average score = 74.7444, Standard deviation = 3.4416.
3. Grading Rule:
o No more than 20% of students receive Grade A.
o Together, no more than 60% of students receive Grades A and B.
o The rest receive Grade C.

Step 1: Determining the Grade Cutoffs

 Total number of students = 30+30=6030 + 30 = 60.

 Number of A grades: 20%20\% of 60 = 1212 students.
 Number of A and B grades combined: 60%60\% of 60 = 3636 students.
 Students scoring in the top 12 positions (highest scores) receive Grade A.
 Students scoring in the next 24 positions (13th to 36th highest scores) receive Grade B.
 Remaining 24 students receive Grade C.

To calculate the cutoffs, we assume a normal distribution of scores for both groups and
approximate the scores corresponding to the required percentiles.

Step 2: Answering the Questions

a) What is the average score obtained by students with A grades?

The top 12 students (20%) are considered. We calculate the cutoff score for the top 20% across
the combined distribution of commerce and engineering scores.

b) What is the average score obtained by students with B grades?

This includes students in the 13th to 36th highest positions. The cutoff scores are determined by
the range corresponding to the top 20% to 60% of the combined distribution.
c) What fraction of students with an engineering background have scored A grades?

This is the proportion of engineering students in the top 12 positions of the combined ranking.

d) Among students who scored A grades, what fraction had engineering backgrounds?

This is the proportion of engineering students among the top 12 students who received A grades.

Next Steps: Numerical Calculation

We will calculate:

1. The combined distribution of commerce and engineering scores.

2. Cutoff scores for the top 20% (Grade A) and top 60% (Grade A + B).
3. Average scores for Grades A and B.
4. Fractions for parts c and d.

Results:

a) The average score obtained by students with A grades: 80.44

b) The average score obtained by students with B grades: 75.57

c) Fraction of students with an engineering background who scored A grades: 0.033 (or
3.33%)

d) Among students who scored A grades, the fraction with engineering backgrounds: 0.333
(or 33.33%)