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 ikB~;Øe
 dEI;wVlZ] lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh

 j{kk izkS|ksfxdh

 varfj{k izkS|ksfxdh ,oa mixzg

 uSuks izkS|ksfxdh

 tSo izkS|ksfxdh

 vuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=dh

 foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fodkl jktLFkku ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esaA

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 vuqØ[Link]

Ø-la- fooj.k i`"B la[;k

1. uSuks izkS|ksfxdh
1-7
(NANO TECHNOLOGY)

2. varfj{k izkS|ksfxdh
8-39
(SPACE TECHNOLOGY)

3. j{kk izkS|ksfxdh
40-63
(DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY)

4. nwjlapkj izkS|ksfxdh
64-69
(TELE-COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY)

5. lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh
70-78
(INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

6. tSo izkS|ksfxdh
79-87
(BIO TECHNOLOGY)

7.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY 88-94

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Sci. & Tech. RAS Pre Notes 1

uSuks izkS|ksfxdh ¼Nano Technology½

uSuks rduhdh
 uSuks ,d xzhd 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS ckSuk
 rduhdh :i ls uSuks ls rkRi;Z gS 10-9
 uSuks Ldsy@iSekuk % 1-100 nm (10-9 – 10-7 m.)
 rduhdh dh og 'kk[kk ftlds varxZr inkFkks± dk uSuks iSekus ij vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS rFkk
[Link]@[Link] Lrj ij mudh lajpuk esa ifjorZu dj fofHkUu vuqç;ksx fodflr fd;s
tkrs gSaA
 uSuks rduhdh 'kCn 1974 esa tkikuh oSKkfud uksfj;ks rkfuxqph }kjk fn;k x;kA
 uSuks rduhdh ds tud & fjpMZ fQueSu

uSuks rduhd laca/kh n`f"Vdks.k

VkWi Vw ckWVe ckWVe Vw VkWi
 blds rgr lkekU; inkFkZ dks ml lhek rd  blds rgr Lora= [Link] dks fof'k"V
rksM+k tkrk gS tc rd fd uSuks iSekus dks foU;kl esa tksM+dj uSuks iSekus dh ljapuk
çkIr u dj fy;k tk;s çkIr dh tkrh gS
 ;g vis{kkÑr ljy fof/k gS  ;g vis{kkÑr tfVy fof/k gS
 de çHkkoh  vf/kd çHkkoh
 çeq[k oSKkfud & uksfj;ks rkfuxqph  çeq[k oSKkfud & ,fjd MªsDlyj
 mnkgj.k & uSuks d.k] uSuks ikmMj  mnkgj.k & uSuks jkscksV] CNT

 [Link] rF; %&

 uSuks iSekus ij inkFkksZa ds i`"Bh; {ks=Qy o vk;ru dk vuqikr vR;f/kd c<+ tkus ls
fcYdqy u, O;ogkj ¼fo|qr@;kaf=d@izdkf'k; xq.k½ lkeus vkrs gSA
 uSuks Lrj ij ijEijkxr HkkSfrdh ds fu;e xkS.k gks tkrs gSa rFkk DokaVe fu;e çHkkoh gks
tkrs gSaA ftlls ijEijkxr HkkSfrdh dh lhfer {kerk o lhekvksa dks yka?kk tk ldrk gSA
 uSuks Lrj ij inkFkZ ds [Link] gsrq mldh ljapuk mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS vr% mldh lajpuk esa
cnyko dj inkFkZ esa fo'ks"k [Link] dks mRiUu fd;k ldrk gSA

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 uSuks vlsEcylZ & tks uSuks Lrj ij [Link] dk lVhdrk ls i`FkDdj.k o lesdu dj ldsAa
 uSuks lwpuk foKku & dEI;wVs'kuy uSuks VsDuksykWth dh ,d 'kk[kk gS] ftlds varxZr cM+h ek=k
esa MsVk mRiUu] laxzfgr vkSj izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
 1959 bZ- & vesfjdh oSKkfud fjpMZ fQueSu us ,d O;k[;ku fn;k &
o ^^ns;j bt v IysaVh vkWQ :e ,V nh ckWVe**
o blesa fQueSu us crk;k fd dSls Lora= [Link]@a [Link] ds lkFk tksM+ rksM+ dh çfØ;k
ls foKku dks u;k vk;ke fn;k tk ldrk gSA
 o"kZ 1981 bZ- esa LdSfux Vufyx ekbØksLdksi o ,VkWfed QkslZ ekbØksLdksi ¼1982½ fodflr fd;s
x, ftlls [Link]@[Link] ds Hkhrj rd ns[k ikuk o fp= ysuk laHko gqvkA IBM ds oSKkfudksa
dks bl gsrq 1986 bZ- dk HkkSfrdh dk ukscsy iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA
 1986 bZ- ,evkbZVh ds ,fjd MªsDlyj us ßbaftUl vkWQ fØ,'kuÞ uked iqLrd fy[kh ftlus
ekWfyD;wyj ¼[Link]½ uSuks VsDuksykWth dks fo'o fo[;kr cuk;kA
 2006 bZ- esa jkbl ;wfuoflZVh USA ds tsEl Vwj us uSuks dkj fodflr dh ftlesa 4 cdh ckWYl
@ cdfeaLVj Qqyjhu [Link] gksrs gSa rFkk ;g jDr esa xfr djus esa l{ke gksrh gSA

 uSuks ;wfj;k &

 IFFCO }kjk fodflr
 fo'o dk igyk uSuks ;wfj;k fyfDoM
 mPp n{krk (80%) rFkk U;wure i;[Link]; nq"çHkko

 uSuksfLuQj & uSuksfLuQ VsDuksykWtht uked daiuh }kjk fodflr] 10 lsdaM ls Hkh de le; esa
uSuks xzke ek=k ds lHkh çdkj ds foLQksVdksa dk irk yxk ldrk gSA ¼ekbØks&bysDVªkseSdsfudy
flLVe MEMS ij vk/kkfjr½

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 cqf)eku vkS"kf/k;k¡ ¼LekVZ MªXl½ & dsoy çHkkfor Årdksa @ dksf'kdkvksa ij vlj djsx
a hA blls
nokvksa dk nq"çHkko U;wure gksxk vkSj çHkko'khyrk c<+xs hA ¼VkjxsVsM Mªx fMyhojh½ Hkkjrh;
oSKkfudksa }kjk fodflr dksMhZ xksYM uSuks [Link]

 Bio -NEMS ¼uSuks bysDVªks esdsfudy flLVe½ % ;s fo'ks"k çdkj ds uSuks ckWVl@jkscksVl gSa
ftUgsa fcuk phj QkM+ ekuo 'kjhj esa ços'k djok dj okafNr Ård@dksf'kdk dks mipkfjr
fd;k ldsxkA

 dSalj Fksjsih % DokaVe MkWV~l }kjk dSUlj dksf'kdkvksa dk irk yxk;k tk;sxk vkSj fQj uSuks
jkscksV~l }kjk mUgsa lVhdrk ls u"V dj fn;k tk;sxk

 dksMhZ xksYM uSuksd.k &

 Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa }kjk fodflr
 ;s uSuksd.k] dkWfMZlIs l fefyVsfjl ¼dod½ vkSj lksus@xksYM ds yo.k ls çkIr gksrs gSaA
 ;g ekuo 'kjhj esa vkS"kf/k forj.k dks rhoz vkSj lVhd cukrk gSA
 bls teZuh ls varjkZ"Vªh; isVsaV çkIr gqvkA
 fgeksLVsV & uSuks foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku eksgkyh ¼iatkc½ }kjk fodflr uSuks d.k tks
gheksfQfy;k jksx ;k cszu gSejst dh fLFkfr esa O;fDr esa jDr dk FkDdk cukus esa lgk;rk djsx
a sA

 xzsQhu]CNT dk mi;ksx ¶ysfDlcy] csaMscy] QksYMscy bysDVªkWfuDl cukus esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
 uSuks cYc & CSIR ds oSKkfudksa }kjk fodflr LED ls Hkh mPp n{krk okys cYcA

 isij@uSuks VkWoy & iksVsf'k;e eSaxuht vkWDlkbM ds uSuks /kkxksa ls cuk uSuks QSfczd] tks rsy esa
vius otu dk 20 xquk vo'kks"k.k dj ldrk gS] rsy dk fjlko gksus ij ç;qDrA

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 xzs xw & bldh leL;k vFkkZr uSuks ckWV~l }kjk Loçfrdj.k dh {kerk fodflr dj ysuk
vR;f/kd Hk;kog gksxkA ¼tsuksckWV~l&fo'o dk igyk thfor jkscksV tks Loçfrdj.k dj ldrk
gS½
 uSuks fyVjcXl ¼uSuks vo'ks"k½ % os uSuks d.k ftudk çkÑfrd vi?kVu laHko ughaA ;s i;kZoj.k
çnw"k.k esa o`f) djsx
a sA
Hkkjr dk uSuks fe'ku
 Hkkjr esa uSuks foKku o rduhdh fe'ku (NSTM) dh 'kq#vkr foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx
}kjk lu 2007 esa dh xbZA
 NSTM dh uksMy ,tsalh ds :i esa foKku ,ao çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx rFkk blds fØ;kUou gsrq
uSuks fe'ku ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k x;kA
 uSuks fe'ku ifj"kn~ ds vè;{k & Hkkjr jRu çksQl s j C.N.R. jko ¼Hkkjr esa uSuks VsDuksykWth ds
tud½
 bl ifj"kn~ dh lgk;rk gsrq nks lykgdkjh lewg cuk, x, %&
1- uSuks foKku lykgdkjh lewg
2- uSuks vuqç;ksx vkSj rduhdh lykgdkjh lewg
 NSTM dks nks [Link] esa 'kq: fd;k x;k &
1- 2007 & 2012
2- 2012 ls vkxs
 NSTM gsrq ljdkj }kjk 1000 djksM+ rFkk 650 djksM+ #i, dk ctV vkoafVr fd;k x;k
 NSTM ds rgr 64 fe'ku eksM ifj;kstuk lapkfyr dh xbZA
 NSTM ds rgr ns'kHkj esa 19 mRd`"Vrk dsanz LFkkfir fd, x,A ¼uSuks foKku] uSuks rduhdh
gsrqA½ buessa vkbZvkbZVh enzkl] eqacbZ] fnYyh] dkuiqj] cukjl fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] TIFR ckWEcs
izeq[k gSA
 uSuks fe'ku mÌs'; &
1. vk/kkjHkwr <kaps dk fodklA
2. foÙkh; lgk;rk miyC/k djokuk rFkk futh {ks= dks izksRlkgu nsukA
3. ekuo lalk/ku dk dkS'ky fodkl o izf'k{[Link]
4. vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl dks c<+kok nsukA
5. vdkneh baMLVªh lgHkkfxrk dks izksRlkgu nsukA
6. varjjk"Vªh; lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsukA

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dqN [Link] uSuks inkFkZ

xzsQhu
 dkcZu dk fØLVyh; vij:i
 lajpuk % "kV~[Link]; oy;uqek ¼2D½
 jax % yxHkx ikjn'khZ
 etcwr] yksp'khy lqpkyd ¼eqä bysDVª‚u ds
dkj.k½
 mi;ksx %& lksyj lsy es]a ekbØks bysDVª‚fuDl es]a
QksYMscy fMLIys esa] dsoykj esaA
 fczVsu ds oSKkfudksa us xzsQhu gsrq o"kZ 2010 esa HkkSfrdh dk ukscsy iqjLdkj thrkA

dkcZu uSuks Vîwc

 ;g dkcZu ds fØLVyh; vij:i xzsQhu dh ,dy ijr ls fufeZr csyukdkj lajpuk ftldk
O;kl uSuks ehVj iSekus dk gksrk gSA
 vR;f/kd etcwr] yksp'khy] lqpkydA
 blesa yackbZ o O;kl dk vuqikr vfr mPp gksrk gS ¼13]20]00]000 % 1½
 mi;ksx & uSuks bysDVª‚fuDl es]a Hkwdaijks/kh edkuksa es]a cgqydks esa] QksYMscy LØhu esAa
 o"kZ 1991 esa tkikuh oSKkfud lqfe;ks bftek us dkcZu uSuksV~;wc ¼CNT½ dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA

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cdfeaLVj Qqyjhu
 dkcZu ds fØLVyh; vij:i Qqyjhu dk lokZf/kd lkekU; :i
(C60-70)
 jkbl ;wfuoflZVh ds oSKkfudksa }kjk o"kZ 1985 esa [kkstk x;kA vkSj
o"kZ 1996 esa mUgsa jlk;u dk ukscsy iqjLdkj feykA
 lajpuk % [Link]; ;k "kV~[Link]; fiatjuqek QqVc‚y tSlh
 dBksj inkFkZ cdh ckYl
 mi;ksx %& vfrpkydrk esa ¼vfr fuEu rki ij vfrpkyd½]
çk—frd xSlksa ds 'kq)hdj.k es]a gYdh cSVjh cukus esaA

DokaVe M‚V~l
 fo'ks"k vkWfIVdy vkSj bysDVªkWfud [Link] ls ;qDr] v/kZpkyd inkFkZ ds uSuks d.k DokaVe MkWV~l
dgykrs gSA
 budk loZçFke —f=e la'ys"k.k MIT ds oSKkfudksa }kjk 1993 bZ- esa fd;k x;kA
 o"kZ 2023 bZ- esa jlk;u esa ukscsy iqjLdkj DokaVe MkWV~l gsrq ekSaxh ckosMh] yqbZl czql vkSj
,ysDlh ,fdukso dks iznku fd;k x;kA
 mi;ksx & lksyj lsy] dSalj FkSjsih

dkcZu DokaVe M‚V~l

 dkcZu vk/kkfjr uSuks inkFkZ
 vn~Hkqr v‚fIVdy@çdkf'kd xq.k] lLrk] vR;f/kd tSo&laxr] i;kZoj.k fgrS"khA
 mi;ksx & nok forj.k] dSalj dksf'kdkvksa dk irk yxkuk] tyh; çnw"kd dk irk yxkuk
¼Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa usA½

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Sci. & Tech. RAS Pre Notes 7

uSuks çkS|ksfxdh dh ihf<+;k¡

ihf<+;k¡ o"kZ mnkgj.k
1st 2000 Passive Nano-structures 1. Nano particles
fuf"Ø; uSuks lajpuk 2. Nano composites
3. Nano coating
4. Nano polymers
5. Aerosols
2nd 2005 Active Nano-structures 1. Nano Sensors
lfØ; uSuks lajpuk 2. Nanodrugs/medicines
3. 3D transistors
3rd 2010 Systems of Nano-systems 1. Nano robots
flLVEl v‚Q uSuks flLVEl 2. 3D networking

4th 2015 Molecular Nano-systems 1. Atomic designs

[Link] uSuks&flLVe 2. Molecular devices
3. Molecular Manufacturing.

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varfj{k çkS|ksfxdh ¼Space Technology½

 laf{kIr bfrgkl %&

oSf'od Lrj ij &
&
1. vDVwcj 1957 USSR ds }kjk Liwrfud 1 lsVsykbV ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA ;g varfj{k esa çsf"kr
çFke ekuo fufeZr mixzg FkkA
2. uoacj 1957 USSR ds }kjk Liwrfud 2 lsVsykbV ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA mlesa ykbdk uked
dqÙks dks varfj{k esa Hkstk x;kA
3. flrEcj] 1959 bZ- dks yquk&2 panzek ij mrjus okyk igyk ySaMj FkkA ¼USSR½
4. vçSy 1961 USSR ds ;wjh xkxfju varfj{k esa tkus okys çFke O;fä FksA ¼oksLV‚d&1 }kjk½
5. 1963 USSR dh osysaVhuk Vsjs'dksok varfj{k esa tkus okyh igyh efgyk FkhaA ¼oksLV‚d&6 }kjk½
6. o"kZ 1970 bZ- esa yquk[kksn&1 USSR }kjk panzek ij mrkjk x;k igyk jksoj FkkA ¼yquk 17
varjf{k ;ku }kjk yquk[kksn dk;ZØe ds rgrA½
7. vDVwcj 1958 USA }kjk NASA ¼us'kuy ,;jksu‚fVDl ,aM Lisl ,MfefuLVªs'ku½ dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZA
8. 1961 uklk }kjk viksyks çksxzke dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZA blds rgr 1969 esa ç{ksfir viksyks&11
esa ct+ ,fYMªu o uhy vkeZLVªkax dks pUæek ij Hkstk x;kA uhy vkeZLVªkax pUæek ij dne
j[kus okys çFke O;fä cusA
Hkkjr esa varfj{k fodkl &
1. 1962 bZ- INCOSPAR ¼bafM;u us'kuy dfeVh Q‚j Lisl fjlpZ½ dk xBu fd;k x;kA blds
v/;{k M‚- foØe lkjkHkkbZ Fks ftUgsa ^Hkkjr esa varfj{k vuql/a kku dk tud* dgk tkrk gSA

2. 1962 bZ- FkqEck bDosVksfj;y j‚dsV y‚fUpax LVs'ku (TERLS) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

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3. uoacj 1963 bZ- esa TERLS ls Hkkjr dk igyk ukbd vikps uked lkmafMax j‚dsV ¼ijh{k.k
j‚dsV½ ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA
4. 15 vxLr 1969 bZ- & bafM;u Lisl fjlpZ v‚xsZukbts'ku (ISRO) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ
5. 1972 bZ- varfj{k vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k o varfj{k foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
6. 1975 bZ- Hkkjr us çFke çk;ksfxd mixzg vk;ZHkê dk USSR dh lgk;rk ls lQy ç{ksi.k
fd;kA
7. 1979 bZ- Hkkjr us çFke çk;ksfxd lqnjw laosnh mixzg HkkLdj&1 dk USSR dh lgk;rk ls
lQy ç{ksi.k fd;kA
8. 1980 bZ- Lons'kh fufeZr ç{ksi.k ;ku SLV&3 }kjk Lons'kh fufeZr mixzg [Link] lhjht&1
¼RS-1½ dk lrh'k /kou Lisl lsaVj JhgfjdksVk ls lQy ç{ksi.k fd;k x;kA
9. 1982 bZ- INSAT-1A uked lapkj mixzg NASA dh lgk;rk ls ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA ;g
ç{ksi.k vlQy jgkA
10. 1983 bZ- INSAT-1B uklk dh lgk;rk ls lQyrkiwoZd ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA
11. 1984 bZ- jkds'k 'kekZ varfj{k esa tkus okys çFke Hkkjrh; cusA ¼USSR dh lgk;rk ls½
12. 1987 bZ- ASLV dk lQy ç{ksi.k
13. 1988 bZ- Hkkjr }kjk igyk lqnwj laosnh mixzg IRS-1A, USSR dh enn ls ç{ksfir fd;k
x;kA
14. 1994 bZ- PSLV dk lQy ç{ksi.k
15. 2001 bZ- GSLV dk lQy ç{[Link]
16. 2008 bZ- ISRO us çFke varjxzgh; fe'ku paæ;ku&1 dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;k
17. 2013 bZ- Lons'kh ukSogu ra= NAVIC ds çFke mixzg IRNSS-1A dk lQy ç{[Link]
18. 2013 bZ- eaxy;ku ¼eklZ vkfcZVj fe'ku½ dk lQy ç{ksi.k
19. 2014 bZ- Hkkjr us Lons'kh Øk;kstsfud batu dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;kA
20. 2016 bZ- RLV-TD ¼Technology Denostrator½dk lQy ijh{k.k
21. 2017 bZ- ISRO }kjk 104 mixzg ,d lkFk lQyrkiwoZd LFkkfir djus dk fo'o fjd‚MZ
cuk;k x;kA
22. 2019 bZ- paæ;ku&2 ç{ksfir fd;k x;k ¼vkaf'kd :i ls lQy½
23. 2023 SSLV dk lQy ç{[Link]
24. 2023 bZ- panz;ku&3 lQyrkiwoZd ykWUp fd;k x;kA
25. 2023 bZ- vkfnR; L-1 fe'ku lQyrkiwoZd ykWUp fd;k x;kA

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laxBukRed <kapk

iz/kkuea=h
varfj{k vk;ksx

varfj{k foHkkx

Lok;Ùk fudk; PSU

7. ISRO 8. ANTRIX
1. PRL
2. NARL 9. NSIL
3. NESAC
4. SCL
5. IISL
6. IN-SPACe

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 varfj{k foHkkx ds v/khu dk;ZjÙk laLFkku &

1. HkkSfrd vuqla/kku ç;ksx'kkyk & vgenkckn
(i) lkSj os/k'kkyk] Qrsg lkxj >hy & mn;iqj
(ii) vojä os/k'kkyk & ekmaV vkcw
2. jk"Vªh; ok;qeaMyh; vuql/a kku ç;ksx'kkyk & xMadh ¼fr#ifr½ vka/kz çns'k
3. mÙkj iwohZ varfj{k vuqç;ksx dsaæ & mfe;kax ¼f'ky‚x½ es?kky;
4. lsehdaMDVj ç;ksx'kkyk & paMhx<+
5. Hkkjrh; varfj{k foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku & fr#ouariqje ¼dsjy½
6. Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku laxBu & csaxyq# ¼dukZVd½
 ANTRIX / ,afVªDl] csaxyq# &
 ISRO dh ekdsZfVax vkSj [Link];d 'kk[kk
 fons'kh xzkgdksa ls lacaf/krA
 U;w Lisl bafM;k fyfeVsM] csx a yq# ¼ NSIL½ &
 2019 esa LFkkfir bljks dh [Link];d 'kk[kkA
 ?kjsyw m|ksxksa ds lkFk O;kolkf;d Hkkxhnkjh vkSj rduhdh gLrkarj.k ds ek/;e ls mudk
{kerk fuekZ.k vkSj cM+s iSekus ij SSLV vkSj PSLV dk mRiknu djukA

 IN–SPACe ¼bafM;u us'kuy Lisl çeks'ku ,aM v‚Fkksjkbts'ku lsaVj½ &

 varfj{k foHkkx (DoS ) ds v/khu twu 2020 esa LFkkfir Lok;Ùk ,tsalhA
 futh {ks= dh fofHkUu varfj{k xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+kok nsus vf/kd`r djus vkSj mudk i;Zos{k.k
djus ds fy, LFkkfirA

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Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku laxBu

 INCOSPAR dks ISRO ds :i esa 15 vxLr 1969 dks LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
 eq[;ky; & csaxyq#
 mís'; & jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh iwfrZ vkSj jk"Vª ds fodkl ds fy, varfj{k çkS|ksfxdh ,oa blds
vuqç;ksxksa dk mi;ksx djukA
Chairperson
1. 1969-1972 Vikram Sarabhai foØe lkjkHkkbZ
2. 1972 M. G. K. Menon ,e- th- ds- esuu
3. 1972-1984 Satish Dhawan lrh'k /kou
4. 1984-1994 U R Rao U. R. jko
5. 1994-2003 K. Kasturirangan ds- dLrwjhjaxu
6. 2003-2009 G. Madhavan Nair th- ek/kou uk;j
7. 2009-2014 K. Radhakrishnan ds- jk/kk—".ku
8. 2014-2018 A.S. Kiran Kumar ,-,l- fdj.k dqekj
9. 2018-2022 K. Sivan ds- flou
10. 2022 ....... S. Somanath ,l- lkseukFk

ISRO ds v/khu dk;ZjÙk laLFkku

1- foØe lkjkHkkbZ Lisl lsaVj & fr#ouariqje
 iwoZ esa "TERLS" ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA
 lSVsykbV y‚Up Oghdy PSLV & GSLV ;gka fodflr fd, tkrs gSaA
2- U.R. jko lsVsykbV lsaVj & csx a yq#
 mixzg vkSj LislØk¶V ;gka fodflr fd, tkrs gSaA
3- lrh'k /kou varfj{k dsaæ & JhgfjdksVk ¼vka/kz çns'k½
 bldk nwljk uke JhgfjdksVk gkbZ ,fYVVîwM jsat gSA
 Hkkjr esa mixzg ;gk¡ ls ykap fd;s tkrs gSaA ¼miegk}hi ds iwohZ rV ij Hkwe/; js[kk ds
ikl½
 2nd % dqy'ks[kjifêue rwrhdksfju@FkwFkqdksM+h (rfeyukMq)

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4- fyfDoM çiY'ku flLVEl lsaVj & fr#ouariqje ,oa csaxyq#

 ;g Bksl vkSj rjy ç.kksnu ç.kkyh dk [Link]
5- ISRO çiY'ku d‚EIysDl] egsæa fxjh fgYl &rfeyukMq
 Øk;kstsfud batu dk fodklA
6- ekLVj daVªksy QSflfyVh & ¼glu] dukZVd½ o ¼Hkksiky] e/; çns'k½ &
 ISRO ds lHkh HkwfLFkj@HkwrqY;dkfyd mixzgksa dh fuxjkuh vkSj fu;a=.k bl dsaæ ls
fd;k tkrk gSA
7- us'kuy fjeksV lsaflax lsVa j & gSnjkckn ¼rsyaxkuk½
 lqnwj laosnh mixzgksa ls çkIr MsVk dks bl dsaæ esa laxzghr vkSj lalkf/kr fd;k tkrk gS
 NRSC ds 6 {ks=h; dsaæ gSa& nsgjknwu] tks/kiqj] ukxiqj] csaxyq#] [kM+xiqj] f'kykWxA
8- áweu Lisl ¶ykbV lsVa j & ¼csaxyq#½
 gky gh esa xxu;ku ifj;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u ds fy, ^^bafM;u áweu Lisl ¶ykbV
çksxzkeÞ ds rgr bls LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA

9- bafM;u Mhi Lisl usVodZ & C;kykyq ¼dukZVd½

 ;g "ISTRAC" dh enn ls varjxzgh; fe'ku ds lkFk laidZ LFkkfir djrk gSA

10- ISRO VsyhesVªh VªSfdax ,aM dekaM usVodZ (ISTRAC)

 xzkmaM LVs'kUl dk oSf'od usVodZ tks mixzg vkSj ç{ksi.k ;ku fe'kuksa dks VsyhesVªh VªSfdax
vkSj funsZ'ku esa lgk;rk çnku djrk gS
 Hkkjr esa dsaæ & Jh fot;iqje] fr#ouariqje@f=osaæe] csx a yq#] JhgfjdksVk] y[kuÅA
 oSf'od LVs'ku & e‚jh'kl] baMksusf'k;k] czqusbZ] fo;ruke] :l] u‚osZ] iukek] vVkdZfVdkA

11- Lisl ,fIyds'kUl lsaVj] vgenkckn & fnYyh

12- Hkkjrh; lqnwj laosnu laLFkku & nsgjknwu ¼mÙkjk[kaM½

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mixzg dh d{kk,¡
d{kk
 fdlh Hkh [kxksyh; fiaM vFkok mixzg] tks fdlh vU; [kxksyh; fiaM dh ifjØek dj jgk gS]
dk dkYifud iFk d{kk dgykrk gSA

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 fuEu Hkw&d{kk dh mi&d{kk,¡

/kzqoh; d{kk
 ;g fuEu Hkw d{kk dk ,d fo'ks"k çdkj gSA
 ;g d{kk i`Foh ds /kzqoh; v{k ds lekukarj gksrh gSA

lw;ZrqY;dkfyd d{kk

 ;g fuEu Hkw d{kk dk ,d fo'ks"k çdkj gSA

 bl d{kk esa mixzg dh d{kk dk >qdko lw;Z ds lkis{k fLFkj jgrk gSA
 fo'ks"k mi;ksx %& i`Foh ds ekufp=hdj.k o besftax esaA
 Hkw&rqY;dkfyd d{kk dh mid{kk,a¡
HkwfLFkj d{kk
 ;g HkwrqY;dkfyd d{kk dk ,d fo'ks"k çdkj gSA
 ;g d{kk i`Foh ds fo"kqor js[kh; ry ds lekarj gksrh gSA
 bl d{kk esa mixzg i`Foh ds lkis{k lnSo fLFkj çrhr gksrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% lapkj mixzgksa gsrq fd;k tkrk gS

HkwrqY;dkfyd@HkwfLFkj LFkkukarj.k d{kk (GTO)

 ;g d{kk HkwfLFkj vFkok HkwrqY;dkfyd d{kk ls yxHkx 200
km. uhps vofLFkr gksrh gSA
 çkjaHk esa lapkj mixzg dks blh d{kk esa ç{ksfir fd;k tkrk gS]
rRi'pkr mls HkwfLFkj d{kk esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA

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xzso;kMZ d{kk
 ;g 36]050 km. dh ÅapkbZ ij vofLFkr gS ¼HkwrqY;dkfyd d{kk ls yxHkx 300 KM.
Åij½
 bls tad ;k fMLiksty d{kk Hkh dgrs gSaA
 bldk mi;ksx varfj{k dpjs dh leL;k ds fuLrkj.k gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
 fuf"Ø;@lsokfuo`r@[kjkc mixzgksa dks bl d{kk esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA

dkjeu js[kk
 ÅapkbZ 100 fdyksehVj ¼62 ehy½A
 i`Foh ds ok;qeaMy vkSj varfj{k dh lhekA
 gokbZ ;k=k vkSj varfj{k ds chp dh lhekA

ç.kksnd o Øk;kstsfud LVst

 ç.kksnd ¼Propellant½
 bZa/ku vkSj v‚Dlhdkjd dks la;qä :i ls ç.kksnd dgk tkrk gSA
 bZa/ku $ v‚Dlhdkjd ¾ ç.kksnd
 ç{ksi.k ;ku@j‚dsV laosx laj{k.k ds fl)kar rFkk U;wVu ds rhljs fu;e fØ;k vkSj çfrfØ;k
ds fu;e ij dk;Z djrk gSA
 tc bZa/ku dks v‚Dlhdkjd dh mifLFkfr esa ngu fd;k tkrk gS rks Hkkjh ek=k esa xeZ nkfcr xSlsa
uhps dh vksj mRlftZr gksrh gSa] ftlls j‚dsV dks Åij dh vksj cy¼ç.kksn½ feyrk gS rFkk
j‚dsV Åij dh vksj xfr djrk gSA

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Propellant Fuel Oxidizer

प्रणोदक ईंधन ऑक्सीकारक

Cryogenic Liquid hydrogen (-253℃) Liquid oxygen

क्रायोजेननक तरऱ हाइड्रोजन (-253℃) (-183℃)
तरऱ ऑक्सीजन
(-183℃)

Liquid द्रव Mono Methyl Hydrazine (MMH) Oxides of Nitrogen

(Upper मोनो मेथथऱ हाइड्राजीन (MMH) नाइट्रोजन के ऑक्साइड
stage)

Liquid द्रव Unsymmetric Dimethyl Hydrazine Nitrogen Peroxide

(Lower
(UDMH) नाइट्रोजन ऩरऑक्साइड
stage) अनससमेट्रट्रक डाईमेथथऱ हाइड्राजीन (UDMH)

Solid Hydroxyl Terminated Poly Butadine Ammonium

ठोस (HTPB) हाइड्रोक्क्सऱ टसमिनेटेड ऩॉऱीब्यट
ू ाडाइन Perchlorate
(HTPB) अमोननयम ऩरक्ऱोरे ट

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 Øk;kstsfud batu dk laf{kIr bfrgkl &

 1994 bZ- esa ISRO }kjk egsæ
a fxjh rfeyukMq esa ^Øk;kstsfud vij LVst çkstsDV* dh
'kq#vkr dh xbZA
 2014 bZ- Hkkjr us Lons'kh fufeZr Øk;kstsfud batu dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;k ¼C-E.-7.5;
C.E.-20½
 Hkkjr Øk;kstsfud rduhd fodflr djus okyk fo'o dk 6ok¡ ns'k gSA
 ISRO }kjk fodflr C.E.-20, C.E. 25 fo'o esa vc rd dk lcls 'kfä'kkyh Øk;kstsfud
batu gSA
ISRO ds ç{ksi.k ;ku

iwoZ esa iz;qDr orZeku esa iz;qDr Hkfo"; ds ;ku

1. SLV (Satellite launch 1. RLV

1. PSLV
vehicle) 2. SSLV
2. GSLV
2. ASLV (Augmented 3. NGLV
Satellite launch vehicle)

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iksyj lsVsykbV y‚Up Oghdy (PSLV)

 1994 ls iz;qDrA
 bljks dk lcls izeq[k iz{ksi.k ;kuA
 rhljh ih<+h dk iz{ksi.k ;kuA
 blesa pkj LVst ç.kksnd dk ç;ksx gksrk gS ¼Bksl] æo] Bksl] æo½
 blesa S&139 batu ¼Bksl LVst½ o fodkl batu ¼æo LVst½ dk
mi;ksxA
 blesa 6 LVªsi v‚u cwLVlZ iz;qDr] ftuesa Bksl [Link] iz;qDr fd;k tkrk
gSA

ftvksflaØksul lsVsykbV y‚Up Oghdy (GSLV)

 prqFkZ ih<+h dk ç{ksi.k ;ku
 ISRO dk lcls 'kfä'kkyh ç{ksi.k ;ku
 bldk ç;ksx 2001 ls fd;k tk jgk gSA
 blesa 3 LVst ç.kksnd dk mi;ksx gksrk gS &
¼Bksl] æo] Øk;kstsfud½

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 blesa S&200 batu ¼Bksl LVst½] fodkl batu ¼æo LVst½] C.E. 7.5 / C.E. 20 ¼Øk;kstsfud
LVst½ dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
 blesa 4 LVªsi v‚u cwLVlZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftuesa æo ç.kksnd dk mi;ksx
gksrk gSA

SSLV (Small satellite launch vehicle)

 ISRO dk Þcsch j‚dsVß
 blesa 3 LVst Bksl ç.kksnd dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA
 fo'ks"krk,¡ %&
1- 15 fnuksa esa vlsacy djus ;ksX;
2- NksVs lsVsykbV ¼ekbØks@uSuks lsVsykbV½ ys tkus esa l{ke ¼500 kg upto LEO; 300 kg
upto SSO½
3- eYVhiy v‚fcZVy Mª‚i v‚Q {kerk ;qä
 2023 esa lQyrkiwoZd y‚Up fd;k x;kA
 SSLV ds fy, dqy'ks[kjifÍue ¼rfeyukMq½ esa u;k jkWdsV iz{ksi.k dsanz fodflr fd;k tk
jgk gSA

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RLV (Reusable launch vehicle) (iq"id@Pushpak)

 RLV ,slk ç{ksi.k ;ku gS tks isyksM ¼lsVsykbV] LislØk¶V½ dks varfj{k esa y‚Up djus ds
ckn iqu% i`Foh ds okrkoj.k esa ços'k djrk gS rFkk mPp rki o nkc ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lgu
djrs gq, yf{kr LFkku ij ySaM djrk gSA
 bl çdkj RLV dks ,d ls vf/kd ckj ç{ksi.k gsrq ç;qä fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 2016 esa ISRO }kjk RLV-TD ¼Technology demonstrator½ dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;k
x;kA
 blesa LØSetsV batu dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

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Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)

 PSLV dks çfrLFkkfir djus gsrq ISRO }kjk fodflr fd;k tk jgk vR;k/kqfud ç{ksi.k ;ku
 visf{kr fodkl % 2030 rd
 NGLV ^lseh&Øk;kstsfud^ rduhd dk mi;ksx djsxk tks vf/kd n{k ,oa de ykxr okyh
rduhd gSA
 {kerk %&
10 Vu – GTO
20 Vu – LEO

Semi-Cryogenic
Cryogenic Technology
Technology

bZa/ku rjy gkbMªkstu (-2530C) ifj"d`r dsjkslhu

vkWDlhdkjd rjy vkWDlhtu (-1830C) rjy vkWDlhtu

bZa/ku dk rkieku Øk;kstfs ud rkieku -2530C lkekU; rkieku

PSLV dh rqyuk esa batu

ykHk lokZf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh jkWdsV batu vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj i;kZoj.k
vuqdwyA
iz;qDr batu CE 7.5 & CE 20 SCE 200

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mixzg (Satellite)
 mixzg ds çdkj &
1. lqnwj laosnh mixzg
2. lapkj mixzg
3. ukSogu mixzg
4. varfj{k vuqla/kku mixzg

1. lqnwj laosnh mixzg

 bUgsa lkekU;r% fuEu Hkw d{kk esa ç{ksfir fd;k tkrk gS tgk¡ budk ifjØe.k dky 90&128
feuV rd gks ldrk gSA
 lqnwj laosnh mixzg ij fofHkUu çdkj ds dSejs] LdSuj o lsl a j yxs gksrs gSa A
 lqnwj laosnh mixzg ds mi;ksx &
1- lalk/kuksa dk vkadyu &¼ou] e#LFky] —f"k] ty] leqæ] [kfut½
2- ekSle vuqla/kku
3- vkink çca/ku ¼iwoZ psrkouh] vkadyu] [kkst] cpko½
4- 'kgjh fu;kstu
5- xzkeh.k fodkl
6- tklwlh o fuxjkuh
 Hkkjr }kjk igyk lqnwj laosnh mixzg IRS-1A 1988 esa USSR dh enn ls ç{ksfir fd;k
x;kA ¼bafM;u fjeksV lsaflax lSVsykbV IRS½
 Hkkjr ds dqN çeq[k lqnwjlaosnh mixzg fuEufyf[kr gSa %&
1- Resource SAT lalk/kuksa dk irk yxkus gsrq
2- Ocean SAT leqæh lalk/kuksa dk irk yxkus gsrq
3- Carto SAT ekufp=hdj.k o vFkZ besftax gsrq
4- RISAT vFkZ v‚CtosZ'ku gsrq
5- EOS vFkZ v‚CtosZ'ku lsVsykbV
6- SARAL ISRO o CNES Ýkal dh la;qä ifj;kstuk, Satellite with
Argos and Altika, leqæ foKku v/;;u gsrqA
7- Metsat/dYiuk 1 & HkwfLFkj d{kk esa ç{ksfir lqnwj laosnh mixzg( ekSle dh tkudkjh
nsuk] okrkoj.k dk v/;;uA

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8- Megha-Tropiques – ISRO o CNES Ýkal dh la;qä ifj;kstuk, m".k dfVca/kh;

{ks=ksa esa ty pØ vkSj ÅtkZ fofue; dk v/;;u djukA
9- HySIS – gkbijLiSDVªy besaftx lsVsykbVA¼vFkZ v‚CtosZ'ku lsVsykbV½

2. lapkj mixzg
 bUgsa lkekU;r% HkwfLFkj d{kk esa ç{ksfir fd;k tkrk gS] tgka budk ifjØe.k dky 24 ?kaVs gksrk gSA
 lapkj mixzgksa ij VªkaliksM
a j yxs gksrs gSaA ;g vifyad o Mkmufyad }kjk lapkj lqfuf'pr djrs
gSaA

 lapkj mixzg dk mi;ksx %&

1- nwjlapkj
2- nwjn'kZu@Vsyhfotu çlkj.k
3- DTH lsokvksa dh çnk;xh
4- nwjLFk f'k{kk
5- nwjLFk fpfdRlk
 Hkkjr }kjk igyk lapkj mixzg INSAT-1B 1983 esa NASA dh enn ls ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA
INSAT-1A dk 1982 esa ç{ksi.k vlQy jgk FkkA
 lapkj mixzgksa ds rgr INSAT o GSAT lhjht ds mixzg ç{ksfir fd, x,A ¼Indian
National Satellite , Geostationary satellite½
 Hkkjr ds çeq[k lapkj mixzg fuEufyf[kr gSa %&
1- ,axzh cMZ ok;q lsuk gsrqA
2- #[Link] ukSlsuk gsrqA
3- Gramsat xzkeh.k fodkl] nwjlapkj o nwjLFk f'k{kk gsrqA
4- Edusat nwjLFk f'k{kk gsrqA

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3. ukSogu mixzg
 os mixzg ftudk mi;ksx dj fdlh oLrq dh Hkw&LFkkfud vofLFkfr irk dh tkrh gSA
 bUgsa lkekU;r% e/; Hkw&d{kk esa iz{ksfir fd;k tkrk gSA
 blls oLrq@lCtsDV ds v{kka'k] ns'kkarj o ÅapkbZ dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
 oLrq dh f=foeh; fLFkfr dk irk yxkus gsrq U;wure 4 mixzgksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 ukSogu ra= ds 3 eq[; vo;o gksrs gSa %&
1- Lisl lsxesaV ¼ukSogu mixzg½
2- daVªksy lsxesaV
3- ;wtj lsxesaV
 ukSogu ç.kkyh nks çdkj dh lsok çnku djrh gS %&
1- LVSaMMZ iksth'ku lfoZl & vke ukxfjdksa gsrq
2- jsfLVªDVsM lfoZl & lsuk o [Link] ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa gsrq
 lai.w kZ i`Foh ij ukSogu gsrq 24 mixzg vko';d gksrs gSaA

 fo'o ds çeq[k ukSogu ra= &

1- GPS - ;w,l,
2- GLONASS - :l GNSS
3- xsfyfy;ks - ;wjksih; la?k
4- Beidou - phu
5- NAVIC/IRNSS - Hkkjr RNSS
6- QZSS - tkiku

 Xykscy iksft'kfuax flLVe (GPS)

 USA dk ukSogu ra=
 bls NAVSTAR Hkh dgk tkrk gS ¼usohxs'ku lsVsykbV ,aM jsfUtx½
 bldk fu;a=.k USA dh ok;qlu s k ds ikl gSA
 GPS ç.kkyh dk igyk mixzg 1978 esa ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA bl ç.kkyh us 1995 esa [Link] #i
ls dk;Z djuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA
 bl ç.kkyh esa dqy 32 mixzg gSA
 ;s mixzg e/; Hkw d{kk esa ç{ksfir fd, x, gSaA ¼20]200 fdyksehVj½

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 NAVIC (IRNSS)
 usfoxs'ku fon bafM;u dkaLVsys'ku
 bls IRNSS Hkh dgk tkrk gS ¼bafM;u jhtuy usohxs'ku lsVsykbV flLVe½
 Hkkjr dh {ks=h; ukSogu ç.kkyh
 ;g Hkkjr dh lhek ls 1]500 fdyksehVj dh ijkl esa ukSogu lqfo/kk miyC/k djokrk gSA
 bl ç.kkyh esa vHkh rd 8 mixzg lfØ; gSaA
 3 HkwfLFkj d{kk esa
 5 HkwrqY;dkfyd d{kk esa
 lVhdrk & ukxfjd mi;ksx ¼5&20 m.½] lSU; ¼0-5 m½
 vuqç;ksx %&
1- LFkyh;] gokbZ o leqæh ukSogu gsrq
2- eksckby Qksu esa ukSogu gsrq
3- eSfiax o Hkw losZ{k.k esAa
4- vkink izca/ku esAa

 xxu &
 GPS ,MsM ft;ks v‚xesaVsM usohxs'ku flLVe
 ISRO o ,;jiksVZ vFk‚fjVh v‚Q bafM;k dh la;qä ifj;kstuk
 xxu mixzgksa o xzkmaM LVs'ku ls ;qä ç.kkyh gS tks GPS ladsrksa dh [Link]Ùkk o lVhdrk esa
o`f) djrh gSA
 blls Hkkjrh; gokbZ {ks= esa csgrj ukSogu lsok,a iznku dh tk ldrh gSA

 GPS LiwfQax & GPS MsVk esa gsjQsj djus ;k xyr thih,l flXuy izlkfjr djds thih,l
fjlhoj dks /kks[kk nsus dh ,d rduhd gSA ftlls mls okLrfod yksds'ku ds ckjs esa xqejkg
fd;k tk ldsA
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 GPS tSfeax & blls rkRi;Z gS fd fdlh foeku dks thih,l flXuy izkIr djus esa vleFkZ dj
nsuk] ftlls foeku dh ukSogu [Link] dks viuh fLFkfr fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, vU; rjhdksa ij
fuHkZj jguk gksxkA

Hkkjr ds çeq[k fe'ku

 paæ;ku & 1
 ;g Hkkjr dk igyk varjxzgh; fe'ku FkkA
 22 vDVwcj 2008 dks ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA
 29 vxLr 2009 ds ckn blls laidZ VwV x;kA
 blus paæek dh lrg ij ty dh [kkst dhA
 blus paæek dh lrg ij ykok fufeZr xqQkvksa dk irk yxk;kA
 blus paæek dh lrg ij viksyks fe'ku ds çHkkoksa dk v/;;u fd;kA

 paæ;ku & 2
 GSLV MK3 }kjk 22 tqykbZ 2019 dks lrh'k /kou Lisl lsaVj JhgfjdksVk ls ç{ksfirA
 Hkkjr dk 2nd panzek fe'kuA
 bl fe'ku ds rhu Hkkx gSa&
1- v‚fcZVj %&
 ;g paæek ds pDdj yxk jgk gSA
 8 isyksM ;qä
2- foØe ySaMj %&
 ;g paæek ds nf{[Link] /kzqo ds ikl fu;af=r ySafMax djsxkA
 3 isyksM ;qä
3- çKku jksoj %&
 ;g paæek dh lrg ij vuqla/kku o ç;ksx djsxkA
 nks isyksM ;qä
 fe'ku ds vafre {[Link] esa ISRO dk foØe ySaMj ls laidZ VwV x;kA ;|fi v‚fcZVj 7-5 o"kZ
gsrq lfØ; jgsxkA
 panz;ku & 2 dh miyfC/k;k¡ &
 vxLr] 2022 es]a panz;ku&2 us panzek ij 29 vkSj 62 fMxzh mÙkjh v{kka'k ds chp ty
vkSj gkbMªkWfDly vk;uksa dk irk yxk;kA

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 blus panzek ij yksgs] ,Y;wehfu;e vkSj eSXuhf'k;e dh mifLFkfr dks lVhd :i ls

ekik] VkbVsfu;e vkSj dSfY'k;e dk Hkh irk yxk;kA
 vkWfcZVj us panzek dh LFkykd`fr dk ekufp=.k fd;kA
 blus panzek ds ckâeaMy dk v/;;u fd;kA
 pUæ;ku & 3
 Hkkjr dk rhljk paæek fe'ku
 paæ;ku&2 dk Q‚yksvi fe'ku
 14 tqykbZ 2023 bZ- dks lrh'k /kou varfj{k dsaæ JhgfjdksVk ls LVM-3 M4 }kjk y‚Up
fd;k x;kA rFkk ySafMax & 23 vxLr] 2023 gqbZA
 blesa ySaMj e‚Mîwy (LM)] jksoj vkSj çiY'ku e‚Mîwy (PM) 'kkfey gSa
 ctV & ₹ 615 ¼640½ djksM+
 paæek dh lrg ij l‚¶V ySafMax djus okyk Hkkjr nqfu;k dk pkSFkk ns'k gksxk ¼vesfjdk] :l
vkSj phu½A
 panzek ds nf{[Link] /kzqo ij lkW¶V ySafMax djus okyk Hkkjr fo'o dk igyk ns'k cukA ¼oYMZ Lisl
vokWMZ & 2024 bZ-½
mís'; %&
1- paæek dh lrg ij lqjf{kr ,oa l‚¶V ySafMaxA
2- pkan dh lrg ij jksoj dk xfr djukA
3- Lo&LFkkfud oSKkfud ç;ksx djukA
 ;k=k & 42 fnu
 foØe ySaMj %&
 blus paæek ds nf{[Link] /kzqo ds ikl fu;af=r ySafMax dhA
 3+1 isyksM ;qä
1. RAMBHA-LP
2. ChaSTE- Chandra's Surface Tharmo physical Experiment
3. ILSA – Instrument for lunar Seismic Activity.
 jksoj izKku %&
 ;g paæek dh lrg ij vuqla/kku o ç;ksx djsxkA
 2 isyksM ;qä
1. APXS – Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectometer.
2. LIBS – Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope.

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 Propulsion Module Payload –

1. 1 Payload
2. SHAPE – Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth.

 panzek ij bEisDV@ySafMax LFkyksa ds uke &

1. panz;ku&1 % tokgj ikWbaV
2. panz;ku&2 % frjaxk ikWbVa
3. panz;ku&3 % f'ko'kfDr ikWbVa

 eaxy;ku
 eklZ vkfcZVj fe'ku
 ;g 5 uoacj 2013 dks PSLV-XL C25 }kjk lrh'k /kou Lisl lsVa j JhgfjdksVk ls ç{ksfir
fd;k x;kA
 24 flracj 2014 dks blus eaxy xzg dh d{kk esa ços'k fd;kA
 ;g eaxy xzg ds pkjksa vksj nh?kZo`Ùkkdkj d{kk esa pDdj yxk jgk Fkk ftldk ifjØe.k dky
yxHkx 77 ?kaVs FkkA
 Hkkjr ;g lQyrk çkIr djus okyk fo'o dk pkSFkk ns'k gSA ¼vesfjdk] :l] ;wjksfi;u Lisl
,tsla hA½
 Hkkjr us ;g lQyrk çFke ç;kl esa rFkk de ykxr ij çkIr dhA

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 ,LVªkslsV
 ISRO }kjk varfj{k esa fuEu Hkw d{kk esa 650 km ij PSLV C-30 }kjk flrEcj]2015 esa
ç{ksfir [kxksyh; os/k'kkykA
 ;g ,d eYVh osoysFa k Lisl VsyhLdksi tks ,d gh le; esa ,d ls vf/kd çdkj dh rjaxksa dk
v/;;u dj ldrh gS ¼d‚fLed rjaxs]a X&rjaxs]a ijkcSaxuh rjaxs½a
 ;g bl çdkj dh fo'o dh igyh [kxksyh; os/k'kkyk gS ¼eYVh&osoysaFk½
 Hkkjr [kxksyh; os/k'kkyk ç{ksfir djus okyk fo'o dk 5ok¡ ns'k gS ¼USA, ESA] :l] tkiku½
 vkfnR; L&1 fe'ku &
 ISRO }kjk lw;Z ds v/;;u gsrq fe'ku
 ;g PSLV-XL C57 dh lgk;rk ls çHkkeaMy d{kk esa ysxzsaftvu i‚baV 1 ij ç{ksfir fd;k
tk,xkA
 2 flrEcj] 2023 dks iz{ksfirA
mís'; %&
1- lw;Z ds dksjksuk] ØkseksLQh;j] QksVksLQh;j dk v/;;u djuk
2- lw;Z ls mRlftZr [Link] dk v/;;u
3- pqacdh; {ks= esa ifjorZuksa dk v/;;u
 vkfnR;&,y 1 fe'ku 7 isyksM ;qDr gSA ftuesa ls dqN izeq[k fuEufyf[kr gS &
1. foftcy ,fe'ku ykbu dksjksukxzkQ (VELC)
2. lksyj vYVªkok;ysV besftax VsyhLdksi (SUIT)
3. vkfnR; lksyj foaM ikfVZdy ,DlisfjesaV (ASPEX)
4. IykTek ,ukykbtj iSdst QkWj vkfnR; (PAPA)
5. eSXusVksehVjA

 xxu;ku
 ;g ÞbafM;u áweu Lisl ¶ykbV çksxzkeß ds rgr ISRO dk ekuo fe'ku gS ftlds rgr
3&4 O;fä;ksa dks 5&7 fnu rd varfj{k esa ¼fuEu Hkw d{kk 300&400 km½ Hkstk tk,xkA
 blds ç{ksi.k gsrq HLVM- 3 dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA ¼ Human Rated LVM-3½
 bl fe'ku gsrq 10000 djksM+ #i, dk ctV vkoafVr fd;k x;k gSA
 laHkkfor ç{ksi.k o"kZ % 2025
 Hkkjr ds varfj{k ;k=h ¾ O;kseu‚V
 Hkkjr pkSFk ns'k gksxkA ¼vesfjdk] :l] phu½

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 xxu;ku fe'ku ds fy, pqus x;s 4 Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk ¼ IAF½ varfj{k ;k=h &
1. iz'kkUr ckykd`".ku uk;j
2. vthr d`".ku
3. vaxn izrki
4. 'kqHkka'kq 'kqDyk
 xzqi dSIVu 'kqHkka'kq 'kqDyk 2025 dh 'kq#vkr esa varjjk"Vªh; varfj{k LVs'ku ds fy, AXIOM-4
)Ax-4) fe'ku dk lapkyu djsx a s A 'kqHkka'kq 'kqDyk varjjk"Vªh; varfj{k LVs'ku ij tkus okys
izFke Hkkjrh; gksx a sA

 xxu;ku esa ç;qä çeq[k rduhdh &

1- bUok;jesaV daVªksy ,aM ykbQ liksVZ flLVe (ECLSS)
2- Øw e‚Mîwy ,Ve‚LQsfjd fj,aVªh ,DlisfjesaV (CARE)
3- Øw ,Ldsi flLVe
 Hkkjrh;@Hkkjrh; ewy ds varfj{k ;k=h &
1. jkds'k 'kekZ & lks;qt Vh&11] lkY;qr&7 varfj{k LVs'kuA
2. dYiuk pkoyk & Hkkjrh; vesfjdh varfj{k ;k=h] uklk dksyafc;k Lisl 'kVy ,DlhMsV a A
3. lquhrk fofy;El & Hkkjrh; vesfjdh varfj{k ;k=h] cksbax LVkjykbuj varfj{k ;ku esa
rduhdh leL;k,aA
4. jktk tkWu ojiqVwj pkjh & Hkkjrh; vesfjdh varfj{k ;k=h] uklk vkVsZfel Vhe ds varfj{k
;k=hA

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5. flfj'kk ckanyk & Hkkjrh; vesfjdh varfj{k ;k=h] oftZu xSysfDVd ;wfuVh&22 ifj;kstuk esa
varfj{k dh ;k=k djus okyh rhljh Hkkjrh; ewy dh efgykA

 NISAR
 uklk o bljks dh la;qä ifj;kstukA
 uklk bljks flaFksfVd ,ispj jkMkjA
 vc rd dh fo'o dh lcls egaxh vFkZ besftax lsVsykbVA
 LdSfuax gsrq lw{erjaxksa dk mi;ksx djrk gS ¼ScSaM] LcSaM½A
 bls lw;Z rqY;dkfyd d{kk esa ç{ksfir fd;k tk,xkA
 laHkkfor ç{ksi.k o"kZ & 2025
mís'; %&
1- i`Foh ds Øfed fodkl dk v/;;u djuk
2- tyok;q ifjorZu dk v/;;u djuk

 ystj baVjQsjksehVj xzsfoVs'kuy&oso v‚CtosZVjh (LIGO)

 fuekZ.k % [Link] ÅtkZ foHkkx] foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx] U.S. us'kuy lkbal QkmaMs'ku
 mís'; % czãkaM ls xq#Rokd"kZ.k rjaxksa dk irk yxkukA
 lajpuk % yacor :i ls j[ks x, 4 fdeh yacs] 2 fuokZr d{k] ftuds fljksa ij niZ.k yxs gSaA
 2030 ls oSKkfud vuqla/kku 'kq: gksus dh laHkkouk
 LFkku & fgaxksyh ¼egkjk"Vª½
 vesfjdk] bVyh vkSj tkiku esa HkhA
 vesfjdk esa LIGO us igyh ckj 2015 esa xq#Rokd"kZ.k rjaxksa dk irk yxk;k] ftlds pyrs
2017 esa HkkSfrdh esa ukscsy iqjLdkj feykA

 ,Dl&js iksyjhehVj lsVsykbV (XPoSat)

 varfj{k esa ,Dl&js ds /kzqohdj.k dk ijh{k.k djus vkSj czãkaM esa 50 lcls pedhys Kkr
[kxksyh; fiaMksa dk v/;;u djus gsrq bljks }kjk 2024 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k fe'kuA ¼PSLV-
C58, LEO 650 KM½

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 ywuj iksyj ,DlIyksjs'ku fe'ku & (LuPEx)

 ISRO & JAXA dk la;qDr panzek fe'kuA
 iz{ksi.k & 2026

 bafM;u Lisl LVs'ku (ISS) –

 ;g fuEu Hkw d{kk esa ç{ksfir fd;k tk,xk ¼400 fdyksehVj½
 Hkkj 20 Vu
 mi;ksx & varfj{k vuqla/kku
 visf{kr ç{ksi.k & 2035

 'kqØ;ku fe'ku &

 visf{kr iz{ksi.k & 2024
 ;g 4 o"kZ rd 'kqØxzg dk v/;;u djsxkA

 fn'kk (DISHA)& ;g ,d tqM+oka mixzg [Link] gS tks i`Foh ds ok;qeaMy dh lcls Åijh
ijr] i`Foh dh ok;qxfrdh dk v/;;u djsxhA

 r`".kk (TrISHNA)& ;g bljks vkSj Ýkalhlh varfj{k ,tsalh CNES dk la;qDr fe'ku gSA ;g
Hkwfe dh lrg ds rkieku ds lVhd ekufp=.k ds fy, gSA ;g 2024 esa iz{ksfir fd;k tkuk
izLRkkfor gSA

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varjjk"Vªh; varfj{k fe'ku

Mission Agency Objective
Luna ROSCOSMOS Moon
Apollo NASA Moon
Viking NASA Mars ¼eaxy½
Voyager NASA c`gLifr] 'kfu] v#.k] o#.k
Magellan NASA Venus ¼'kqؽ
Cassini huygens NASA Saturn Titan
Hayabusa NASA, JAXA Asteroid ¼{kqnz xzg½
Messenger NASA Mercury¼cq/k½
Deep Impact NASA Comet ¼/kwedsrq½
New horizon NASA Pluto
Juno NASA Jupiter ¼c`gLifr½
Curiosity rover NASA Mars (eaxy)
Maven NASA Mars
Insight lander NASA Mars
Tianwen China Mars
Double Asteroid
DART NASA
Redirection Test
Kepler Space
Telescope (2009- NASA Find Exoplanets
2018)
Reusable satellite launch
Falcon SpaceX
vehicle
Shukrayan (2024) ISRO Venus

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Parker Solar Probe NASA Sun

Artemis Program NASA Manned Mission for moon
Asteroid Impact
Deflection NASA Asteroid
Assement
Perseverance
NASA Mars
(Rover)
Polaris Program SpaceX, Jared Issacman 3 Manned Mission to LEO
Chang'e China Moon
AI Amal/Hope
UAE Mars
(Orbiter)
JUICE ESA Jupiter
Smart Lander for
Investigating JAXA Moon Lander
Moon (SLIM)
Luna 25 Roscosmos Moon Lander

 International Space Station (ISS)

 ;g ,d varjjk"Vªh; ifj;kstuk gS ftlesa 5 Lisl ,tsl
a h 'kkfey gSa %&
1- uklk & ;w,l,
2- jksLd‚le‚l & #l
3- Jaxa & tkiku
4- ;wjksih;u Lisl ,tsalh
5- dSusfM;u Lisl ,tsalh
 ;g ekuo dks varfj{k esa fuokl dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djokrk gSA ¼ç;ksx'kkyk os/k'kkyk liksVZ
LVs'ku ds :i es½a
 bls 1998 esa ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA
 o"kZ 2000 ls gh ekuo ;gka fuokl dj jgk gSA
 ;g yxHkx 400 fdyksehVj dh ÅapkbZ ij i`Foh dh ifjØek dj jgk gSA ¼ifjØe.k dky
92 feuV]15&16 pDdj çfrfnu½
 bls i`Foh ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
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 frvkuxksx
a &
 pkbuht Lisl LVs'ku
 fe'ku vkVsZfel &
 uklk
 pUæek gsrq ekuo fe'ku dh J`a[kykA
 visf{kr ykWp & 2024
 efgyk ,oa xSj 'osr varfj{k ;k=h pUæek ij Hksts tk;saxs
 vksfj;u LislØk¶V ç;qä fd;k tk,xk
 11 lnL; ns'k & vesfjdk] dukMk] fczVsu] yDlsEcxZ] bVyh] ;wØsu] la;qDr vjc vehjkr]
nf{[Link] dksfj;k] tkiku] vkWLVªsfy;k] U;wthySaMA

 LVkjfyad çkstsDV &

 varfj{k&vk/kkfjr baVjusV lsok çnku djus ds fy, Lisl,Dl daiuh dh ifj;kstuk gSA
 dqy 42]000 mixzgksa dks fuEu Hkw d{kk ¼550 km.½ esa y‚Up fd;k tk,xkA
 igyk pj.k & 12]000
 nwljk pj.k & 30]000
 ykHk &de foyacrk@ysVl sa h ¼mi;ksxdrkZ vkSj loZj ds chp le; varjky½] nwjLFk {ks=ksa
rd baVjusVA

 tsEl osc VsyhLdksi &

 ÞgCcy Lisl VsyhLdksiß dk lDlslj
 fnlacj 2021 esa L&2 ¼ysaxzsft;u ikWbUV½ fcanq ij ç{ksfir
 varfj{k esa ç{ksfir lcls cM+h varfj{k nwjchu@nwjn'khZ

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 VªkaftfVax ,DtksIysuVs losZ lsVy

s kbV (TESS)
 uklk }kjk 2018 esa ç{ksfir
 mís'; %& ,DtksIysusV dh [kkst djukA
 bosVa gksjkbtu VsyhLdksi
 EHT :& uklk }kjk 2006 esa LFkkfir ,d varfj{k nwjn'khZ ¼Lisl VsyhLdksi½ ftldh lgk;rk
ls CySd gksy o bosaV gksjkbtu dk v/;;u fd;k tk,xkA
 EHT }kjk igyh ckj fdlh CySdgksy dh rLohj yh xbZA ¼2018½
 CySdgkWy & CySdgkWy Lisl&Vkbe dk og {ks= gS ftldk xq#Rokd"kZ.k bruk vf/kd
'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh oLrq] ;gka rd fd izdk'k Hkh] blls izHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jg
ldrk gSA
 bosaV gksjkbtu & CySdgkWy ds pkjksa vksj ,d dkYifud lhek ftldks ikj djus ij izdk'k
;k vU; dksbZ oLrq CySdgkWy esa lekus ls ugha cp ldrhA bls ikWbZV vkWQ uks fjVuZ Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA
 fo'o dh lcls cM+h VsfyLdksi &
VsfyLdksi LFkku nwjh¼MkbZehVj½ fufeZr o"kZ
500 - Meter Aperture
Spherical Telescope XokatksÅ] phu
1]640 QhV
2020
(FAST) ¼500 ehVj½

Extremely Large Telescope

vVkdkek 128 QhV
(ELT) 2027
e#LFky]fpyh ¼39-3 ehVj½
Square Kilometre Array
vkWLVªsfy;k ,oa 512 x 49-2 QhV
(SKA) nf{k.k vÝhdk
2028
¼15 ehVj½
Thirty Meter Telescope gqokbZ ¼vesfjdk]
98 QhV
(TMT) dUkMk] tkiku] phu] [Link]/khu
¼30 ehVj½
Hkkjr½
Giant Magellan Telescope
vVkdkek e#LFky] 80 QhV
(GMT) 2029
fpyh ¼24-5 ehVj½
Atacama Large Millimeter
vVkdkek e#LFky] 66 x 39.4 QhV ifjpkyu
Array (ALMA) fpyh ¼12 ehVj½

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 Hkkjrh; varfj{k uhfr & 2023

 varfj{k {ks= esa Hkkjrh; futh daifu;ksa dks c<+kok nsukA
 varfj{k vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkkjr dh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsukA
 oSf'od varfj{k vFkZO;oLFkk & $ 360 Billion
 Hkkjrh; varfj{k vFkZO;oLFkk & $ 1.6 Billion
 2030 rd Hkkjrh; varfj{k vFkZO;oLFkk dk y{; – 60 vjc M‚yj] 2 yk[k jkstxkjA
 lg;ksx {ks= &
 futh {ks= ¼xSj&ljdkjh fudk;½
 IN-SPACe – varfj{k xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, ,dy f[kM+dh ,oa izkf/kdj.k dsanzA
 NSIL – futh daifu;ksa dh {kerk fuekZ.k djuk rFkk bljks ds izkS|ksfxdh o IysVQkeksZa
dk O;kolk;[Link]
 varfj{k foHkkx & uksMy ,tsalh ds :i esa dk;Z djuk rFkk varfj{k xfrfof/k;ksa ds nkSjku
fooknksa dks gy djus ds fy, ra= cukukA

 varfj{k ds {ks= esa dk;Zjr Hkkjr dh futh daifu;ka &

1. LdkbZ:V & foØe
2. vfXudqy dkWLekWl & vfXuck.k
3. csykfVªDl
4. /kzqo Lisl
 foØe & ;g LdkbZ:V ,;jkLisl dk iz{ksi.k ;ku gSA
 foØe & 1 ;g Bksl [Link] batu vk/kkfjr jkWdsV] futh daiuh }kjk ykWUp fd;k x;k
Hkkjr dk igyk jkWdsV gSA
 foØe & 2 ;g Øk;kstfs ud batu vk/kkfjr jkWdsV gSA
 /kou & 1
 ;g Hkkjr dks futh rkSj ij fodflr] iwjh rjg ls Øk;kstsfud jkWdsV batu gSA
 [Link] & rjy izkd`frd xSl vkSj rjy vkWDlhtuA
 bl batu dks lqij vykW; ds lkFk 3Mh fiazfVax dk mi;ksx djds fodflr fd;k x;k
FkkA

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 fe'ku izkjEHk &

 futh daiuh LdkbZ:V ,;jksLisl }kjk fufeZr Hkkjr ds igys futh jkWdsV ^foØe&,l*
dk lQy iz{ksi.k fd;k x;kA
 foØe&,l* esa iz;qDr ,dy pj.k] Bksl [Link] batu ^dyke&80* gSA

 RHUMI-1
 Lisl tks bafM;k daiuh }kjk fodflr Hkkjr dk igyk iqu% iz;ksT; gkbfczM jkWdsV gSA
 blesa rjy ,oa Bksl] nksuksa [Link] [Link];ksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSaA ¼gkbZfczM ¾ Bksl
bZa/ku vkSj rjy vkWDlhdkjd½
 bls pSUubZ ds fr#fonU/kkbZ ls gkbMªksfyd eksckby ykWUp flLVe }kjk ykWUpA
 ;g jkWdsV ds fgLlksa dh lqjf{kr iquizkZfIr ds fy, ßiSjk'kwV flLVeÞ dk mi;ksx djrk
gS] tks ,d i;kZoj.k fgrS"kh vkSj lLrh [Link] gSA

 varfj{k ds {ks= esa dk;Zjr fo'o dh futh daifu;ka &

 Space X & byksu eLd
 Cyw vksfjftu & tSQ cstksl
 oftZu xSysfDVd & fjpMZ czsulu
 AXIOM Space.
 Space Adventure.

 Msful VhVks & fo'o ds izFke varfj{k i;ZVd] Lisl ,MosaplZ daiuh] 2001] vesfjdkA

 vuq'ksg valkjh & fo'o dh izFke efgyk varfj{k i;ZVd] Lisl ,MosaplZ daiuh] 2006]
vesfjdkA
 ,fylk dklZu & vesfjdk] eaxy xzg dh ,drjQ+k ;k=k] uklk 2033A

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j{kk izkS|ksfxdh ¼Defence Technology½

 ç{ksi.k eksM ds vk/kkj ij felkby ds çdkj &

1- lrg ls lrg
2- lrg ls gok
3- gok ls gok
4- gok ls lrg
5- ty ls ty ¼VkWjihMks½
6- ty ls lrg@gok
 ijkl ds vk/kkj ij felkby ds çdkj &
1- 'k‚VZ jst
a
2- ehfM;e jsat
3- baVjehfM,V jst
a
4- varjegk}hih; ¼5]000 km½
 xfr ds vk/kkj ij felkby ds çdkj &
1- lclksfud ¼ xfr 1 eSd ls de½
2- lqijlksfud ¼xfr 1&5 eSd ds chp½
3- gkbijlksfud ¼xfr 5 eSd ls vf/kd½
 iFk ds vk/kkj ij felkby ds izdkj
1. Øwt
2. cSfyfLVd
Øwt felkby cSfyfLVd feykby
budk iFk iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ugha gksrk gSA budk iFk iwoZ fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA
bUgsa mM+ku ds nkSjku fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk bUgsa iz{ksi.k ds i'pkr fu;af=r ugha fd;k tk
gSA ldrk gSA
budk irk yxkuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA budk irk yxkuk vis{kkd`r vklku gksrk gSA
oxhZdj.k lkekU;r % xfr ds vk/kj ijA oxhZdj.k lkekU;r% ijkl ds vk/kkj ijA
mnkgj.k & czãksl mnkgj.k & vfXu

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lefUor funsZf'kr ç{ksikL= fodkl dk;ZØe] (IGMDP)

Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme

 IGMDP dk;ZØe dh 'kq#vkr 1983 esa M‚ A.P.J- vCnqy dyke ds usr`Ro esa gqbZA
¼1983&2008½
 bl dk;ZØe dh ftEesnkjh DRDO dks nh xbZ
 blds rgr ikap felkbyksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k & i`Foh] vfXu] f='kwy] vkdk'k] ukx

i`Foh@Prithvi
 DRDO ¼IGMDP½
 lrg ls lrg ij ekj djus
okyh]
 de nwjh dh] cSfyfLVd
felkby

vfXu@Agni
 DRDO ¼IGMDP½
 lrg ls lrg ij ekj djus okyh]
 e/;e nwjh@baVjehfM,V jst
a @varjegk}hih;] cSysfLVd felkby
 [Link] 'kfDr lEiUuA

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f='kwy@Trishul
 DRDO ¼IGMDP½
 lrg ls gok esa ekj djus okyh
 lqijlksfud] Øwt felkby
 ijkl % 9 fdyksehVj
 xkbMsal flLVe & jsfM;ks vYVhehVj
vkdk'k@Akash
h DRDO ¼IGMDP½
 lrg ls gok esa ekj djus okyh
 lqijlksfud Øwt felkby gSA
 ijkl % 30 fdyksehVj
 ;g dekaM xkbMsUl flLVe o jktsaæ jkMkj ls ySl felkby gSA
ukx@Nag
 DRDO ¼IGMDP½
 ,aVh VSad xkbMsM felkby
 ijkl & 4&9 fdyksehVj
 blesa baÝkjsM besftax xkbMsal flLVe dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS vr% ;g jkr esa Hkh dk;Z djus
esa l{ke gSA
 ;g nkxks vkSj Hkwy tkvks rduhd ij vk/kkfjr felkby gSA
 blds LFkyh; ifjogu o ykWp gsrq NaMiCa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ¼ukx felkby dSfj;j½
 ukx felkby ds ok;q laLdj.k &
(i) gsyhuk ¼gsyhd‚IVj ukx½ ¼Hkkjrh; lsuk½
(ii) /kzqokL= ¼Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk½

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vU; [Link] felkbysa

czãksl@BrahMos
 Hkkjr o :l }kjk l;qaä :i ls fufeZr
 czãksl uke czãiq= o e‚Ldok unh ds uke ij j[kk
 lqijlksfud Øwt felkby
 xfr % 2-8&3 eSd
 ijkl % 290 fdyksehVj
 ç{ksi.k eksM & lrg] gok] ty dgha ls Hkh okj djus esa l{ke
 ukfHkdh; gfFk;kj ys tkus esa l{ke
 orZeku esa fo'o dh lcls rst ,UVh&f'ki Øwt felkby
 gky gh esa fQyhihal dks fu;kZfrr
czãksl&II
 czãksl dk mUur laLdj.k
 y‚Ux jsat gkbijlksfud Øwt felkby
 ijkl % 1500 km.
 xfr % 7&8 eSd
 blesa LØSetsV batu dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS
 ;g nkxks vkSj Hkwy tkvks rduhd ij vk/kkfjr gS

lkxfjdk@ K-15
 DRDO }kjk fodflr lcejhu y‚UpM cSfyfLVd felkby (SLBM)
 vfjgar] vfj?kkr iuMqCch ij rSukr dh xbZA
 ijkl % 750 & 1500 fdeh
 ukfHkdh; gfFk;kj ys tkus esa l{ke A
 vaMj okVj felkby rduhd fodflr djus okyk Hkkjr 5th ns'k gS
 blds mUur laLdj.k fodflr fd;s tk jgs gS %&
1- K-4  Range : 2000 & 3500 Km ¼vfjgar] vfj?kkr iuMqCch ij rSukr½
2- K-5  Range : 5000 KM
3- K-6  Range : 8000 KM

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vL=
 DRDO }kjk fodflr
 gok ls gok esa ekj djus okyh
 lqijlksfud Øwt felkby
 ijkl %
 'k‚VZ jst a  20 KM
 y‚Ux jsat  80 KM (BVR)
 lq[kksbZ] fex & 29] rstl o :æ ij rSukrA
 gky gh esa vkesZfu;k dks fu;kZr dh xbZA
fuHkZ;
 DRDO }kjk fodflr
 yach nwjh dh lclksfud Øwt felkby
 ijkl % 1000 KM
 xfr % 0-7&0-8 eSd
 ukfHkdh; gfFk;kj ys tkus esa l{keA

'kkS;Z
 DRDO }kjk fodflr
 yach nwjh dh gkbijlksfud Øwt felkby
 ijkl % 1200 KM
 xfr % 7&8 eSd
 ukfHkdh; gfFk;kj ys tkus esa l{keA
 k&15 dk lrg laLdj.k

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lw;Z
 DRDO }kjk [Link]/khu ICBM
 ijkl
lw;Z 1 % 5]000 & 8]000 KM.
lw;Z 2 % 12]000 KM.
 Lons'kh Øk;kstsfud batu ç;qä
 ukfHkdh; gfFk;kj ys tkus esa l{ke
fiukdk
 DRDO }kjk fodflr eYVh cSjy j‚dsV y‚Upj
 ;g 44 lsdM sa esa 12 j‚dsV y‚Up dj ldrk gS
 ijkl
ekdZ 1 % 40 KM
ekdZ 2 % 60&75 KM
 gky gh esa vkesZfu;k dks fu;kZfrr
#æe&I
 DRDO }kjk fodflr
 igyh Lons'kh fofdj.k-jks/kh felkby
 ;g nq'eu ds fofdj.k mRltZd lzksrksa tSls jkMkj] lapkj dsUæksa o vU; jsfM;ks ÝhDosl
a h
(RF) mRltZd [Link] dk irk yxk ldrk gS] VªSd dj ldrk gS vkSj mUgsa fu'kkuk
cuk ldrk gSA
 ijkl % 200 fdyksehVj rd
 xfr % 0-6&2 eSd
 #nze&2 dh ijkl & 350 fdyksehVjA

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ASAT / fe'ku 'kfä

 DRDO vkSj ISRO dk la;qä dk;ZØe
 ,aVh lSVsykbV flLVe (ASAT) xfreku mixzgksa dks u"V djus okyh felkby vk/kkfjr
ç.kkyh gSA
 Hkkjr dh ASAT felkby us fuEu Hkw d{kk ¼300 fdeh-½ esa xfreku mixzg dks
lQyrkiwoZd u"V dj fn;kA
 Hkkjr ,slh {kerk gkfly djus okyk nqfu;k dk pkSFkk ns'k gS ¼USA] :l] phu 2007½

cjkd 8
 Hkkjr vkSj btjk;y }kjk la;qä :i ls fodflrA
 ljQsl Vw ,;j] lqijlksfud Øwt felkbyA
 nq'eu ds yM+kdw foeku] gsyhd‚IVj] ekuo jfgr foeku] cSfyfLVd felkby] Øwt felkby
dks u"V djus esa l{keA
 ijkl % 100 fdeh-
 mUur laLdj.k & cjkd & 8ER ¼150 km½

QRSAM
 fDod fj,D'ku ljQsl Vq ,;j felkby
 DRDO }kjk fodflr
 Hkkjrh; Fkylsuk dk ,;j fMQsal flLVe ¼vkdk'k ,;j fMQsl
a flLVe dks çfrLFkkfir½
 ijkl % 25&30 km.
 360° dojst
 ,d lkFk vusd fu'kkus yxkus esa l{ke
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o#.kkL=
 ;q)iksr@iuMqCch ls ç{ksfir] fo|qr lapkfyr] gSoh osV V‚jihMks
 DRDO }kjk fodflr
 ijkl % 40 km
 LVsYFk iuMqfCc;ksa dks fu'kkuk cukus esa l{ke
veks?k&3@Amogha-III
 Hkkjr Mk;usfeDl fyfeVsM }kjk IGMDP ds rgr fodflrA
 rhljh ih<+h dh eSu&iksVZsacy ,aVh&VSad xkbMsM felkbyA
 Qk;j ,.M QksxsZV rduhd@nkxks vkSj Hkwy tkvks rduhd] baÝkjsM besftax xkbMsUl
flLVe ls ;qDrA
 vU; ,aVh&VSad xkbMsM felkby& ukx ¼gsfyuk] /kzqokL=½] Likbd ¼btjkby½] feyku ¼Ýkal½
Agni prime
 DRDO }kjk fodflr
 vfXu felkby dk mUur laLdj.k
 MRBM ¼jsat % 1]000&2]000 fdeh-½
 vfXu&1 vkSj vfXu&2 dks çfrLFkkfir djus ds fy, fodflr
 mUur xkbMsal flLVe vkSj mUur ç.kksnu ç.kkyh ls ySl
 eksckby y‚Upj ls y‚Up dh tk ldrh gSA

fe'ku fnO;kL=@Mission Divyastra

 MIRV rduhd ij vk/kkfjr vR;k/kqfud vfXu&5 felkbyA
 MIRV ¼eYVhiy bafMisaMsaVyh VkxsZVscy jh&,aVªh Oghdy½ & ,d ls vf/kd ;q)Hkkj ys tkus
okyh ,d felkby tks vyx&vyx dbZ y{;ksa dks u"V djus esa l{ke gksrh gSA ¼vfXu&5]
vfXu izkbe½

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çy;
 DRDO }kjk fodflr
 lrg ls lrg ij okj djus okyh] de nwjh dh] cSfyfLVd felkby
 ijkl % 150&500 KM
 Hkkjr dh igyh v/kZ ¼Dokth½&cSfyfLVd felkby
 vR;k/kqfud xkbMsal flLVe ls ;qä
 bls eksckby@pyk;eku y‚Upj ls y‚Up fd;k tk ldrk gS
 gkbijlksfud XykbM Oghdy @ Dokth&cSfyfLVd felkby

felkby j{kk@jks/kh ç.kkyh

 felkby j{kk ç.kkyh ds rgr nq'eu felkbyksa dk irk yxkdj mUgsa y{; lk/kus ls igys gh
u"V dj fn;k tkrk gSA
 Hkkjr dh felkby j{kk ç.kkyh dsoy cSfyfLVd felkby vkØe.k dks foQy djus gsrq
fodflr dh xbZ gSA

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Hkkjr dh felkby j{kk ç.kkyh f}Lrjh; gS

a flLVe (PAD)
i`Foh ,;j fMQsl a flLVe (AAD)
,MokaLM ,;j fMQsl
• izdkj & ,Dlks ,VekWfLQsfjd • izdkj : ,.Mks ,VekWfLQsfjd
• (ऊंचाई) : 50-80 km • ऊंचाई : 15 km.
• इंटरसेप्टर मिसाइल : • इंटरसेप्टर मिसाइल) :
iz|qEu ¼i`Foh½ vf'ou ¼vfXu½

 Missile defence systems in the world -

 USA - THAAD - VfeZuy gkbZ ,YVhVîwM ,fj;k fMQsal
 RUSSIA - S300, S400, S500
 ISRAEL - Iron Dome ¼vk;ju Mkse½
 INDIA - bafM;u cSfyfLVd felkby fMQsUl çksxzke ( PAD, AAD )

S-400 / Triumf -

 :l ls vk;kfrr
 :l dh vR;k/kqfud] yach nwjh dh lrg ls gok esa ekj djus okyh felkby j{kk ç.kkyh
 ;g 4]00 fdeh- ds nk;js esa ,d lkFk dbZ oLrqvksa dks VªSd dj ldrh gS & lHkh çdkj ds
foeku] felkby] ekuo jfgr foeku vkfn rFkk mUgsa u"V djus gsrq mi;qä felkby y‚Up
djrh gSA

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felkby ns'k izdkj

MsfoM~l fLyax btjkby ok;q j{kk [Link]
,jks&3 btjkby ok;q j{kk [Link]
isfVª;V vesfjdk ok;q j{kk [Link]
eSu iksVZscy ,aVh VSad xkbMsM
tsofs yu vesfjdk
felkby
fLVaxj vesfjdk ok;q ls ok;q
gsyQk;j vesfjdk ok;q ls lrg
baVj dkfUVusVa y cSfyLVd
feuVeSu vesfjdk
felkby
baVj dkfUVusVa y cSfyLVd
tsfjdks btjkby
felkby
lcejhu ykWap baVj dkfUVusaVy
cqykos :l
cSfyLVd felkby
ftjdkWu :l gkbijlksfud felkby
Qrsg bZjku gkbijlksfud felkby
Likbd btjkby ,aVh VSad xkbMsM felkby

Hkkjrh; Fkylsuk@Indian Army

ns'k o"kZ izdkj

vts; Vh&72 :l 1980 eq[; ;q)d VSad
Hkh"e Vh&90 :l 2001 eq[; ;q)d VSad
vtqZu Hkkjr 2004 dapu dop ;qDr
vHk; Hkkjr dapu dop ;qDr

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tksjkoj /Zorawar
-  DRDO and L&T }kjk fodflr A
 gYds otu okyk eq[; ;q)d VSadA ¼25 Vu ls de½
 mPp 'kfDr&Hkkj vuqikr] d`f=e cqf)erk vk/kkfjr] mHk;pj A

Kali 5,000
-
 Kali ¼fdyks ,Eih;j yhfu;j batsDVj½
 BARC vkSj DRDO }kjk fodflrA
 ;g ,d funsZf'kr ÅtkZ gfFk;kj gS tks 'kfä'kkyh bysDVª‚u che vFkok ystj dks mRlftZr
dj nq'eu dh felkbyksa vkSj yM+kdw foekuksa ds bysDVª‚fud flLVe dks u"V dj nsxkA

otz@K-9
-
 Hkkjr esa fufeZr vkfVZfy;jh rksi gSA

nqxkZ@Durga-2
-
 nqxkZ 2 & Mk;jsD'kuyh vujsfLVDVsM js xu ,sjs
 DRDO }kjk fodflrA
 100 fdyksokWV dk gYdk] funsZf'kr ÅtkZ gfFk;kjA

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Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk@Indian Air Force

 IMPORTED AIRCRAFTS & FIGHTER JETS

 fex 21 & :l] ¼yM+kdw foeku½
 fex 27 & :l] ¼yM+kdw foeku½
 fex 29 & :l] ¼yM+kdw foeku½
 lq[kksbZ 30 & :l] lqijlksfud ¼yM+kdw foeku½
 fejkt 2000 & Ýkal ¼nl‚½] ¼lqijlksfud yM+kdw foeku½
 jkQsy & Ýkal ¼nl‚½] ¼lqijlksfud yM+kdw foeku] 36 tsV foeku½
 txqvkj & Ýkal vkSj ;wukbVsM fdaxMe] ¼yM+kdw foeku½
 g‚d & ;wukbVsM fdaxMe] ¼Vªsuj Iysu½
 C-130J gjD;wfyl & USA ¼y‚dghM ekfVZu½] lSU; ifjogu
 C-17 XykscekLVj – USA ¼cksbx a ½] ¼lSU; ifjogu½
 C-295- & Lisu ,;jcl] ifjogu foeku ¼16 + 40 foeku½
 vikps & USA ¼cksbax½] vVSd gsyhd‚IVj] 22 gsyhd‚IVj
 fpuwd & USA ¼cksbax½] ,;jfy¶V gsyhd‚IVj] 15 gsyhd‚IVj
 Mh&60r ¼jksfe;ks½ gsyhd‚IVj & USA ¼y‚dghM ekfVZu½] eYVhjksy v‚y osnj gsyhd‚IVj]
24 gsyhd‚IVj

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INDIGENOUS AIRCRAFTS

 LCA rstl &

 gYdk yM+kdw foeku (LCA) ¼GEN 4½
 1983 bZ- esa fodkl 'kq: gqvk
 HAL ¼fganqLrku ,jksu‚fVDl fyfeVsM½ }kjk fodflr
 flaxy batu] eYVhjksy] lqijlksfud yM+kdw foeku
 2016 esa IAF esa 'kkfey
 blus fex 21 dks çfrLFkkfir fd;k
 nqfu;k dk lcls gYdk ou batu ou lhV QkbVj tsV
 2025&26 rd rstl mk2 dk mRiknu visf{kr ¼GEN 4-5½

 AMCA- Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft

 ok;qlus k vkSj ukSlsuk ds fy, ikapoh o NBh ih<+h dk LVsYFk] eYVhjksy lqijlksfud yM+kdw
foeku gSA
 ;g HAL o DRDO }kjk fodflrA
 flaxy lhV
 V~fou baftu
 visf{kr fodkl & 2025 rdA
INDIGENOUS HELICOPTERS

 /kzqo /Dhruv &

 ,Mokal ykbV gsyhd‚IVj
 HAL }kjk fodflr
 mi;ksx & ifjogu vkSj ;wfVfyVh
 #æ@Rudra &
 ,Mokal ykbV gsyhd‚IVj
 HAL }kjk fodflr
 /kzqo dk ;q)d laLdj.k
 ukx ¼/kzqookL=½ vkSj vL= felkby rSukr
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 LCH çp.M &

 gYdk yM+kdw gsyhdkWIVj (LCH)
 HAL }kjk fodflr
 eYVhjksy] y‚Ux jsat
 gkbZ ,YVhVîwM okjQs;j ¼5]000 m.½
 'kfä batu ¼HAL½ ç;qä
 A2A, A2S felkbysa rSukr

IMPORTED UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE

vk;kfrr ekuo jfgr foeku

ekuo jfgr foeku ns'k mÌs'; fo'ks"k

lpZj] gsjkWu btjkby tklwlh vkSj fuxjkuh

gehZt] LVkjykbuj btjkby tklwlh vkSj fuxjkuh ÅapkbZ & 30]000 QhV
mM+ku vof/k & 36 ?kaVs
MQ-9B vesfjdk leg vkSj leqnzh Sea Guardian –
Predator fuxjkuh] ;q)a Navy (15)
Guardian Army – (8)
Air Force (8)

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ekuo jfgr foeku

ekuo jfgr foeku ns'k mÌs'; fo'ks"k

y{;] vH;kl DRDO izf'k{k.k] y{; vH;kl

fu'kkar] #Lre DRDO (ADE) tklwlh vkSj fuxjkuh

ÅapkbZ & 28]000 QhV
VSªfdax] tklwlh] y{; mM+ku vof/k & 18 ?kaVs
ril DRDO(ADE)
dks u"V djukA Hkkj {kerk & 350
fdyksxzke
'k=q lhek esa ?kql dj
geyk djuk]
?kkrd DRDO(ADE) LVsYFk dkWEcSV Mªksu
lkefjd tklwlh]
bysDVªkWfud ;q)

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Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk@Indian Navy

 Nuclear powered Submarine

(नासिकीय ऊजाि संचासऱत ऩनडुब्बी)
A. Arihant Class -
1- INS vfjgar %&
 mUur izkS|ksfxdh iksr ifj;kstuk ds rgr tgkt
fuekZ.k dsanz fo'kk[kkiÍe }kjk fufeZrA
 INS vfjgar Hkkjr dh izFke Lons'kh [Link] iuMqCchA
 vxLr 2016 esa Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk esa 'kkfeyA
 83 esxkokWV dk çsljkbtM o‚Vj fj,DVj batu A
 k&15 ¼lkxfjdk½] k&4 felkby bl ij rSukrA

2- INS vfj?kkV %&

 mUur izkS|ksfxdh iksr ifj;kstuk ds rgr tgkt fuekZ.k dsanz fo'kk[kkiÍe }kjk fufeZrA
 vxLr] 2024 esa Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk esa 'kkfeyA
 83 esxkokV dk izsljkbtM okWVj fj,DVj batu ;qDrA
 LVsYFk iuMqCchA
 k &15 ¼lkxfjdk½] k&4 felkby bl ij rSukr dh xbZ gSA
 lrg ij vf/kdre xfr 22&28 fdeh-@?kaVk vkSj ikuh esa 44 fdeh-@?kaVk rdA

B. Chakra Class @pØ Dykl %&

1. INS pØ %&
 2012 esa 10 lky gsrq :l ls yht ij yh xbZ
 usjik@vdqyk Dykl ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk Fkk
 2021 esa :l dks ykSVk nh x;hA
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 Diesel Powered Submarine –

1. dyojh [Link] &
 izkstD s V&75
 Ýkal dh LdkWihZu iuMqCch ij vk/kkfjrA
 izkstD s V&75 ds rgr dqy 6 iuMqfCc;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA
 INS dyojh] djat] [kkUnsjh] osyk] okxhj] okx'khjA
2. fla/kq?kks"k [Link] &
 :l ls vk;kfrrA
 dqy 9 lcejhu
3. f'k'kqekj [Link] &
 teZuh ls vk;kfrrA
 dqy 4 lcejhu
 INS Shalki – Hkkjr esa fufeZr izFke lcejhuA

 dkosZV ;q)iksr &

1. [Link] [Link] &¼,aVh lcejhu okWjQs;j & 'kSyks okVj Øk¶V½
[Link]
2. deksrkZ [Link] & ¼,aVh&lcejhu okWjQs;j dkWoZsV½
deksrkZ] dneÙk] fdYru] dokjÙkhA
3. dksjk [Link] & ¼xkbMsM felkby dkWoZsV½
dkeZqd] fdjp] dksjk] dqfy'kA
4. [kqdjh [Link] & [katj] [kqdjh] fdjik.k] dqFkjA
5. vHk; [Link] &
6. ohj [Link] &

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 vkbZ,u,l [Link] &

 Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ds vHk; [Link] ds tgktksa dks izfrLFkkfir djus gsrq [Link] [Link] ds 8
;q)iksr fufeZr fd;s tk jgs gSA
 vkbZ,u,l [Link] bldk igyk ;q)iksr gSA
 bls xkMZu jhp f'kifcYMlZ ,aM bathfu;lZ fyfeVsM }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;kA
 ;q)iksr dk uke [Link] }hi ¼egkjk"Vª½ ds uke ij j[kk x;k gSA

 fÝxsV ;q)iksr &

1. ryokj [Link] & rsx] rjd'k] f='kqy] rcj] f=daMA
2. f'kokfyd [Link] ¼izkstDs V&17½ & f'kokfyd] lriqM+k] lg;kfnzA
3. czãiq= [Link] & czãiq=] csrok] O;klA
4. xksnkojh [Link] & xksnkojh] xaxk] xkserhA
5. uhyfxjh [Link] ¼izkstDs V 17 ,½ & LVsYFk xkbMsM felkby fÝxsVA
uhyfxjh] rkjkfxjh] mn;fxjh] nqukfxjh] fgefxjh]
foU/;ufxjh] egsanzfxjhA

 fMLVªkW;j ;q)iksr &

1. fo'kk[kkiÍue [Link] ¼izkt s sDV 15B½ &
fo'kk[kkiÍue] eksjeqxkao] baQky] lwjrA
2. dksydÙkk [Link] ¼izkstDs V 15A½ &
dksydrk] pSUubZ] dksfPpA
3. fnYyh [Link] ¼izkt
s sDV 15½ & fnYyh] eSlwj] eqacbZA
4. jktiwr [Link] & jktiwr] [Link]] [Link]] [Link];A

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 foekuokgd iksr
1. INS foØekfnR; %&
 :l ls vk;kfrr foekuokgd iksr
 bldk :lh uke ,Mfejy xks'kZdkso Fkk
 2013 esa Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk esa 'kkfey
 blesa 34 foeku j[ks tk ldrs gSa
 blesa 1750 lSfud jg ldrs gSa

2. INS foØkar %&

 Lons'kh foekuokgd iksr
 dksphu f'ki;kMZ fyfeVsM }kjk fufeZr
 30 foeku vkSj gsyhd‚IVj
 1600 ukSlsuk dehZ
 Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk dk lcls cM+k tgktA

3. INS fo'kky %&

 [Link]/khu
 Lons'kh foekuokgd iksr

4. INS fojkV %&

 fczVsu ls vk;kfrr
 1987 esa Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk esa 'kkfey
 2017 esa lsokfuo`Ùk

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la;qDr lSU; vH;kl@ Joint Military Excercise

S. No. Country Army Exercise

1. Australia AUSTRA HIND

2. Bangladesh SAMPRITI

3. China HAND IN HAND

4. France SHAKTI

5. Indonesia GARUDA SHAKTI

6. Kazakhstan PRABAL DOSTYK

7. Kyrgyzstan KHANJAR

8. Maldives EKUVERIN

9. Mongolia NOMADIC ELEPHANT

10. Myanmar IMBEX

11. Nepal SURYA KIRAN

12. Oman AL NAGAH

13. Russia INDRA

14. Sri Lanka MITRA SHAKTI

15. Thailand MAITREE

16. UK AJEYA WARRIOR

YUDHABHAYAS
17. USA
VAJRA PRAHAR

18. Vietnam VINBAX

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S. No. Country Navy Exercise

1. Australia AUSINDEX

2. Bangladesh IN-BN CORPAT

3. Brazil & South Africa IBSAMAR

4. France VARUNA

5. Oman Naseem-al-Bahr

6. Russia INDRA NAVY

7. Sri Lanka SLINEX

8. Singapore SIMBEX

9. Thailand INDO-THAI CORPAT

10. UAE In-UAE BILAT

11. UK KONKAN

MALABAR (QUAD)
12. USA
RIMPAC (Multilateral)

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S. No. Country Airforce Exercise

1. Bangladesh Table Top

2. Israel Ex Blue Flag

3. Oman EASTERN BRIDGE

4. Russia INDRA

5. Thailand SIAM BHARAT

6. UAE DESERT EAGLE

7. UK INDRADHANUSH

8. USA RED FLAG

vU; j{kk midj.k

1. dkedkth Mªku s &
 foLQksVd ys tkus okyk NksVk ekuojfgr foeku] ftls lh/ks fdlh VSad ;k lSfudkssa ds
lewg dh vksj mM+k;k tk ldrk gS] tks y{; ls Vdjk dj foLQksV }kjk mls u"V dj
nsrk gSA
 lkekU; Mªksu tks felkbysa nkxus ds i'pkr~~ csl ij ykSV vkrs gSa] muds foijhr
ßdkedkth ;k vkRe?kkrhÞ Mªksu geys u"V gks tkrs gSaA
 bls fLopCysM Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 jkMkj ij fMVsDV gksuk eqf'dyA
 :l] phu] btjkby] bZjku vkSj rqdhZ ds ikl ,sls Mªksu gSA
2. mPp ÅapkbZ okyk Nn~e mixzg &
 CSIR }kjk fodflrA
 ;g 5 ehVj yack Mªksu gSA
 bldh mM+ku {kerk & 8 ?kaVsA

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3. 'kknwZy Dykl&
 ;g VSad ySafMax f'ki gSA
 ;g mHk;pj@tyLFkypj nksuksa izdkj ds gksrs gSA
 mnkgj.k & 'kknwZy] dsljh] ,sjkorA
 ¼iwoZorhZ & exj Dykl f'ki½
4. izkstsDV dq'kk &
 ;g yach nwjh dh ok;q j{kk [Link] gSA
 bls MhvkjMhvks }kjk fodflr fd;k x;kA
 3 fdyksehVj nwjh dh baVjlsIVj felkbysaA¼150] 250] 350 fdeh-A½
5. bXyk & ,l (Igla-S)
 ;g gkFk ls ykWp dh tk ldus okyh ,aVh ,;jØk¶V felkby gSA
 :l] Hkkjr dks fu;kZr djsxkA
6. n`f"V 10 LVkjykbuj &
 ;g Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ds fy, ;w,oh Mªksu gSA
 bls vMkuh fMQsal ,aM ,;jksLisl }kjk fodflr fd;k x;kA
 bldk eq[; mÌs'; & tklwlh ,oa fuxjkuh djukA
 ;g lHkh ekSle esa dke djus okyk Mªksu gSA
7. vkbZ,u,l [Link] &
 blus 7 ekg esa 17]000 leqnzh ehy ¼Vªkal&egklkxj varj&egk}hih;½ ;k=k iwjh
dhA
 blesa 2 efgyk vf/kdkfj;ksa lfgr lnL;h ny us yhM fd;kA
8. vkbZ,u,l tVk;q &
 ;g y{k}hi esa fLFkr nwljk ukSlSfud vÏk gSA ¼igyk & fefudkW; }hi½
9. U;wfDy;j Vªk;M &
;g ok;q] lrg ;k leqnz] dgha ls Hkh [Link] geyk djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA

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nwjlapkj izkS|ksfxdh ¼Tele-Communication Technology½

 çdk'kh; rarq (Optical Fiber) -

 ;g flfydk (Si) ;k dkap ;k IykfLVd ls cuk gksrk gSA
 blesa çdk'k ds :i esa lwpuk,a@flXuy çlkfjr fd;s tkrs gSA
 ;g çdk'k ds [Link] vkarfjd ijkorZu ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA
 v‚fIVdy Qkbcj esa lapj.k dh [Link]Ùkk rFkk nj mPp gksrh gS
 ;g rkacs ds rkj ls 100 xquk vf/kd lwpuk,a izlkfjr dj ldrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx yach nwjh ds lapkj ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksfa d blesa ÅtkZ dk ºzkl
ux.; gksrk gSA
 çdk'kh; rarq dh lajpuk

 dksj & ;g çdk'kh; rarq dk lcls Hkhrjh fgLlk gS ftlesa flXuy çlkfjr gksrk gSA
;g dkap@IykfLVd ls cuk gksrk gSA dksj dk viorZukad DySfMax ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
 DySfMax & DySfMax dksj ds Åij dk Hkkx gksrk gS ftldk vioZrukad dksj ls de gksrk gS
¼de ?kuRo ds dkj.k½ A ;g izdk'k dks iqu% dksj esa ijkofrZr dj nsrk gSA
 cQj & ;g dksj vkSj DySfMax dks vU; Hkkxksa ls vyx djrk gSA
 tSdsV & ;g çdk'kh; rarq dk lcls ckgjh Hkkx gS tks mls ckgjh [krjksa ls cpkrk gSA

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 csrkj lapkj &

 mixzg lapkj &

 bl çdkj ds lapkj esa rjaxksa dks HkwfLFkj mixzg dh vksj ç{ksfir fd;k tkrk gSA
 çsf"kr rjaxsa mixzg }kjk vi&fyad ds ek/;e ls çkIr dh tkrh gSaA
 mixzg ij yxs VªkaliksaMj bu rjaxksa dk ço/kZu djrs gSaA
 ;s çof/kZr rjaxsa Mkmu fyad ds ek/;e ls i`Foh ij xzkgh LVs'ku dh vksj çsf"kr dj nh
tkrh gSaA
 blesa lw{erjax vko`fr dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS&
 S cSaM = 2 - 4 GHz
 C cSaM = 4 - 8 GHz
 X cSaM = 8 - 12 GHz
 Ku cSaM = 12 - 18 GHz - DTH
 Ka cSaM = 27 - 40 GHz
 mPp vko`fÙk cSaM dk mi;ksx djus ls flXuy dh [Link]Ùkk c<+rh gSA
mnkgj.k & Vhoh flXuyA

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Wi-Max Wi-Fi Bluetooth NFC

,d fdUgha 2
,d dejs es a ICT
,d 'kgj ds ICT laLFkku@bekjr vfr&fudV fLFkr
[Link] dks
usVodZ [Link] dks tksM+us ds ICT [Link] ICT [Link] dks
tksM+us okyk
okyk usVodZ dks tksM+us okyk tksM+us okyk
uksVodZ
usVodZA usVodZA
baVjusV] Qkby Qkby VªkalQj]
mi;ksx baVjusV [Link];d Hkqxrku
VªkalQj baVjusV
ijkl 50&60 fdyksehVj 30&50 EkhVj 10 ehVj 2 lsaVh ehVj
LihM 100 Mbps 1 Gbps 24 Mbps 424 Kbps
2-3] 2-5] 3-5] 3-8
vko`fÙk 2-4] 5 GHz 2-4 GHz 13-56 MHz
GHz
IEEE ekud 802-16 802-11 802-15 &

 ykbV fQMsfyVh ¼ Li-Fi ½

 mPp [Link]Ùkk baVjusV iznku djus ds fy, foftcy ykbV dE;qfuds'ku vk/kkfjr [Link]
 vko`fÙk % 380&780 nm
 LihM % > 1 Gbps
 ijkl % 10 ehVj
 IEEE ekud % 802-11
 vko';d midj.k % LED cYc] QksVks fMVsDVj] ySai@LED Mªkboj
 csgrj xksiuh;rk] vf/kd lqjf{kr] mPp LihM

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 ijkl ds vk/kkj ij lapkj ra= ds çdkj

 PAN (Personal Area Network) :-
,d dejs esa mifLFkr ICT [Link] dks tksM+us okyk usVodZ
 LAN (Local Area Network) :-
,d laLFkku/bekjr esa mifLFkr ICT [Link] dks tksM+us okyk usVodZ
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) :-
,d 'kgj esa mifLFkr ICT [Link] dks tksM+us okyk
usVodZA
WAN (Wide Area Network) :-

 fdlh foLr`r Hkw Hkkx ¼jkT;] ns'k] varjegk}hih;½ esa

mifLFkr ICT [Link] dks tksM+us okyk usVodZ

 eksckby lapkj dh ihf<+;k¡ &

1. 1G
2. 2G
3. 3G
4. 4G
5. 5G
1G
 eksckby lapkj tkikuh daiuh NTT }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA 80 ds n'kd esa bldk

[Link];d mi;ksx USA esa 'kq: gqvk FkkA

 FDMA rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA
 ,ukykWx flXuy dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k A
 blesa VsDLV vkSj o‚;l d‚y lsok,a nh xbZA

2G
 'kq#vkr 1991 esa GSM lsokvksa ds lkFk gqbZ FkhA

 TDMA rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA

 fMftVy flXuy dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k A
 blesa VsDLV vkSj o‚;l d‚y lsok,a nh xbZA

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2.5G
 bl ih<+h esa GPRS ¼tujy jsfM;ks iSdsV lfoZl½ rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k x;k ftlls
baVjusV dk mi;ksx laHko gks ldkA
 bldh LihM 56&115 Kbps rd Fkh
 blls lkekU; ewY; laof/kZr lsokvksa dk mi;ksx laHko gqvkA tSls & o‚yisij] fjaxVksu
MkmuyksM djukA
2.75 G
 bl ih<+h esa EDGE ¼,ugkaLM MsVk jsV~l Q‚j GSM ,soksY;w'ku½ rduhd dk mi;ksx
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj
 blls LihM c<+dj 384 Kbps rd gks xbZA
3G
 MsVk lsokvksa ds fy, bl ih<+h es]a lfdZV fLofpax ds ctk; iSdsV fLofpax dk mi;ksx
fd;k x;k FkkA vHkh Hkh o‚;l d‚y lsokvksa dks lfdZV fLofpax ij j[kk x;k Fkk
 bl ih<+h esa HSPA ¼gkbZ LihM iSdsV ,Dlsl½ rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k
 ftlls LihM c<+dj 100 Mbps rd gks xbZ
4G
 bl ih<+h esa MsVk lsokvksa ds lkFk&lkFk o‚;l d‚y lsokvksa gsrq Hkh iSdsV fLofpax dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 bls y‚Ux VeZ ,oksyq'ku (LTE) dgk tkrk gSA
 bl ih<+h esa OFDM rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k
 ftlls LihM c<+dj 1 Gbps rd gks xbZ A
LTE VoLTE

ऱॉन्ग टमि इवोल्यश

ू न वॉइस ओवर ऱॉन्ग टमि इवोल्यश
ू न

डेटा ओनऱी टे क्नोऱॉजी जो मऱ

ू तः वॉइस डेटा के साथ-साथ वॉइस ससग्नऱ सम्प्प्रेषण को
ससग्नऱ सम्प्प्रेषण को सऩोटि नहीं करती है िी सऩोटि करता है

डेटा कनेक्शन ऑन रहने ऩर वॉयस कॉऱ की डेटा कनेक्शन ऑन रहने ऩर वॉयस कॉऱ की
गण
ु वत्ता प्रिाववत होती है गण
ु वत्ता प्रिाववत नहीं होती है

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5G
 ikapoha ih<+h dh csrkj eksckby lapkj rduhd
 ;g IEEE ekud 802-11 ac ij vk/kkfjr gS
 blds vafre ekinaMksa dk fu/kkZj.k ITU }kjk fd;k tk,xk
 xfr % 1&10 Gbps
 mi;ksx & HD ohfM;ks] HD xsEl] vkfVZfQf'k;y baVsfytsal] baVjusV v‚Q fFkaXl

 o"kZ 2019 esa nf{k.k dksfj;k 5G usVodZ ykxw djus okyk igyk ns'k cukA
 vesfjdh daiuh osfjtkWu us mlh fnu vesfjdk esa viuh 5G dusfDVfoVh is'k dhA
 phu ds ikl nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k 5G usVodZ gSA
 Hkkjr esa 5G dk ijh{k.k Qjojh 2022 esa 'kq: gqvkA bldk O;kolkf;d mi;ksx Øe'k%
,;jVsy vkSj th;ks }kjk vDVwcj 2022 esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA

 jk"Vªh; fMftVy lapkj uhfr & 1994] 1999] 2012]

 jk"Vªh; fMftVy lapkj uhfr & 2018

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lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ¼Information Technology½

 dEI;wVj ds vk/kkjHkwr rÙo &

 dEI;wVj ds eq[; Hkkx &

1. gkMZos;j &
 dEI;wVj ds os ikV~Zl gSa ftudh HkkSfrd lajpuk gksrh
gSA¼tks fn[kkbZ nsrs gS vkSj ftUgsa Li'kZ fd;k tk ldrk
gSA½ buiqV midj.k] izkslsflax ;wfuV] eseksjh] vkmViqV
midj.k blds Hkkx gSA
2. lkW¶Vos;j &
 l‚¶Vos;j funsZ'kksa dh og J`[ a kyk gS tks gkMZos;j dks ,d fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd D;k djuk
gS vkSj dSls djuk gSA

 buiqV midj.k &

 os midj.k ftuds }kjk dEI;wVj dks funsZ'k fn, tkrs gS fd mls dSls o D;k dke djuk gSA
 mnkgj.k & dh cksMZ] ekml] t‚;fLVd] VpLØhu] Ldsuj] oscdSe] ekbØksQksu

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 vkmViqV midj.k &

os midj.k tks mRiUu [Link] dks iz;ksDrk rd igqapkrs gSaA mnkgj.k & ekWfuVj] Vp LØhu]
fizaVj] Lihdj ] IykWVjA
 izkslsflax ;wfuV &
 ;g ç;ksäk }kjk dEI;wVj dks fn, x, funsZ 'kksa dks lalkf/kr dj [Link] mRiUu djus dk dk;Z
djrk gSA
 vFkZesfVd y‚ftd ;wfuV (ALU) rFkk daVªksy ;wfuV (CU) ls feydj lsaVªy çkslfs lax ;wfuV
(CPU½ curh gSA
 bls dE;wVj dk efLr"d vFkok ân; dgrs gSA
 eseksjh &
 ;g dEI;wVj dk lwpuk [Link].k {ks= gksrk gS lkFk gh ;gk¡ dqN funsZ'k Hkh laxzfgr jgrs gS
ftudh lgk;rk ls CPU dk;Z djrk gSA

 Random Access Memory (RAM)

 dEI;wVj 'kq: djus ij dqN vkWijsfVax flLVe QkbYl] vk/kkjHkwr izksxzke o MkVk] jSe esa yksM
gks tkrs gSaA
 dEI;wVj dks ;wtj }kjk fn, x, funsZ'k o vkadMs+ jSe esa laxzfgr jgrs gSa o vko';drkuqlkj
vU; Hkkxksa rd Hksts tkrs gSaA
 jSe esa j[ks MkVk vLFkkbZ gksrs gSa tks dEI;wVj ds can gksrs gh lekIr gks tkrs gSa blfy,
Hkfo"; esa bLrseky gsrq MkVk dks lso djuk iM+rk gSA
 jSe dh {kerk vf/kd gks rks og ,d lkFk dbZ izksxzke dk lqpk: lapkyu dj ldrh gSA
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 ROM esa LFkk;h MkVk] funsZ'k o lwpuk,a LVksj jgrh gSaA vFkkZr ;g LFkk;h eSeksjh gksrh gSA
 ;s MkVk dEI;wVj ds can gksrs gh lekIr ugha gksrs gSaA
 blesa laxzfgr MkVk dks dsoy i<+k tk ldrk gSA
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 vkWijsfVax flLVe & ¼dEI;wVj dk eq[; lkW¶Vos;j½

 izksxzkEl dk ,slk leqPp; tks dEI;wVj ds lapkyu gsrq vfuok;Z gksrk gSA
 ;g dEI;wVj dks lfØ; djrk gS rFkk dEI;wVj ds leLr lalk/kuksa dk izca/ku o fu;a=.k
djrk gSA
 ;g fofHkUu izksxzke rFkk gkMZos;j ds eè; varfØZ;k gsrq baVjQsl iznku djrk gSA
 dEI;wVj ds fofHkUu ,Iyhds'ku blh {kerkuq:i dk;Z djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k & ,aMªkWbM] iOS foaMkstA

 vksiu lkslZ l‚¶Vos;j

 vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j dkWihjkbZV@isVsaV eqDr jgrk gSA lHkh vksiu lkslZ lkW¶Vos;j ;wtj
rFkk Moyij ds fy, eq¶r miyC/k jgrs gSA
 mnkgj.k & ,aMªkbM] fyuDl] vkjksX; lsrq] VLC ehfM;k Iys;jA

 ekyos;j
 ekyos;j ls rkRi;Z gS eSfyll lkW¶Vos;j] tks gekjs daI;wVj dks uqdlku igqapk nsA
 ekyos;j esa ok;jl] Vªkstu gkWlZ] LikbZos;j] LdSjos;j] jSaleos;j bR;kfn 'kkfey gksrs gSA

 ok;jl
 ok;jl Lor% lapkfyr izksxzke gksrs gSaA
 ok;jl fdlh daI;wVj flLVe dks Qsy ;k gSd dj ldrs gS ;k ilZuy tkudkfj;ka pqjk
ldrs gSA
 daI;wVj ok;jl mi;ksxdrkZ dh lgefr ds fcuk mldh ,Iyhds'kUl vkSj Qkbyksa dks ,Dlsl
djrk gSA mnkgj.k & Stuxnet (2010)

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 jSaleos;j &
 ;g dEI;wVj QkbYl ;k MsVk dks ,fUØIV djds ;wtj dks mlds daI;wVj ;k ml ij laxzghr
MsVk rd igqapus ls jksdrk gSA fQj lkbcj vijk/kh MsVk ds fMfØI'ku ds cnys esa
fØIVksdjsx
a lh ds :i esa fQjkSrh dh ekax djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k & dksfoMykWd ¼2010½] ykWdjxksxk ¼2019½] okukØkbZ] 2017½A
 Likbos;j
 ,slk lkW¶Vos;j tks ilZuy lwpuk,a pqjkrk gSA tSl&
s isxkll

 Vªkstu gkWlZ
 Vªkstu gkWlZ dh enn ls fdlh Qksu ;k daI;wVj dks fjeksVyh d.Vªksy fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k & beksVsV&2018
 fQf'kax
 ,slk lkbcj Økbe ftlesa udyh bZesy ;k osclkbV }kjk baVjusV ;wtlZ ds lkFk /kks[ksckth
dh tkrh gSA

 ,aVhok;jl
 ,aVhok;jl ,d ,slk l‚¶Vos;j gS tks fdlh Hkh ekyos;j dks daI;wVj esa vkus ls jksdrk gSA
 ;fn daI;wVj esa ok;jl igys ls ekStwn gS rks ,aVh ok;jl mls fMVsDV djds fMyhV djrk gSA
 mnkgj.k & MacAfee, Norton, Kaspersky

 lqij daI;wVj
 vfr mPp {kerk okyk daI;wVjA
 lqijdaI;wVj dh {kerk dks ¶yksfVax ikWbZUV vkWijs'kal izfr lSdaM ¼FLOPS½ esa ekik tkrk gSA
 ls;eksj Øs dks lqij daI;wVj dk tud dgk tkrk gSA
 fo'o dk izFke lqijdaI;wVj & Øs&1 ¼1975&76 bZ-½
 ÝafV;j] QqftRlq Qqxkdq ¼tkiku½] yqeh ¼fÝ+uySM½] fyvksuknh ¼bVyh½] IBM lfEeV
¼vesfjdk½A
 Hkkjr ds igys lqij daI;wVj dk uke ije 8]000 gSA ¼Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing (C-DAC), 1991-½
 ,sjkor ¼75oha jSad½] ije flf) AI] izR;w"k] fefgj

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 CERT-IN (Computer Emergency Response Team India.)

 bysDVªkWfuDl vkSj lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ea=ky; ds v/khu dk;Zjr gSA
 lkbcj lqj{kk ?kVukvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, uksMy ,tsalh gSA

jk"Vªh; bZ&xousZal ;kstuk

 jk"Vªh; e-xousZal ;kstuk bysDVªkWfuDl ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh foHkkx rFkk iz'kklfud lq/kkj o
yksd f'kdk;r foHkkx }kjk 'kq: dh xbZA
 ebZ 2006 esa 'kq#vkrA
 orZeku esa blds vUrxZr 44 fe'ku eksM ifj;kstuk,a py jgh gSA

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Digital India Programme

 fMftVy bafM;k izksxzke Hkkjr ljdkj dk ,d ¶ySxf'ki dk;ZØe gS ftldk mÌs'; Hkkjr
dks fMftVy :i ls l'kDr lekt vkSj Kku vFkZO;oLFkk esa cnyuk gSA
 bls 2015 esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA
fotu {ks= &
1. fMftVy baÝkLVªDpj fodflr djukA
2. ekax vuq:i 'kklu ,oa lsok iznk;xh
3. ukxfjdksa dk fMftVy l'[Link]
 fMftVy bafM;k ds izca/ku <kaps ds rgr iz/kkuea=h dh v/;{krk esa fuxjkuh lfefr dk
xBu fd;k x;kA rFkk bysDVªkWfuDl ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ea=h dh v/;{krk esa lykgdkjh
lewg dk;Zjr gSA

BharOS
 vkbZvkbZVh enzkl buD;wcsVsM QeZ JandK vkWijs'kal izkbosV fyfeVsM }kjk fodflr Lons'kh
eksckby vkWijsfVax flLVe gSA
fo'ks"krk,¡ &
1. usfVo vksoj n ,;j viMsV (NOTA) & lqj{kk viMsV rFkk cx fQDl Lor% bLVkWyA
2. uks fMQkYV ,i lsfaVx (NDA) & dksbZ Hkh igys ls MkmuyksMsM ,fIyds'kUl ughaA
3. izkbosV ,si LVksj lfoZlst flLVe (PASS) & ,sIl dh tkap djsxk fd os mi;ksxdrkZvksa
ds fy, lqjf{kr gSa ;k ughaA
vU; [Link] rF;
Short Form Full Form of Computer Terminology

CAD Computer Aided Design

CAM Computer-Aided Manufacturing

DVD Digital Versatile Disc

GIF Graphic Interchange Format

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HTML HyperText Markup Language

HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol

ISP Internet Service Provider

JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

MP3 Motion Pictures Experts Group Layer 3

MPEG Motion Pictures Experts Group

OMR Optical Mark Reader

PDF Portable Document Format

PNG Portable Network Graphics

PPT PowerPoint presentation

SIM Subscriber Identification Module

URL Uniform Resource Locator

USB Universal Serial Bus

VAN Virtual Area Network

VPN Virtual Private Network

WWW World Wide Web

ZIP Zip compressed file

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 izFke [Link]@dSyD;qysfVax midj.k & vcsdlA

 fo'o dk igyk lQy bysDVªkWfud daI;wVj & ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer.)
 vk/kqfud daI;wVj foKku ds tud & ,yu V~;wfjaxA
 d`f=e cqf)erk ds tud & tkWu eSDdkFkhZA
 opqZvy izkbosV usVodZ (VPN - Virtual Private Network) &
,slh rduhd ftlds }kjk mi;ksxdrkZ baVjusV mi;ksx djus ds nkSjku vius daI;wVj dks VPN
izksokbMj ds fjeksV loZj ls tksM+ ldrk gSA blls mi;ksxdrkZ dk MsVk ,fUØIV gks tkrk gSA
vkSj mldk vkbZih ,Mªsl fNi tkrk gSA¼vf/kd xksiuh;rk ,oa Lok;Ùkrk½

 bZFkjusV &
 ;g daI;wVj vkSj vU; usVodZ [Link] dks bZFkjusV dscy ls tksM+us dk ,d rjhdk gSA
 bZFkjusV ijLij [Link] dk vFkok baVjusV dk; fLFkj] Rofjr] lqjf{kr ok;MZ dusD'ku iznku
djrk gSA
 ;g [Link] dks yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ ¼LAN½ ;k okbZM ,fj;k usVodZ ¼WAN½ esa tksM+rk gSA

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tSo izkS|ksfxdh ¼Bio-Technology½

 tSo izkS|ksfxdh%& tSo izkS|ksfxdh rduhdh dh og 'kk[kk gS] ftlesa thoksa ¼tUrqvks]a ikniksa rFkk
lw{; thoks½a dk mi;ksx djds euq"; gsrq ykHknk;d mRikn ,oa lsok,¡ fodflr dh tkrh gSA

 tSo izkS|ksfxdh ls lEcfU/kr [Link] vo/[Link],¡ %&

 dksf'kdk %&
 ;g thoksa dh vk/kkjHkwr] lajpukRed] fØ;kRed bdkbZ gksrh gSA
 ;g lcls NksVh bdkbZ gS] ftldk foHkktu gks ldrk gS] vFkkZr~ ,d dksf'kdk ls ubZ
dksf'kdk cu ldrh gSA
 dksf'kdk esa dsUnzd ik;k tkrk gS ftlesa U;wfDyd vEy ¼DNA½ mifLFkr gksrk gSA
 fdlh Hkh dksf'kdk esa DNA [Link]=ksa ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 [Link]= dh lajpuk izksVhu rFkk DNA ls feydj cuh gksrh gSSA
 [Link]= esa ikbZ tkus okyh izksVhu 2 izdkj dh gksrh gSA
 ¼1½ fgLVksu
 ¼2½ ukWu fgLVksu
 ,d [Link]= esa ,d DNA dk [Link] ik;k tkrk gSA

 DNA :- Deoxy Ribo Nucleic Acid

& [kkstdrkZ & ÝsM+fjd fe'pj
& DNA dk ekWMy & okWVlu rFkk fØd ¼1953½
 Mh,u, dh lajpuk & f}daMfyr rarquqekA

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 DNA dk dk;Z %&

 DNA ds }kjk RNA dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS ;g izfØ;k vuqys[ku dgykrh gSA
 DNA dk og Hkkx ftlds vuqys[ku }kjk ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk RNA curk gS
 RNA dk vuqoknu gksdj ,d fo'ks"k izksVhu curh gS DNA ds bl Hkkx dks thu
dgrs gSA
 ,d DNA ij vusd thu mifLFkr gksrs gSA vFkkrZ~ ,d fuf'pr thu fuf'pr izksVhu
fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';d gksrh gSA
 RNA ls izksVhu fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k & vuqoknu dgykrh gSA

DNA Transcripition RNA Translation

izksVhu
vfHkys[ku vuqoknu

izfrd`frdj.k
(Replication)
dsUnzd

 dksf'kdk esa gksus okys izfrd`frdj.k ¼Replicatiion½] vuqys[ku rFkk vuqoknu lkewfgd
:i ls dsUnzh; fl)kar (Central Dogma) dk Hkkx gksrs gSA
 tc RNA ls DNA dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS mls fjolZ VªkalfØI'ku dgrs gS] tks lkekU;r%
fo"[Link] esa ik;k tkrk gSA

 ftukse %& fdlh Hkh tho ds [Link] vkuqokaf'kd inkFkZ dks mldk thukse dgrs gSA

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 fo"[Link]@ok;jl %&
 ;s ltho rFkk futhZo ds chp dh ;kstd dM+h gksrh gSA
 ;s vdksf'kdh; gksrs gSA
 budh ljapuk esa izksVhu rFkk DNA/RNA Hkkx ysrs gSA
 ;s ,d fuf'pr ijiks"kh dks gh laØfer djrs gSa vFkkZr~ ,d fuf'pr ok;jl ,d fuf'pr
tho dks gh laØfer dj ldrk gSA
dksf'kdk dsUnzd [Link]=

Ård DNA
Gene
Transcripition
vax
RNA
'kjhj Translation
izksVhu

lajpuk
dksf'kdk
,Utkbe esa dk;Z
fuekZ.k

 vkuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=dh esa mi;ksxh ,Utkbe %&

1- U;wfDy;kst & ;s ,Utkbe U;wfDyd vEy ¼DNA, RNA½ dks dkVus dks dk;Z djrs gSaA
blfy, bUgsa [Link] dSaph@jklk;fud pkdw dgrs gSA
1- og U;wfDy;kst tks RNA dks dkVrk gS RNAase dgrs gSA
2- DNAase & ;s DNA dks dkVus okys ,Utkbe gksrs gSA
;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %&
 Exonuclease & ;s ,Utkbe DNA dks mlds fljksa vFkok fdukjksa ij ls dkVrs gSA
 Endonuclease & ;s ,utkbe] DNA dks chp esa ls dkVrs gSA
buesa ls dqN fo'ks"k izdkj ds Endonuclease ,Utkbe gksrs gS]
tks DNA dks ,d fuf'pr LFkku ls dkVrs gS bls
Restrinction Endonuclease dgrs gSA

 ykbxst ,Utkbe & ;s ,Utkbe DNA ds nks [[Link] dks vkil esa tksM+us dk dk;Z djrs gSaA

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 vkuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=dh & ;g fofHkUu rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djds fdlh Hkh tho ds
vkuqokaf'kd inkFkZ (RNA, DNA) esa cnyko@ifjorZu djus dh fof/k gSA ftlds }kjk oSKkfud
fdlh Hkh tho eas ,d@vf/kd ,sls y{k.k fodflr dj nsrs gSa] tks izkd`frd :Ik ls muesa
ugha ik;s tkrs gSA
mnk- & DNA iqulaZ;kstu rduhd
thu FkSjis h@fpfdRlk
thu@thuke laiknu
1- DNA iquZla;kstu rduhd %& ;g thoksa ds vkuqokaf'kd inkFkZ esa cnyko djus dh ,d
rduhd gS] ftlds }kjk fdlh tho ds DNA dk iqulZa;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok
fdlh ,d tho dh thu dks nwljs tho ds DNA dk Hkkx cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ftlds }kjk
bl tho esa ubZ izksVhu cuuk vkjEHk gks tkrh gSA

izfØ;k %&
1- okafNr thu dh igpku rFkk mldks i`Fkd djukA
2- PCR rduhd ls okafNr thu dk vko/kZu@la[;k c<+kukA
3- okafNr thu dks okgd ¼IykfTen½ ds lkFk lek;ksftr djukA
4- okafNr thu rFkk okgd dks xzkgh dksf'kdk esa izos'k djokukA
5- okafNr thu dks xzkgh dksf'kdk ds DNA esa lek;ksftr djokukA
6- dksf'kdk foHkktu }kjk okafNr thu;qDr vusd dksf'kdk,a izkIr djuk rFkk buls
LMO, GMO vFkok ijthuh tho fodflr djukA
LMO- Living Modified Organism
GMO – Genatically Modified Organism

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 ijkthuh tho & os tho ftuds DNA essa fdlh vU; tho ds thu dks le;ksftr djok;k
x;k gSA
GMO ds mnkgj.k & ¶ysoj lsoj VksesVks & lM+ujks/kh
xksYMu jkbl & Vita A ¼chVk dSjksfVu;qDr½
lqij cukuk & foVkfeu A ;qDr
lqij iksVsVks & izksVhu;qDr ¼fnYyh ;wuhoflZVh½
BT dkWVu & dhV izfrjks/kh ¼cSflfyl Fkqfjft,fUll½
BT cSaxu & dhV izfrjks/kh ¼cSflfyl Fkqfjft,fUll½
ijkthuh tarq & GM pwgs
DMH-11(Dhara Musterd Hybrid-11)
[kjirokj jks/kh ¼fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;½
 Hkkjr esa LMO, GMO rFkk ijkthuh thoksa ds mi;ksx dh vuqefr GEAC(Genetic Engineering
Approval Committe) }kjk iznku dh tkrh gSA
 ;g i;kZoj.k] ou tyok;q ifjorZu ea=ky; ds v/khu dk;Z djus okyh laLFkk gSA
 Hkkjr esa BT dikl ds mi;ksx dh vuqefr rFkk DMH-11 dk Vªk;y py jgk gSA

2- thu FkSjis h %& thu FkSjsih vkuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=dh dk ,d izdkj gS] ftlds }kjk thoksa ds
DNA esa cnyko djds jksxksa dk mipkj fd;k tkrk gSA
1- thu izfrLFkkiu %& blds rgr fdlh vLoLFk thu dks mlh ds tSlk dk;Z djus
okyh LoLFk thu ls izfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
2- thu vko/kZu %& bl fof/k esa vLoLFk thu dks gVk;k ugha tkrk cfYd mlh ds leku
dk;Z djus okyh LoLFk thu dks DNA esa lek;ksftr djok;k tkrk gSA
3- thu ejEer %& blds rgr vLoLFk thu dks lq/kkjus@Bhd djus dk dke fd;k
tkrk gSA
 thu FkSjis h ls vYtkbej] ikfdZlu rFkk fldy lsy ,uhfe;k ds mipkj esa
lQyrk feyh gSA
 Hkkjr esa thu FkSjsih ds ek/;e ls fldy lsy ,uhfe;k ds mipkj dh vuqefr nh
xbZ gSA
 vHkh gky gh esa Hkkjr esa thu FkSjis h dh lgk;rk ls CyM dsalj ds mipkj dh
vuqefr nh xbZA
 Cancer mipkj dh bl thu FkSjis h dh fof/k dks CAR-T Cell Therapy dgrs gSA

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 bl FkSjis h dk Hkkjrh; laLdj.k VkVk eSeksfj;y vLirky rFkk IIT Bombay ds

oSKkfudkas us feydj rS;kj fd;k gSaA ftldk uke Nex Car-19 j[kk gSA
 'kq#vkr esa dsoy Blood Cancer ¼Y;wdsfe;k½ ds mipkj dh vuqefr nh xbZ gSA ]
3- thu@thukse lEiknu %&
 ;g vkuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=dh dk lcls fodflr izdkj gS ftlds }kjk fdlh Hkh tho ds
DNA dks lVhd LFkku ls vklkuh ls ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 bl dk;Z gsrq fo'ks"k izdkj ds ,Utkbe (Cas-9) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS&
CRISPR-cas-9
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindronic Repects.
Cas -9 Crispr Associated Protien-9
 CRISPR rFkk Cas-9 nksuksa feydj fo"[Link] ¼[Link] Hkksth½ ds f[kykQ [Link] dk izfrj{kk
ra= cukrs gSA
 thu@thukse laiknu ds fy, CRISPR Cas-9 fof/k dh [kkst ds fy, beSuq,y dkjisfr,
rFkk tSfuQj , MksM+uk dks o"kZ 2020 dj jlk;u foKku ds {ks= dk ukscy iqjLdkj fn;k
x;kA
 bl fof/k ds }kjk DNA esa cnyko djds xaHkhj jksxksa dk mipkj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk thoksa
eas ,sls y{[Link] dk lekos'k djok;k tk ldrk gS] tks izkd`frd :Ik ls muesa ugha ik;s
tkrs gSA

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 LraHk dksf'kdk (Stem cell)

 LrEHk dksf'kdk vfoHksfnr izkFkfed dksf'kdk,a gksrh gS] tks 'kjhj ds fdlh Hkh vax
fo'ks"k ds dksf'kdk esas ifjofrZr gksus dh {kerk j[krh gSA blfy, bUgsa ekLVj dksf'kdk
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 LVse lsy FkSjsih &
 LrEHk dksf'kdkvksa ds }kjk fdlh {kfrxzLr@vdk;Z{ke vFkok vLoLFk Ård ,oa vax
dks izfrLFkkfir djds jksxksa dk mipkj djuk LraHk dksf'kdk fpfdRlk dgykrk gSA
 LrEHk dksf'kdkvksa dks iqu;ksZth fpfdRlk ds rgr dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa
LrEHk dksf'kdk fpfdRlk i)fr ls vHkh gky gh esa Blood Cancer ds mipkj gsrq
vfLFkeTtk ds dksf'kdkvksa dh vuqefr nh xbZ gSA
 Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh fpfdRlk i)fr vFkok ubZ nokvksa ds mi;ksx dh vuqefr
CDSCO(Central Drugs Standerd Control Organization) }kjk nh tkrh gSA

ljksxslh (Surrogacy)
 ljksxslh dk vFkZ & ßfdjk;s dh dks[kÞ
 ljksxslh ds rgr ,d efgyk ¼ljksxsV enj½ rFkk ,d nEirh ;k O;fDr ds chp xHkkZ/kku]
xHkkZoLFkk rFkk cPps ds tUe ls iwoZ vuqca/k fd;k tkrk gSA
ljksxslh nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

rduhd ds vk/kkj ij mn~ns'; ds vk/kkj ij

ijEijkxr ljksxslh tsLVs'kuy ljksxslh ijksidkjh [Link];d@O;kolkf;d

ljksxslh ljksxslh

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ijEijkxr ljksxslh tsLVs'kuy ljksxslh

tSfod firk ¼x) ljksxsV ekrk iq#"k & efgyk ¼nEirh½ ljksxsV ekrk dh dks[k
'kqØ[Link] (23) $ [Link] (23) 'kqØ[Link] (23) $ [Link] tUe
fu"kspu fu"kspu
fu"k fu"k
;qXeut (46) ;qXeut

Hkwz.k Hkwz.k

bl izfØ;k ls tUe ysus okys cPps esa bl izfØ;k ls mRiUu cPps esa ljksxsV ekrk ls
50% tSfod y{k.k ljksxsV ekrk ls vkrs dksbZ Hkh tSfod y{k.k ugha vkrs gSA
gSaA
 Hkkjr esa ljksxslh dks fu;fer djus ds fy, gekjh laln us ljksxslh ,DV &2021 cuk;k gS]
ftlds rgr uSfrd vk/kkj ij lgh ijksidkjh ljksxslh dh vuqefr nh xbZ gS rFkk orZeku esa
dsoy tsLVs'kuy ljksxslh dk mi;ksx djds nEifr;ksa dks cPpk izkIr djus esa lgk;rk dh tkrh
gSaA
vU; [Link] rF;
 Dyksfuax
 Dyksu ,d ,slh tSfod lajpuk gS tks ,dek= tud ls vySafxd fof/k }kjk mRiUu gksrk gSA
 mRikfnr Dyksu vius tud ls 'kkjhfjd o vkuqoaf'kd :i ls [Link]% le:i gksrk gSA
 fdlh tho dk çfr:i cukus dh çfØ;k Dyksfuax dgykrh gSA
 tSo lwpuk foKku
 tho foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlesa daI;wVj foKku o lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx tSfod
vkadM+ksa ds ladyu] HkaMkj.k o fo'ys"k.k gsrq fd;k tkrk gS] tSo lwpuk foKku dgykrh gSA
mi;ksx &
 DNA eSfiax o fo'ys"k.k esa ¼HGP, GIP½
 çksVhu vuqØe fo'ys"k.k esa
 tkuysok chekjh gsrq mÙkjnk;h thu dk irk yxkus esa
 vkS"kf/k fuekZ.k esa
 tSo lalwpd
 tSo lalp w d %& budk mi;ksx 'kjhj esa gksus okys fofHkUu tSo jklk;fud cnykoksa dk irk
yxkus rFkk jksxksa dh igpku djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k % jä esa Xywdkst ds Lrj dk irk yxkuk] xHkkZoLFkk dk irk yxkukA

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 tSo gLrk{kj
 dksbZ Hkh inkFkZ] [Link] ;k ifj?kVuk tks ;k orZeku ds fdlh thou dk oSKkfud çek.k çnku
djrh gS( ck;ksflXuspj@tSogLrk{kj dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k &
 i`Foh ij çkjafHkd thou dk tSogLrk{kj & lw{ethok'e
 ,DlksIysusV~l ij çkjafHkd thou ds tSogLrk{kj & ty ds [Link]] ehFksu] Q‚LQhu

 tSo mipkj &

 i;kZoj.k ¼e`nk] ty] ok;qeaMy½ esa mifLFkr çnw"kdksa ds çHkko dks de djus gsrq lw{ethoksa
dk ç;ksx djuk] tSo mipkj dgykrk gSA
 tSo mipkj dk mi;ksx eq[;r% isVªksfy;e inkFkksZa ds fjlko ij fd;k tkrk gS A
 L;wMkseksukl I;wfVMk vkfn [Link] tfVy isVªksfy;e ;kSfxdksa dks ljy [Link] esa rksM+ nsrs gSa
ftudk vklkuh ls fuEuhdj.k gks tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %&
 v‚;y tSij
 vksbfyoksjl-S ¼TERI }kjk fodflr ½
 tSo bZa/ku
 ck;ks,FksukWy
 ;s tSfod inkFkksZ dh [Link] izfØ;k }kjk mRikfnr fd, tkrs gSaA
 lzksr & xUuk] pqdanj] Tokj] vkywA
 ck;ksMhty
 ;g ouLifr olk o tarq olk ds ,LVjhdj.k }kjk mRikfnr fd, tkrs gSaA
 lzksr & lks;kchu] jrutksr] tsVªksQk] tarq olk

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Advanced Technologies
 jkscksV
 jkscksV ,d çksxzke djus ;ksX;] Lopkfyr e'khu gS tks ekuo dh lgk;rk djus vFkok tfVy
dk;ksaZ dks djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA
 jkscksV 'kCn ,d psd 'kCn jkscksVk ls mRiUu gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ gS csxkj
etnwj@nkl@xqyke
 jkscksfVDl
 jkscksfVDl bathfu;fjax dh og 'kk[kk gS tks jkscksV~l dh ladYiuk] fMtkbu] fuekZ.k vkSj
lapkyu ls lacaf/kr gSA
 jkscksfVDl 'kCn dk bLrseky lcls igys 1942 esa lkbal&fQD'ku ys[kd vkbtSd vflekso
}kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
 ASIMO
 ,MokaLM LVsi bu buksosfVo eksfcfyVh
 igyk áweu‚bM jkscksV
 2000 esa tkikuh daiuh gksMa k }kjk fufeZrA
 ;g 6 km/hr dh j¶rkj ls py ldrk Fkk
 O;ksefe=
 fuekZrk % ISRO
 efgyk áweu‚bM jkscksV
 vusd dk;Z djus esa l{ke] ;g nks Hkk"kk,a cksy ldrk gS vkSj ekuo
ny dh udy Hkh dj ldrk gSA
 igys ekuo ;qä varfj{k mM+ku dk;ZØe ¼xxu;ku½ ds fgLls ds
:i esa igyh ekuo jfgr mM+ku esa bls Hksts tkus dh lEHkkouk
 lksfQ;k & lksfQ;k ,d d`f=e cqf)erk vk/kkfjr lks'ky g~;weukWbM
jkscksV gS ftls gkaxdkax fLFkr daiuh gSulu jkscksfVDl }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA

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 —f=e cqf)eÙkk
 ;g daI;wVj foKku dh ,d 'kk[kk gS tks daI;wVj ;k e'khuksa esa ekuo rqY; cqf)eÙkk
fodflr djus ls lacaf/kr gSA
 A.I. 'kCn 1956 esa MIT ds t‚u eSdkFkhZ }kjk fn;k x;k FkkA
 Real life examples of “A.I.”
 opqZvy vflLVsaV & fljh] ,ysDlk
 Qsflvy fjdfXu'ku flLVe
 LiSe fMVsDVj
 psVcksV
 gokbZtgkt esa v‚Vks&ik;yV eksM
 lsYQ Mªkbfoax dkj
 lVhd vuqokn okys l‚¶Vos;j
 xsfeax
 e'khu yfuaZx
 e'khu yfuaZx vkfVZfQf'k;y baVsfytsal (A.I.) dk ,d vuqç;ksx gS tks flLVe dks [Link]%
çksxzke fd, tkus ds ctk; vius vuqHko ls lh[kus vkSj Lo;a dks csgrj cukus dh {kerk
çnku djrk gSA
 e'khu yfuaZx }kjk ,sls daI;wVj çksxzke fodflr tkrs gSa tks MsVk dk mi;ksx Lo;a ds
lh[kus ds fy, dj ldrs gSa
 ChatGPT
 A.I. ¼e'khu yfuaZx½ vk/kkfjr pSVc‚V
 fodflr % vksiu A.I.
 GPT % tsujsfVo çh&VªsaM VªkalQkeZj
 vuqç;ksx %& fMftVy ekdsZfVax es]a v‚uykbu daVsaV fuekZ.k es]a xzkgdksa ds ç'uksa dk mÙkj
nsuk] dksM fy[kuk( bZesy] CV] fuca/k vkSj gkseodZ fy[kukA
 vkfVZfQf'k;y U;wjy usVodZ (ANN)
 vkfVZfQf'k;y U;wjy usVodZ e'khu yfuZax dh ,d rduhd gS tks ekuo efLr"d dh
rjg MsVk dks lalkf/kr djus ds fy, baVjdusDVsM uksM~l ;k d`f=e U;wjkWUl ds usVodZ
dk mi;ksx djrh gSA
 bldk mi;ksx tfVy leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tSls vf/kd
lVhdrk ls psgjs dks igpkuuk vkSj nLrkostksa dks lkjkaf'kr djukA

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 ;g Mhi yfuZax dk ,d izeq[k ?kVd gSA

 2024 dk HkkSfrdh dk ukscsy iqjLdkj tkWu ts- gksQhYM vkSj tsÝh bZ- fgaVu dks e'khu
yfuZax esa vfVZfQf'k;y U;wjy usVodZ dk mi;ksx dj] fd;s x, dk;kZsa gsrq fn;k x;kA

 Mhi yfuZax &

 Mhi yfuZax] e'khu yfuZax dk ,d izdkj gS tks daI;wVj dks] ekuo efLr"d dh rjg MsVk
lalkf/kr djuk lh[kkus gsrq] vkfVZfQf'k;y U;wjy usVodZ dk mi;ksx djrh gSaA
 ^Mhi* 'kCn ls rkIr;Z Mhi yfuaZx esa iz;qDr U;wjy usVodZ dh vusd ijrksa ls gSA

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Sci. & Tech. RAS Pre Notes 90

 tsujsfVo vkfVZfQf'k;y baVsfytsal ¼GenAI½

 ;g vkfVZfQf'k;y baVfytsl a ¼d`f=e cqf)erk½ d ,d 'kk[kk gS tks MsVk ls lh[kdj vkSj
mldk fo'ys"k.k djds u;k daVsaV ¼VsDLV] best] vkWfM;ks] ohfM;k vkfn½ cukrh gSA ;g
e'khu yfuaZx ,oa Mhi yfuaZx ls laca/k gksrh gSA
 MhiQsd &
 MhiQsd ls rkRi;Z vR;k/kqfud vkfVZfQf'k;y baVsfytsal lk/kuksa vkSj Qsl&LoSfiax uduhd
dk mi;ksx djds cuk, x, udyh ohfM;ks@vkWfM;ks@fp=ksa ls gSA
 ;g udyh@Qsd daVsaV cukus ds fy, Mhi yfuaZx rduhd ¼e'khu yfuaZx dh ,d 'kk[kk½ dk
mi;ksx djrk gS] tks fcydqy okLrfod izrhr gksrs gSA
 MhiQsd 'kCn loZizFke 2017 esa ppkZ esa vk;k] tc MhiQsd ;wtjuse okys ,d jsfMV ;wtj us
e'kgwj gfLr;ksa ds v'yhy ohfM;k iksLV fd, FksA

 Internet of things (IoT)

 ;g baVjusV ds ek/;e ls ijLij tqM+h gqbZ e'khuks]a fMftVy [Link]] ?kjsyw [Link]]a okguksa
;k vU; oLrqvksa dk ,d usVodZ gS tgka mUgsa fof'k"V igpku çnku dh tkrh gS rFkk os
usVodZ ds ek/;e ls ijLij varfØZ;k (interact) dj ldrs gSaA

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 DykmM daEi;wfVax &

 DykmM daI;wfVax ,d ,slh rduhd gS tks baVjusV ij vkHkklh lalk/ku o lsok,a miyC/k
djokrh gSA
 bu lalk/kuksa esa LVksjst] ,fIyds'ku] lkW¶Vos;lZ vkSj vU; lsok,a 'kkfey gSA
 baVjusV bl rduhd dh ewy vko';drk gSA
 mnkgj.k & Qslcqd] xwxy Mªkbo] vkbZ&DykmM] th&esy] usVf¶yDl] f¶yidkVZ] OgkV~l,i]
;wV~;wc] fLizaxcksMZ ,si] vkWuykbu best@ihMh,Q duoVZj] fMftykWdj vkfnA

 DokaVe daI;wfVax &

 DokaVe lqijiksft'ku & tc D;wfcV ,d gh le; esa 1 vkSj 0 nksuksa iznf'kZr djrk gSA
 baVx
sa yesaV & tc lqijtksft'ku esa D;wfcV~l ,d nwljs ds lkFk lglac/a k gksrs gSA
 DokaVe lqizheslh & DokaVe daI;wVe }kjk ,slh [Link] djuk ftls ijaijkxr daI;wVj vius
lkekU; thoudky esa ugha dj ldrk gSA

 fØIVksdjalh
 fØIVksdjalh Cy‚dpsu uked lkoZtfud cgh[kkrk ç.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS
 fØIVksdjalh ekbfuax uked çfØ;k ls mRiUu dh tkrh gS
 fo'o dh igyh fØIVksdjalh fcVd‚bu gS ftls 2009 esa lkrks'kh ukdkeksVks }kjk is'k fd;k
x;k FkkA
 mnkgj.k %& fcVd‚bu] bFkje] fyVd‚bu] M‚td‚bu
 fMftVy #i;k] ftls lsaVªy cSad fMftVy eqæk (CBDC) ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] dks
01@12@2022 dks is'k fd;k x;kA

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 vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr 4.0

 vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr 4.0 fofuekZ.k vkSj Ük`a[kyk mRiknu ls lacfa /kr pkSFkh vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dks
lanfHkZr djrh gSA
 baMLVªh 4.0 ,d tfVy lkbcj fQftdy flLVe gS tks vkfVZfQf'k;y baVsfytsl a (AI)]
jkscksfVDl] baVjusV vkWQ fFkaXl (IoT)] 3D fizfVax] tsusfVd] bathfu;fjax] DokVe daI;wfVax]
CykWdpsu vkSj vU; mUur rduhdksa dk feJ.k gSA

 Web 3.0
 osc 3-0 ls rkRi;Z baVjusV dh vxyh ih<+h ls gS] ftlesa ,fIyds'kUl vkSj osclkbVl e'khu
yfuaZx ¼vkfVZfQf'k;y baVsfytsal½] fcx MsVk vkSj fodsaæh—r cgh[kkrk rduhd ¼Cy‚dpsu
VsDuksy‚th½ vkfn dk mi;ksx dj MsVk dk ekuorqY; çHkkoh çca/ku djus esa l{ke gksxhA

 oYMZ okbM osc ds vkfo"dkjd fVe cuZlZ&yh

 loZçFke osc 3-0 'kCn bZFkje daiuh ds laLFkkid xsfou oqM us 2014 esa fn;k FkkA

 baVjus'kuy FkeksZuqfDyvj ,DlisfjesVa y fj,DVj (ITER)

 mís'; % ukfHkdh; lay;u ds fy, fo'o ds lcls cM+s Vksdked dk fuekZ.k djukA
 ITER le>kSrs ij 2006 esa gLrk{kj fd, x, FksA ;g Ýkal esa fLFkr gSA
 Vksdked %& ;g ,d ,slh e'khu gS ftls lay;u }kjk ÅtkZ mRiUu djus gsrq fMtkbu fd;k
x;k gSA ukfHkdksa ds lay;u ls mRiUu ÅtkZ Vksdked dh nhokjksa }kjk Å"ek ds :i esa
vo'kksf"kr dj yh tkrh gSA
 lnL; % ;g ifj;kstuk 7 lnL;ksa }kjk foÙk iksf"kr vkSj lapkfyr gS % ;wjksih; la?k ¼45-6%½]
Hkkjr] phu] tkiku] nf{k.k dksfj;k] :l vkSj la;qä jkT; vesfjdk ¼9-1% çR;sd½A ¼dqy 35
ns'k½
 ITER Øk;ksLVsV dk fuekZ.k Hkkjr ¼yklZu ,aM Vªqcks½ }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
 Øk;ksLVSV ,d d{k gS tks vR;f/kd de rkieku cuk, j[k ldrk gSA

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 —f=e lw;Z
 phu ds ,DlisfjesaVy ,MokaLM lqijdaMfDVax Vksdked (EAST½ ¶;wtu ,uthZ fj,DVj us 70
fefy;u fMxzh lsfYl;l ds rkieku ij dke djrs gq, 1056 lsdaM ds fy, ,d —f=e lw;Z
dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks lw;Z ls ikap xquk vf/kd xeZ FkkA
 ¼lw;Z ds dksj dk rkieku yxHkx 15 fefy;u fMxzh rd gksrk gS½

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492