IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

(21EC741)
AS PER 2021 SCHEME
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI
NEP, Outcome Based Education (OBE) and Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

Module-2
IoT Applications:
 Home
 Cities
 Environment
 Energy systems
 Retail
 Logistics
 Agriculture
 Health and Lifestyle

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, [Link] ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

1. Home Automation
Home automation includes Smart Lighting, Smart Appliances, Intrusion
detection, smoke /gas detectors.
i. Smart Lighting:
Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting
to the ambient conditions. This switches on/off or dimming the lights
when required. The key enabling technologies for smart lighting include
solid state lighting (LED lights) and IP enabled lights. The spectral and
temporal characteristics can be configured to adapt the illumination. The
solid state lighting model implemented on a wireless sensor network
provides services for sensing illumination changes and adjusts brightness
dynamically according to user preferences. These smart lighting solutions
senses the human movements and their environments and controls the
lights. wireless enabled and internet connected lights control lights
remotely from mobile or web applications. Other than lights and switches,
there are smart lights with sensors for occupancy, temperature and lux
level etc.
ii. Smart Appliances: The home appliances like TVs, Refrigerators,
Music systems, Washer/dryers etc can be controlled and also provide
status information to the users remotely.
For example:
- smart washers/dryers can be controlled remotely and notify when
the washing/drying cycle is complete.
- Smart thermostats allows controlling the temperature remotely.
Smart refrigerators can keep track of the items stored and sends updates
to the users when an item is low on stock.
- Smart TVs allows users to search and stream videos and movies from
the internet. Smart TVs can fetch news, weather updates.
- Open Remote is open source automation platform for homes and
buidlings. with this, users can control various appliances using mobile or
web applications. This comprises of three components – A controller
manages scheduling and runtime integration between devices. A Designer
allows to create configurations for the controller.
Control panels interact with devices and control them.
iii. Intrusion detection:
Home Intrusion detection systems use security cameras and sensors such
as PIR sensors and door sensors to detect intrusions and raise alerts.

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 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Alerts can be in the form of an SMS or an email sent to the user. Advanced
systems can even send detailed alerts such as an image grab or a short
video clip sent as an email attachment.
A cloud controlled intrusion detection system uses location aware services,
where the geo location of each node of a home automation system is
detected and stored in the cloud. The cloud services alert the local police
in the event of intrusions. The intrusion detection system is based on
UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) technology. The system uses image
processing to recognize the intrusion and extract the subject and generate
UPnP instant messaging for alerts.
iv. Smoke /Gas detectors:
smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke or
fire. These detectors use optical detection, ionization or air sampling
techniques to detect smoke. Alerts are raised by smoke detectors. these
alerts are signals to a fire alarm system.
Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as CO, LPG.
A smart smoke/gas detector sends SMS or email to user and local fire
safety department and even provide visual feedback on its status.

2. Cities
i. Smart parking:
Smart parking searches for parking space and makes it convenient for
drivers during traffic congestion. Smart parking are powered by IoT
systems that detect the number of empty parking slots and sends the
information over the internet to smart parking application back-ends.
These apps can be accessed by the drivers from smart-phones, tablets and
in-car navigation systems. In this, sensors are used for each parking slot,
to detect whether the slot is empty or occupied. This information is
aggregated by a local controller and then sent over the internet to the
database. Additionally latest trends includes parking availability
monitoring, parking reservation and dynamic pricing schemes.
ii. Smart lighting:
Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also
adaptive to the ambient conditions. According to IEA report, Lighting is
responsible for 19% of global electricity use and 6% of global greenhouse
gas emissions. Smart lights connected to the internet can be controlled
remotely to configure lighting schedules and lighting intensity. Custom
lighting configurations can be set for different situations such as foggy
day, a festival etc. smart lights equipped with sensors can communicate

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 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

wit other lights and exchange information on the sensed ambient

conditions to adapt the lighting.
iii. Smart roads:
Smart roads equipped with sensors provide information on driving
conditions, travel time estimates and alerts in case of poor driving
conditions, traffic congestions and accidents. These information helps in
making the roads safer and help in traffic jams. The information can
communicated via internet to cloud based apps and social media. This can
be disseminated to the drivers who subscribes. The system can provide
the drivers and passengers with a consistent view of the road situation
and they can react to potential dangers early enough.
iv. Structural health monitoring:
This system uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels in
the structures such like bridges and buildings. The data collected are
analyzed to assess the health of the structures. The data can detect
possible cracks and mechanical breakdowns, can locate the damages in a
structure and also can be used to calculate the remaining life of the
structure. These structural health monitoring systems use large number
of wireless sensor nodes which are powered by traditional batteries. These
can be used to explore mechanical vibrations, sunlight and wind.
v. Surveillance:
Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and events in cities is
required for safety and security purposes. This consists of large number
of distributed and internet connected video surveillance cameras. The
video feeds can be aggregated in cloud based scalable storage solutions.
vi. Emergency Response:
IoT systems can be used for monitoring the city infrastructures such as
buildings,gas,water pipes, public transport and power substations. IOT
systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage helps in generating alerts
and minimizing the effects. Multi modal information such as from sensors,
audio,video feeds can be analyzed in real time to detect adverse effects
using cloud based architectures. The alerts can be alerts to public,
rerouting of traffic, evacuations of the affected areas.
For example : A traffic management system for emergency services adapts
dynamically by adjusting traffic lights,changing related driving policies,
recommending behavior change to drivers and applying security controls.
These systems can reduce the latency of emergency services for
ambulances and police cars.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, [Link] ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

3. Environment:
i. Weather monitoring:
IoT based weather monitoring systems can collect data from a number of
sensors such as temperature, humidity, pressure etc attached and send
the data to cloud based applications and storage. The data collected in the
cloud is analyzed and visualized by cloud based applications. For example:
AirPi is a weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and
uploading information about temperature, humidity, air pressure, light
levels, UV levels, Carbonmonoxide,Nitrogen dioxide and smoke level to the
Internet.
ii. Air pollution monitoring:
IOT based air pollution monitoring systems can monitor emission of
harmful gases (carbondioxide, carbonmonoxide,NO,NO2 etc) by factories,
automobiles using gaseous and meterological sensors. The data collected
is used to make informed decisions on pollutions control approaches.
iii. Noise pollution monitoring:
Noise pollution Monitoring helps in generating noise maps for cities. Urban
noise maps helps the policy makers in urban planning and making policies
to control noise levels near residential areas, schools, hospitals and parks.
IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems uses a number of noise
monitoring stations is collected on servers or cloud. The collected data is
aggregated to generate noise maps.
iv. Forest fire detection:
IoT based forest fire detection systems use a number of monitoring nodes
deployed at different locations in a forest. Each node collects
measurements on ambient conditions including temperature, humidity,
light levels etc. A forest fire detection system is based on wireless sensor
network uses multi criteria detection implemented by Artificial Neural
Network. ANN fuses sensing data corresponding to multiple attributes of
a forest fire to detect forest fires.
v. River floods detection:
IoT based river flood monitoring systems use a number of sensor nodes
that monitor the water level using ultrasonic sensors and flow rate using
flow velocity sensors. Data from these sensor nodes is aggregated in a
server or cloud. Monitoring applications raise alerts when there is a rapid
increase in water level and flow rate is detected.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, [Link] ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

4. Energy
i. Smart Grids:
Smart grid is a data communication network integrated with the
electrical grid that collects and analyzes data captured in real time
about power transmission, distribution and
consumption(instantaneous or predictive). Smart grid technology
provides information and recommendation to
utilities,suppliers,customers on how to manage power. IoT can be
used estimate the health of equipment and used to evaluate the
integrity of the grid. Smart meters can be used to capture real time
consumption, remote controling the consumption of
[Link] monitoring systems helps in detecting faults
and predicting outages.
ii. Renewable Energy systems:
Integrating renewable energy sources (like solar and wind) into grid
can cause grid stability and reliability problems. IoT based
systems offers a solution by integrating with the transformer at the
point of interconnection and evaluate how much power is fed into
the grid. For wind energy systems, closed loop controls can be used
to regulate the voltage and coordinate wind turbine outputs and
provides reactive power support.
iii. Prognostics:
IoT based prognostic real time health management systems can
predict performance of machines or energy systems by analyzing
the extent of deviation from its normal operating profiles. The real
time information is collected using specialized electrical sensors
called phasor Measurement Units (PMU) at the substations.

5. Retail
i. Inventory Management:
IoT system uses RFID(Radio Frequency Identification )tags helps
in inventory management and maintaining the right inventory
levels. RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked
in real time so that the products which are low on stock can be
replenished. IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory
using the data collected by the RFID readers.
ii. Smart payments:
Smart payment solutions such as contact less payments powered
by technologies like Near field communication(NFC) and

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, [Link] ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Bluetooth. These devices communicate with each other by bringing

them into proximity. Customers can make payments by bringing
smart phones near the point of sale terminals.
iii. Smart vending machine:
Smart vending machines connected to the internet allow remote
monitoring of inventory levels, elastic pricing of products,
promotions and contact less payments using NFC. Sensors in
smart vending machine monitor its operation and send the data to
the cloud. Smart vending machines can communicate with other
machines in their vicinity and share their inventory levels so that
the customer can be routed to the nearest machine in case the
product goes out of stock in a machine. The smart vending
machine can reduce the price as the expiry date is nearing.
6. Logistics:
i. Route Generation and scheduling:
Route generation and scheduling systems can generate end to end
routes using combination of route patterns and transportation
modes and feasible schedules based on the availability of vehicles.
IoT based systems backed up by the cloud can provide fast
response to the route generation queries and can be scaled up to
serve a large transportation network. Data driven transportation
systems will provide new services such as advanced route
guidance, dynamic vehicle routing, anticipating customer
demands for pickup and delivery problem.
ii. Fleet tracking:
Vehicle fleet tracking systems use GPS technology to track the
location of the vehicles in real time. Cloud based fleet tracking
systems handles large number of vehicles. Alerts can be generated
in case of deviations in planned routes. The location and routes
can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting traffic congestion on
routes, assignments and generation of alternative routes.
iii. Shipment monitoring:
Shipment monitoring solutions allow monitoring conditions inside
containers. Containers carrying fresh food products can be
monitored to prevent spoilage. IoT based shipment monitoring
systems use sensors such as temperature, pressure,humidity to
monitor the conditions inside the containers and send the data to
the cloud where it can be analyzed. Alerts can be raised to the

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, [Link] ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

drivers and distributors . The corrective actions can be taken care

before the food gets damaged.
iv. Remote vehicle diagnostics:
The system can detect faults in the vehicles or warn of impending
faults. These diagnostic systems use on-board IoT devices for
collecting data on vehicle operation (speed,engine,RPM,coolent
temperature,fault code number) and status of various vehicle sub
systems. The data can be captured with IoT devices using protocols
such as CAN bus. OBD (On Board Diagnostics) systems provide
real time data on the status of vehicle sub systems. IoT based
vehicle diagnostic systems can send the vehicle data to centralized
servers or cloud where data can be analyzed and generates alerts
and suggest remedial actions.
7. Agriculture
i. Smart Irrigation:
Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture
sensors to determine the amount of moisture in the soil and
release the flow of water through the irrigation pipes only when the
moisture levels go below a predefined threshold. These collects
measurements on a server or in the cloud where the data can
analyzed to plan watering schedules.
ii. Green house control:
Green houses are structures with glass or plastic roofs that
provides conducive environment for the growth of plants. The
tempertaute,humidty, soil moisture, light, carbondioxide levels are
monitored using sensors and the climatological conditions are
controlled automatically using actuation devices. The data
collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or
in the cloud where analysis is performed to control strategies and
also correlate the productivity with different control strategies. The
IoT system uses WSN to monitor and control the parameters.
8. Industry
i. Machine diagnosis and prognosis:
Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a
machine by analyzing the data on the current operating conditions
and how much deviations exist from the normal conditions.
Machine diagnosis determines the cause for machine fault.
Sensors in machines can monitor the operating conditions (temp
and vibration levels). The sensor data measurements are massive

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, [Link] ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

generated in timescales of few milliseconds to few seconds. IoT

based systems stores in the cloud and analyzes the data. Case
based reasoning (CBR) is a method that finds solutions to new
problems based on past experience.
ii. Indoor air quality monitoring:
IoT based gas monitoring systems helps in monitoring the indoor
air quality using various gas sensors.(harmful and toxic gases
such as CO,NO,NO2) WSN based IoT devices can identify the
hazardous zones, and hence corrective measures can be taken to
ensure proper ventilation.
9. Health & Lifestyle
i. Health & fitness monitoring:
Wearable IoT devices allows non-invasive and continuous
monitoring of physiological parameters helps in continuous health
and fitness monitoring. The wearable devices may in the form of
belts and wrist bands. The wearable devices form a type of WSN
called body area network in which the measurements from
wearable devices are sent to a master node (ex smartphones),
which then sends the data to a server or a cloud based back end
for analysis and archiving. Commonly used body sensors include
: body temperature, heart rate, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation,
blood pressure, Electro
cardiogram(ECG),ElectroEncephalogram(EEG).Fitbit wristband is
a wearable device that tracks steps,distance and calories burned
during the day and sleep quality at night.
ii. Wearable Electronics:
Wearable electronics such as wearable gadgets such as smart
watches, smart glasses, wristbands and fashion electronics
provide various functions and features to assist us in our daily
activities and making us lead healthy lifestyles. The users can
search the internet, play audio/video files, make calls, play games
and use various kinds of mobile applications. Smart glasses allows
users to take photos and record videos,get map directions,check
flight status, and search the internet by using voice commands.
Smart shoes monitor the walking or running speeds and jumps
with the help of embedded sensors and can be paired with smart
phones to visualize the data. Smart wristbands can track the daily
exercise and calories burnt.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, [Link] ECE