WIND ENERGY

MODULE 4

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Introduction

Wind is used to produce electricity by converting the kinetic energy of air in motion into electricity. In
modern wind turbines, wind rotates the rotor blades, which convert kinetic energy into rotational energy.
This rotational energy is transferred by a shaft which to the generator, thereby producing electrical energy.

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 History of Wind Energy
People used wind energy to propel boats along the Nile River as early as 5,000 BC. By 200 BC, simple wind-
powered water pumps were used in China, and windmills with woven-reed blades were grinding grain in Persia
and the Middle East.

Traditional Dutch windmill

Modern wind turbines

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 The first wind turbine in the history built by Charles F.
Wind turbines have currently been installed throughout
the world, both onshore and offshore, thanks to Charles
F. Brush (1849-1929), an American scientist who, in
1887, built what is said to be the first automatic wind
turbine to generate electricity. Then, in 1899 the Danish
scientist Poul la Cour (1846-1908) improved the wind
turbine when he discovered that building it with a small
number of rotor blades gave better results and
increased the production of electricity. His design is
considered to be the first modern wind generator.

[Link]
wind-turbines/#gref

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Wind Energy Scenario

[Link]
In%20the%20advanced&text=By%202020%2C%20global%20capacity%20is,stabilises%20at%20around%20165%20GW.

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Wind Energy Scenario - India

[Link]

[Link]

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Nature of Wind
Wind is the movement of air, caused by the uneven
heating of the Earth by the sun and the Earth's own
rotation.
Winds range from light breezes to natural hazards such
as hurricanes and tornadoes.

Wind socks, like this one near Crissy Field, San

Francisco, California, indicate the relative speed and
direction of the wind in a specific place.

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Wind is caused by uneven heating of the earth's
The daily wind cycle
surface by the sun. Because the earth's surface is
During the day, air above the land heats up faster
made up of different types of land and water, it
than air over water. Warm air over land expands and
absorbs the sun's heat at different rates. One
rises, and heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its
example of this uneven heating is the daily wind
place, creating wind. At night, the winds are reversed
cycle.
because air cools more rapidly over land than it does
over water.
In the same way, the atmospheric winds that circle
the earth are created because the land near the
earth's equator is hotter than the land near the North
Pole and the South Pole.

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Secondary Wind or Periodic Wind
On earth, winds are broadly classified into three
Secondary winds are winds that change their
categories:
direction in different seasons. Secondary winds are
 Primary Wind
also known as seasonal winds and periodic winds.
 Secondary Wind
Secondary winds occur in many locations throughout
 Tertiary Wind
the world. A particular secondary wind and the
underlying physical forces that drive the wind
Primary Wind or Planetary Wind
depends upon the unique geographic location. One of
Primary winds constantly blow throughout the year
the most commonly recognized secondary winds is
in a particular direction. Primary winds are also
the monsoon wind.
known as prevailing winds or planetary winds. Trade
winds, westerlies and easterlies are different types
of primary wind.

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Tertiary Wind or Local Wind
Tertiary winds blow only during a particular period of
the day or year in a small area. These winds blow due
to the difference in temperature and air pressure of a
specific location. These winds can be of different
types, like hot, cold, ice-filled, dust– rich, in
accordance with local characteristics.
Loo is a hot and dry local wind of the northern plains
of India.
Other main local winds include Mistral, Foehn, Bora,
etc.

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 The Power in Wind
Wind possess energy by virtue of its motion.
Any device like propeller, or sail can extract the part of energy and convert it into useful work.

There are three factors which determine the output from a wind energy converter
1. Wind speed
2. Cross section of wind swept by the rotor
3. Overall conversion efficiency of the rotor, transmission system and generator or pump

Power in the wind can be computed by using the concept of kinetics.

Wind mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical
energy.

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 The kinetic energy of any particle is
1
𝐾 = 𝑚 𝑉2
2

The amount of air passing in unit time, through an area A , with velocity V is
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚 = 𝜌 𝐴. 𝑉

The Wind Power available is

1
𝑃𝑤 = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑉3 −−− −(1)
2
Equation (1) indicates
 the maximum wind available
 power available is proportional air density
 Power is proportional to intercept area

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 An aero turbine C with a large swept area has higher power than a smaller area machine.
Since area is normally circular of diameter of aero turbines
𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝐷
4
Therefore available wind power is

1 𝜋 2 3
𝑃𝑎 = 𝜌 𝐷 𝑉
2 4
1
𝑃𝑎 = 𝜌 𝜋 𝐷 2 𝑉 3
8

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Physical conditions in a wind turbine are such that, only a fraction of available wind power is converted
into useful power.

As free wind encounters and passes

through the rotor, wind transfers
some of its energy to rotor, and its
speed decreases to a minimum in
rotor wake.
Then wind stream regains its energy
from surrounding air and at
sufficient distance energy is
transferred to the rotor.

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Power extracted by the rotor is equal to product of wind speed as it passes through rotor (Vr) and the
pressure drop ∆ 𝑝
Fraction of the free flow wind power that can be extracted by the rotor is called power coefficient

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑

From equation (1), V is not a constant but it is represented by statistically noisy wind speed time curve
V(t) , then instantaneous power in wind would be

1
𝑃𝑎(𝑡) = 𝜌 𝐴 [𝑉(𝑡)]3
2

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Forces on the Blades
Two types of forces on blades
1. Circumferential force acting in the direction of wheel rotation that provides the torque
2. Axial force acting in the direction of wind stream that provides an axial thrust

The circumferential force, or torque is obtained from

𝑃 𝑃
𝑇= =
𝜔 𝜋𝐷𝑁

𝑇 → 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝜔 → 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝐷 → 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑁 → 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Wind Energy Conversion

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Wind mill is used to be describe wind energy conversion system
Modern wind energy conversion systems are referred as WECS, aero generators, wind turbine
generators, wind turbines.
Operators or users of wind turbine must ensure that there is some form of back up to cover
periods when there is insufficient wind available.
For small producers, back up can take the form of
1. Battery storage
2. Connection with local electricity distribution system
3. Stand-by generator powered by liquid or gaseous fuels.

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes
SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes
 Wind Data and Energy Estimation
Winds are known to fluctuate by a factor of 2 or more within seconds
There are various ways the data on wind behavior is collected depending on the use it is intended to be
put into.
The hourly mean wind velocity as collected by meteorological departments
The hourly mean is the one averaged over a particular hour of a day, month, year and years.
The factors which affect the nature of the wind close to the surface of the earth are
1. Latitude of the place
2. Altitude of the place
3. Topography of the place
4. Scale of hours, month or year.

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Wind Data and Energy Estimation
[Link]

[Link]

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Wind Data and Energy Estimation

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Wind Data and Energy Estimation

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes

 Site Selection Consideration
1. High annual average wind speed
2. Availability of anemometry data
3. Availability of wind V(t) curve at proposed site
4. Wind structure at proposed site
5. Altitude of proposed site
6. Terrain and its aero dynamic
7. Local Ecology
8. Distance to road or railways
9. Nearness of sites to local center / users
[Link] of ground
[Link] land cost

SJEC, Department of EEE Mr Franco Menezes