WEEK 1-2: THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

 Articulators above the larynx: J. Uvula  lưỡi gà

 Larynx: thanh quản
 Tongue: lưỡi
 Lips: môi
A. Alveolar ridge  nướu răng
B. Lips  môi
C. Teeth  răng
D. Soft palate ( = velum)  ngạc mềm
E. Tongue tip  đầu lưỡi
F. Hard palate  ngạc cứng
G. Tongue  lưỡi
H. Pharynx  yết hầu
I. Larynx  thanh quản

 Vowels [12 vowels]: there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips.
 Describe vowel focus on three features:
 o Backness
o Height
o Roundness
 7 short vowels:
 /ɪ/: front, high, spread
 /e/: front, mid, spread
 /æ/: front, low. spread
 /ə/: central, mid, neutral
 /ʌ/: central, low, neutral
 /ʊ/: back, high, rounded
 /ɒ/: back, low, rounded

 5 long vowels:  /u:/: back, high, rounded

 /i:/: front, high, spread  /ɔ:/: back, mid, rounded
 /ɜ:/: central, mid, neutral  /ɑ:/: back, low, rounded

 Dipthongs [8 dipthongs]: sounds which consist of a

movement or a glide from one vowel to another.
  Triphthongs [5 triphthongs]: is a glide from one
vowel to another and then to third all produced
rapidly and without interuption.
/eiə/: player, layer
/aiə/: lower, mower
/ɔɪə/: loyal, royal
/aʊə/: fire, liar
/əʊə/: hour, power

WEEK 3-4-5: CONSONANTS AND ENGLISH PLOSIVE

 Consonants [24 consonants]: are made by partially or completely blocking the flow of air through the mouth.
 When we describe the articulation of a consonants, we focus on three features:
o Voiced/ voiceless distinction
o Place of articulation
o Manner of articulation
 Vocal folds are open: the air from the lungs passes between them with no obstruction producing voiceless sounds
([f])
 Vocal folds are closed: the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, with a vibration
effect, producing voiced sounds ([v])
 PLACE OF ARTICULATION

Labio Post –
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
dental alveolar

/
MANNER OF ARTICULATION

Plosive /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /g/

k/
/ /
Fricative /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /∫/ /ʒ/ /h/
θ/ ð/
Affricate /t∫/ /dʒ/
/ /
Nasal /n/
m/ ŋ/
Lateral /l/

Approximant /w/ /r/ /j/

*NOTE: voiced: right – voiceless: left
  Place of articulation:  Manner of articulation:
1. Bilabial  âm hai môi 1. Plosive  âm nổ/ âm tắc
2. Labio dental  âm môi răng 2. Fricative  âm xát
3. Dental  âm răng Are consonants with the characteristic that
4. Alveolar  âm nướu air escapes through a narrow passage and
5. Post-alveolar  âm nướu -ngạc make hissing sound [9 fricatives]
cứng 3. Affricate  âm tắc xát
6. Palatal  âm ngạc cứng Begin with plosives and end with fricatives
7. Velar  âm ngạc mềm 4. Nasal  âm mũi
8. Glottal  âm thanh hầu The air escapes through the nose
5. Lateral  âm bên
6. Approximant  âm cận

WEEK 6: PHONEMES:

 Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds.
 The phoneme: each one of the meaning – distinguishing sounds in a language is described as a phoneme
 There are 44 phonemes: 12 vowels, 8 diphthongs, 24 consonants. [plus “i” as in happy]
 Phones: different versions of one phoneme in actual speech
 Allphones: a set of phones of one phoneme
 Phonetic: containing more information about the quality of the sounds.
 Phonemic: not containing anymore information easy and quick to learn.
 Pratice 1: How many phonemes are there in each word:
1. table /ˈteɪbl/  4 16. flower /ˈflaʊə/  5
2. chair /tʃeə(r)/  3 17. doctor /ˈdɒktə(r)/  6
3. practice /ˈpræktɪs/ 18. shooting /ˈʃuːtɪŋ/  5
4. student /ˈstjuːdənt/  6 19. surprised /səˈpraɪzd/  7
5. homework /ˈhəʊmwɜːk/  6 20. monkey /ˈmʌŋki/  4
6. water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/ (Anh) hoặc /ˈwɑːtər/ (Mỹ)  5 21. difference /ˈdɪfərəns/  7
7. milk /mɪlk/  4 22. special /ˈspeʃəl/ 6
8. tea /tiː/  2 23. viewer /ˈvjuːə(r)/4
9. lunch /lʌntʃ/ 4 24. pleasure /ˈpleʒə(r)/5
10. ticket /ˈtɪkɪt/ 25. enough /ɪˈnʌf/4
[Link] /ˈʌpdeɪt/  5 26. engagement /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/8
12. baby /ˈbeɪbi/  4 27. daughter /ˈdɔːtə(r)/ 4
13. worldwide /ˌwɜːldˈwaɪd/ 5 28. invitation /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən/7
14. lawyer /ˈlɔɪə(r)/ 4 29. position /pəˈzɪʃən/ 6
15. notebook /ˈnəʊtbʊk/ 6 30. suitable /ˈsuːtəbl/  6
WEEK 7: SYLLABLES [âm tiết]:

 The structure of syllable:

Syllable

Onset Rhyme

Nucleus Coda

Consonant(s)
Vowel Consonant(s)

 Open syllables: (onset) + nucleus

 Closed syllables: (onset) + nucleus + coda
 Practice 1: Write the structure of each syllable in the following words:
 Some basic structures of English syllables: [C: consonant ; V: Vowel]

 CVCC: capture /ˈkæptʃər/  CV: sea /siː/

 CCVC: sport /spɔːt/  CCV: pleasure /ˈplɛʒər/
 CCCVC: spring /sprɪŋ/  VC: poet /ˈpəʊɪt/
 CVCC: task /tæsk/  VCC: ask /æsk/
 CVCCC: tasks /tæsks/  V: achieve /əˈtʃiːv/
WEEK 8: STRESS:

 The nature of stress:

o Production: the speaker uses more muscular energy for stress syllable.
o Preception: stressed syllables are move prominent than unstressed syllables.
 Louder
 Longer
 Movement of pitch
 Difference in quanlity of a vowel
 Levels of stress: 3 levels
 Primary stress: the strongest type of stress
 Secondary stress: weaker than primary stress
 Unstressed
 Place of stress within a word:
 Simple/ Complex/ Compound words
 Grammatical category of the word
 How many syllables the word hasWhat the phonological structure of those syllables is
 If the second syllable contains a short vowel, then the stress will usually come on the first syllable.
 Two-syllable words that are both nouns and verbs:
 Nouns: stress on the first syllable
 Verbs: stress on the second syllable
WEEK 9:

 RHYTHM:
 The notion of rhythm involves some noticeable event happening at regular intervals of time.
 English speech is rhythmical, and that the rhythm is detectable in the regular occurrence of stressed syllables.
(English has stress-timed rhythm)
 FOOT:
 Foot: begin with a stressed syllable and includes all following unstressed syllables up to (but not including
the following stressed syllable).
 Practice 1:
1. Eachperson in thegroup wastrained in survival.
2. Aboutthreehundredsoldiers werelinedup.
3. Buying a new computer is a major expense.
4. All the people who came to the wedding were fromEngland.
5. Try to be as tactful as you can when you talk to him.
2. ASSIMILATION:
 Where we find a phoneme realized differently as a result of being near some other phoneme belonging to a
neighbouring word. We call this difference an instance of assimilation
 Assimilation is more likely to be found in rapidly, casual speech.
  Assimilation of place:

1. Cf alveolar & Ci bilabial: Eg: that case / ðæt keɪs/  [ ðæk keɪs]
 tp
Exception:
 dp
 nm 3. Cf s & Ci∫:
 s ∫
Eg: that person /ðæt ˈpɜːsn/  [ ðæp ˈpɜːsn]
Eg: this shoe/ ðɪs ∫uː/  [ ðɪ∫ ∫uː]
2. Cf alveolar & Ci velar: 4. Cf z & Cij:
 tk  zʒ
 bg Eg: those years / ðəʊz jɪəz/  [ðəʊʒ jɪəz]
 nŋ

 Pracice 2:
3. ELISION:
 Elision in certain circumstances a phoneme maybe realized as zero or have zero realization or be deleted.
 Elision: the process of not pronouncing a sound segment that might be present in the deliberately careful
pronunciation of a word in isolation.
 Practice 3:

4. LINKING:

For BBC accent:

  Linking r
 ‘here’ / hɪə/ but ‘here are’ / hɪər ə/
 ‘four’ /fɔː but ‘four eggs’ /fɔːr egz/
 Intrusive r
 ‘Formula A’ /ˈfɔːmjələr eɪ/
 ‘Australia all out’ /ɒsˈtreɪliər ɔːl aʊt/
 ‘media event’ /ˈmiːdiər ɪˈvent/

→ These are special cases of juncture (we need to consider the relationship between one sound and the
sounds that immediately precede and follow it.)

WEEK 10: INTONATION:

 Segmental phonology: the study and descriptions of phonemes. [âm vị đoạn tính]
 Suprasegmental phonology: the study of features bigger than segmental phonemes such as stress and
intonation. [âm vị siêu đoạn tính]
 Intonation: is mainly about the changes/ variations of the pitch of our voice that carry linguistic information
when we speak.
 Utterance: a continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a clear pause.
 Tone: an identifiable movement or level of pitch that is used in a linguistically contrastive way. In English, tone
forms the central part of intonation.
 There are 5 types of tone:
 Level tone ( _yes, _no)
  Moving tone:
 Fall ( \yes, \no):
o Neutral, finality, definiteness
 Rise (/yes, /no):
o General question
o Listing
o More to follow
o Encouraging
 Fall-rise( yes, no):
o Uncertainty, doubt
o Requesting
 Rise-fall (yes, no):
o Surprise, being impressed
 Functions of intonation:
 Attitudinal function: Intonation enables us to express emotions and attitudes as we speak, and this adds
a special kind of “meaning” to spoken language.
 Accentual function: intonation works to focus attention on a particular lexical item or syllable.
 Grammatical function: the listener can recognize the grammar and syntactic structure of what is being
said by using the information contained in the intonation.
 Discourse function: intonation can signal to the listener what is to be taken as “new” information and
what is already “given.”
WEEK 11+12: MORPHEMES:

 Morphology: is the study of the forms of words.

 A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.
 Types of morphemes:
 Free morpheme: one that can be uttered alone with meaning.
 Bound morpheme: one that cannot be uttered alone with meaning.
 A root/base is that morpheme in a word that has the principal meaning.
 A root/base can be a free or bound morpheme.
 Affixes are bound morphemes that occur before or behind a root/base and somewhat modify the basic meaning
of the root/base.
 Types of affixes:
 Based on position:
o Redo (affix: re-: bound morpheme)  prefix
o Freedom (affix: -dom: bound morpheme)  suffix
 Based on function:
o Inflectional affixes: are always suffixes in English, perform a grammatical function, they are
representatives of grammatical categories.
o Derivational affixes: maybe prefixes or suffixes in English, have a lexical function
  Class-changing derivational affixes change the word class of the word to which they are
attached
 Class-maintaining derivational affixes do not change the word class of the word to which they
are attached.
 Inflectional suffixes (IS):
1. The noun plural morpheme −S1: book-s, apple-s, box-es, etc.
2. The noun possessive morpheme −S2: man-’s, girl-’s, students-’, Alice-’s, etc.
3. The verb third person singular present tense morpheme −S3: walk-s, find-s, mix-es, etc.
4. The verb present participle morpheme −ing: play-ing, type(e)-ing, dig(g)-ing, etc.
5. The verb past simple morpheme −D1: flow-ed, work-ed, creat(e)-ed, drank, broke, thought, show-ed, etc.
6. The verb past participle morpheme −D2: flow-ed, work-ed, creat(e)-ed, drunk, broken, thought, show-n, etc.
7. The adjective or adverb comparative morpheme −er: small-er, safe(r)-er, thin(n)-er, long-er, fast-er, hard-er,
etc.
8. The adjective or adverb superlative morpheme −est: small-est, saf(e)-est, thin(n)-est, long-est, fast-est, hard-
est, etc.

WEEK 13: WORD AND WORD FORMATION:

 A word is the smallest linguistic which can occur on its own in speech or writing
 There are 3 types of word classification:
 Simple words: consist of a single free base (= a free morpheme) and with/without an iflectional suffix (IS)
 Eg: stay, long, flea, spirit, hats, take, took, taken, swimming (present participle), Connecticut, etc.
 Complex words: words consisting of at least one bound morpheme which modifies the meaning of the root.
  Complex words – FB ( free base): have one free morpheme as the base.
o Eg: rainy, deepen, swimming (noun).
 Complex words – BB (bound base): have a bound morpheme as the base
o Eg: televise, preclude, terminate, rupture
 Compound words (also called compound): have at least two free bases ( free morphemes) with or without
bound morphemes
o Eg: high-born, north-east, ill-treat(ed)
 A compound word is a combination of two simple word.
 In the case of compound words, the union of the two single words bring out an altogether.
 Word formation:
 Clipping: cutting off the beginning or the end or both of the word, leaving a part to stand of the whole. The
resulted part called clipped word.
 Eg: ad  advertisement; gas gasoline; phone telephone; flu  influenza
 Pratice 1:

1. doc  document/ doctor 7. pub  public house

2. psycho  psychopath 8. fridge  refrigerator
3. exam  examination 9. pop  popular music
4. fax  facsimile 10. lab  laboratory
5. gym  gymnastic/ gymnasium [Link]  incorporated
6. memo  memorandum 12. dorm  dormitory
  Blending: is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the last part of the
other.
 The blend has the meaning of two words.
 Practice 2:

1. sci-fi  science fiction 7. motel  motor hotel

2. hi-fi  high fidelity ( độ chân thực cao) 8. Eurosian  European Asian
3. medicare  medical care 9. Amerindian  American Indian
4. e-tailing  electronic retailing [Link]  smoke fog
5. multiversity  multi university [Link]  newspaper boy
6. telecast  television broadcast [Link]  guess estiamte

 Acronyms: are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.
 Eg: CD  compact disk; UN  United Nations; Asean  Association of South East Asia Nations
 Practice 3:
o NATO  North Atlantic Treaty Organization
o NASA  Nation Aeronautics And Space Administration
o UNESCO  The United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization
o ATM  Automated Teller Machine
o PIN  Personal Identification Number
o PM  Prime Minister
o CEO  Chief Excutive Officer
 o FDA  Food nd Drug Administration
o B.A.  Bachelor of Arts
o WHO  World Health Organization
 Back-formation: in back-formation process, typically, a word of one type ( usually a noun) is reduced to
form a word of another type (usually a verb)
 Practice 4:
1. emotion  emote
2. automation  automate
3. choreography  choreograph
4. mixture  mix
5. babysitter  babysit
6. housekeeper  housekeep
7. typewriter  typewrite
8. analysis  analyse
9. procession  process
10. election  elect