UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL

text

UNSC
 LETTER FROM THE
SECRETARY GENERALS

Assalamualaikum and Hello dear Delegates. Welcome to BGMUN 8—a forum where we, together, shape ourselves into the
bearers of a brighter future.

As your Secretary Generals, it’s an absolute privilege for both of us, Saleha Nabeel and Ibrahim Khalid, to hold this
position. We are eager to witness the passion and ideas each of you will bring to this conference. This year, we plan to
elevate and improvise. With little to no compromise on the quality of debate produced within all 6 of our committees, we
are excited to announce certain additions we have made to our course of action (you may find these in our delegate
handbook). While these additions are up-to-date and innovative, exercising them has been made easy and practical. With a
dedicated and trained secretariat by your side, and an effective use of these tools, we aim to challenge polarization and
collaborate in order to reach to realistic agreements.

It is essential to recognize the challenges that dominate our world today. From humanitarian crises in warzones like our
beloved Palestine, or deep-rooted stereotypes like gender-based conflicts that are slow-poisoning our society, each
committee at BGMUN 8 will play a crucial role in shaping the solutions our world desperately needs. Our agendas and
respective study guides this year, have been thoughtfully curated to align with the current status of the world. Whether
you are a first-time delegate or an experienced MUNer, this conference provides an inclusive space for all to excel.
Hence, we consider it both yours, and our responsibility to be the architects of tomorrow’s solutions. Let this conference
be a space for bold ideas, respectful discourse and lasting friendships! The team BGMUN 8 expects originality, specificity
and precision from its delegates, as we believe in cultivating innovations that emerge from within. At BGMUN this year,
let us create a mark that has never been created before!
Regards,

Secretary General, BGMUN 8

Saleha Nabeel

Ibrahim Khalid

UNSC
V130D
 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR

Amina Ali
Chair

Dear Delegates, Assalamu Alaikum, delegates. I am Amina Ali and it is my honor to serve
as the Chair of the United Nations Security Council for this year’s BGMUN. Having been
an active member of the Secretariat for the last three years, I bring experience from roles
including rapporteur, crisis director, and chair. My role here is to ensure the committee
runs smoothly and efficiently, and I am fully committed to supporting each of you
throughout this session. I encourage all delegates to engage in thoughtful and
constructive debates, as I believe this is key to a productive and impactful discussion. If
you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to reach out to me—I’m here to help. On a
personal note, I am passionate about mathematics, and I thrive on the challenge of
solving complex equations. I’m confident that this experience will be both enriching and
rewarding for all of us. Let’s work together to foster a positive and collaborative
atmosphere, ensuring that every voice is heard and valued. I look forward to meeting
each of you.
Sincerely,
Amina Ali Chair,
UNSC

UNSC
 LETTER FROM THE DAIS

CO-CHAIR

Deya Tanveer
Co-chair
Dear delegates, Assalamu Alaikum, delegates, we welcome you all to the 8th edition of BGMUN.
My name is Deya Tanveer and I will be your Co-Chair for the committee, UNSC this year. It will
be a huge honour for me as I will be the Dias member of the most prominent committee of
BGMUN for the second consecutive year.

Well about me, I have been a part of the debating circle for many years and my goal is to get
better. In a committee, I am looking forward to heated debates and backdoor diplomacy. I
believe the 3 D's, Debate, Drafting, and Diplomacy, prove to be a Fruitful and Healthy debate.
It is a suggestion for you all to go through a study guide once. One advice for all of you to
remember is to do good in the field of research because at the end of the day knowledge
always takes over experience. Give your 100% in the mods as well as unmods and focus on the
format of the documentation. I will make sure to serve as a calm and approachable Dias
member, apart from debates you can come to me and talk about novels, I’d love to do so (and
you’ll find me around the campus capturing something, as this is my hobby).

As the Co-Chair of UNSC, I wish all of the delegates the best of luck and I am eagerly waiting for
all of you to perform your best in sessions. May the force be with you. Looking forward to
meeting you all
Best Regards,
Deya Tanveer
Co-chair UNSC

UNSC
 RAPPORTEUR

Yousha Ali
Rapporteur

Assalam o Alaikum Delegates! I am Yousha Ali and I am honored to serve as your

Rapporteur for the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) at the 8th edition of BGMUN.
My role is to facilitate communication, ensure accurate recording of proceedings, and
provide comprehensive reports on our committee's discussions and outcomes. Well about
me I have been a beaconite since 2018. I am a cool person. My nature is very friendly but I
am a little bit shy. I like to play basketball and my favorite subject is biology. I love to study
the structure of animals and plants, inheritance mitosis, and so on. As your Rapporteur, I
pledge to maintain impartiality and objectivity, accurately capture key points and
resolutions, facilitate smooth communication among delegates, and maintain unity. To
ensure efficient collaboration, please feel free to approach me with questions or concerns.
Let's work together to make UNSC a productive and successful committee this year. Hoping
for a wonderful experience with all of you, In Sha Allah.

Best Regards,
Yousha Ali
Rapporteur UNSC

UNSC
 GLOSSARY

1. Conflict Escalation
Increase in intensity, scope, or impact of a conflict, often involving
additional parties, regions, or
weapons.
2. Nuclear Proliferation
Spread of nuclear weapons, technology, or materials to states or
non-state actors not originally possessing them.
3. Proxy Conflicts
Wars or disputes where external powers support local actors to influence
outcomes indirectly.
4. Islamic State (ISIS)
A jihadist militant group aiming to establish an Islamic caliphate, notorious
for its violence and territorial control in the Middle East.
5. United Nations Command (UNC)
A multinational military force established to support South Korea during
the Korean War under U.N. authority.
6. Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)
A 2015 international agreement aimed at limiting Iran's nuclear program in
exchange for lifting economic sanctions.
7. Line of Control (LoC)
The de facto border between India and Pakistan in the disputed region of
Jammu and Kashmir.

UNSC
 MANDATE OF THE COMMITTEE

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six main organs
of the United Nations. Its primary responsibility is for the maintenance
of peace and security. It has the authority to make binding decisions on
member states, including imposing sanctions and authorizing military
interventions.

This year’s MUN will have two delegates representing each country. All
countries in the Security Council will debate the main agenda and
ultimately draft a resolution by forming blocs. The resolution should
address the key issues and work towards resolving them. VETO powers
will typically not be allowed in this MUN unless the Chair states
otherwise.

UNSC
 AGENDA
GLOBAL SECURITY AND STABILITY: THE ROLE OF THE
UNSC IN PREVENTING CONFLICT ESCALATION AND
NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

Conflict escalation and nuclear proliferation are interconnected

global challenges that threaten international peace and security. This
agenda aims to address the ongoing escalations and nuclear
proliferation around the globe, with a particular focus on the Middle
East. Key topics include the Israel-Palestine conflict, Iran’s nuclear
ambitions, and various proxy conflicts affecting regional stability.
Along with that, India-Pakistan tensions over the Kashmir issue, the
ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, etc.

UNSC
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Russia-Ukraine conflict:
Ukraine and Russia share deep historical roots, tracing their origins back to the medieval
state of Kyivan Rus. Over the centuries, Ukraine has been part of various empires,
including the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire, resulting in a
complex relationship characterized by intertwined cultural and political ties. Following
the Russian Revolution, Ukraine emerged as one of the founding republics of the Soviet
Union in 1922. The Soviet regime implemented policies aimed at suppressing Ukrainian
nationalism, notably exemplified by the tragic Holodomor famine of the 1930s.

In late 2013, protests erupted across Ukraine in response to then-President Viktor

Yanukovych's decision to suspend an association agreement with the European Union in
favor of closer ties with Russia. These demonstrations, collectively known as Euromaidan,
ultimately led to Yanukovych's ousting in February 2014. In March 2014, following
Yanukovych's departure, Russia annexed Crimea, a move that drew widespread
condemnation from the international community. After the annexation of Crimea, pro-
Russian separatists in Donetsk and Luhansk declared independence, resulting in an
ongoing conflict between Ukrainian forces and the separatists, who are supported by
Russia. Russia occupied and annexed Crimea from Ukraine and has supported pro-
Russian separatists fighting the Ukrainian military in the Donbas War.

South China Sea Conflict

The origins of the South China Sea conflict stem from overlapping territorial claims by
China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan, all of whom assert
sovereignty over various islands and maritime zones in the region. China’s claim, based
on the “nine-dash line” dating back to the 1940s, overlaps with claims from other
nations, particularly over the Paracel and Spratly Islands. The conflict intensified in the
1970s with the discovery of oil and gas reserves, leading to military confrontations and
occupation of islands. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, countries began building military
outposts, and tensions escalated as China expanded its control, especially over the
Spratlys. In 2016, the Philippines won a landmark ruling at the Permanent Court of
Arbitration, which invalidated China’s expansive claims, but China rejected the verdict,
continuing to assert its dominance and militarize the region.

UNSC
 India-Pakistan tensions
India-Pakistan tensions stem from a complex history primarily originating from the
partition of British India in 1947. The partition created two independent nations, India
and Pakistan, based on religious identities. Pakistan was established as a homeland for
Muslims, while India emerged as a secular state characterized by a Hindu majority. This
division instigated widespread communal violence, ingraining deep-seated animosities
between the two countries. A major point of contention is the territorial dispute over
Jammu and Kashmir. The princely states, which were not directly ruled by the British,
were given the option to join either India or Pakistan. Kashmir, whose prince decided to
join India in response to a tribal invasion from Pakistan in October 1947, became a
flashpoint. This decision led to the first Indo-Pakistani war, culminating in a UN-
brokered ceasefire and the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC). The Kargil area, in
particular, has been a recurring site of conflict, including the notable Kargil War in 1999,
when intense fighting erupted after Pakistani militants infiltrated the Indian- controlled
region. India and Pakistan have engaged in two additional wars over Kashmir—one in
1965 and another in 1971, the latter resulting in the creation of Bangladesh.

The Kashmir issue remains unresolved, with both nations maintaining military presence
and territorial claims over the region. The late 20th century saw an escalation in
tensions as both countries developed nuclear capabilities. India tested its first nuclear
device in 1974, followed by Pakistan in 1998. The presence of nuclear weapons has
further complicated the conflict, leading to a precarious balance between the two
nations. The 1990s and early 2000s witnessed an uptick in cross-border terrorism,
reaching a critical point in 2008 when attacks by militants in Mumbai resulted in the
deaths of 166 people, including six Americans. Both India and the United States
attributed the attacks to a Pakistan-based militant group with ties to the Inter- Services
Intelligence (ISI). India responded diplomatically, seeking collaboration with Pakistan to
bring the attackers to justice rather than escalating military tensions, which aimed at
fostering improved bilateral relations. In 2014, there was optimism for renewed peace
talks after Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi invited his Pakistani counterpart,
Nawaz Sharif, to India. However, Pakistan faced accusations of supporting militant
operations in Kashmir and other regions of India, casting a shadow over the potential
for constructive dialogue. Key incidents, such as the 2001 Indian Parliament attack and
the 2008 Mumbai attacks, have continued to strain relations.

UNSC
 Israel-Palestine Conflict
Israel-Palestine conflict is a protracted and complex dispute over land, borders, and
statehood with deep historical roots. By the late 1800s, Jewish people in Europe faced
increasing persecution and anti-Semitism. This led to the rise of Zionism, a movement
that aimed to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine, known as the Promised Land.

After World War I, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine,
leading to increased Jewish immigration and Arab Resistance. Tensions escalated,
culminating in the 1947 UN partition plan, which proposed the division of Palestine into
separate Jewish and Arab states, along with an internationalized Jerusalem. While Jewish
leaders accepted the plan, Arab leaders rejected it, leading to the first Arab-Israeli war in
1948-1949. The war resulted in the establishment of the State of Israel and the
displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, who became refugees.

The 1967 Six-Day War was a pivotal moment in the conflict. Israel launched a preemptive
strike against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, resulting in the occupation of the West Bank, East
Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights. This occupation led
to the establishment of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories, which remain a
major point of contention in the conflict.

Efforts to resolve the conflict have included peace negotiations, such as the Oslo Accords
of the 1990s, which aimed to establish a framework for peace and Palestinian self-
governance. However, these efforts have faced challenges, including ongoing violence,
settlement expansion, and disagreements over key issues such as borders, refugees,
Jerusalem, and security. In June 2021, Israeli police went after Muslim worshippers inside
the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and nearly 53 Palestinians were harmed. The most extreme right
and strict government in Israel's set of experiences, driven by Benjamin 'Bibi' Netanyahu
was initiated in late December 2022.
Iran-Israel Conflict
The Iran-Israel conflict is rooted in historical, ideological, and regional tensions. After
Israel's establishment in 1948, Iran, under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, recognized
Israel, maintaining diplomatic relations until the 1979 Islamic Revolution severed ties,
leading Iran to support Palestinian militant groups. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Iran
backed Hezbollah and Hamas, prompting military responses from Israel. Tensions
escalated in the 2000s over Iran's nuclear program, with Israel perceiving it as an
existential threat. The 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) brought
temporary relief, but the US withdrawal in 2018 and renewed sanctions heightened
tensions.
UNSC
 Saudi-Iran conflict
The conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran has evolved through several key events that
have shaped their rivalry. In the early 20th century, Saudi Arabia emerged as a unified
state under the Al Saud family, while Iran faced political upheaval, including the Persian
Constitutional Revolution.

Following World War I, both nations sought to assert influence in the power vacuum left
by the Ottoman Empire. Saudi Arabia adopted Wahhabism, a conservative Sunni
ideology, while Iran underwent significant political changes, culminating in the 1979
Islamic Revolution, which established a Shia Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Khomeini.
This revolution challenged the Sunni-dominated order, straining relations with Saudi
Arabia.
The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) saw Saudi Arabia support Iraq, fearing Iranian
revolutionary influence. The subsequent Gulf War (1990-1991) further deepened the
divide, with Saudi Arabia playing a key role against Iraq while Iran remained neutral. In
the post-9/11 era, Iran gained influence in Iraq, while Saudi Arabia faced challenges to its
leadership. The Arab Spring and regional unrest, especially in Syria and Yemen, have seen
both countries backing opposing sides, exacerbating tensions.

The ongoing conflict in Yemen, involving a Saudi-led coalition against Iran-backed Houthi
rebels, highlights their rivalry. Overall, the Saudi-Iranian conflict is marked by historical,
religious, geopolitical, and ideological factors, contributing to regional instability and
impacting global geopolitics.

Yemen crisis
The Yemen crisis is a complex conflict rooted in the country's turbulent history and
internal power struggles. It escalated in 2014 when Houthi rebels, aligned with Iran and
from the Zaidi Shia sect, seized control of Sana'a, forcing President Abdrabbuh Mansur
Hadi into exile. This led to a military intervention by a Saudi Arabia-led coalition aimed at
restoring Hadi's government, viewed as a proxy war against Iranian influence.

Yemen is further complicated by internal divisions and groups like Al-Qaeda and the
Islamic State exploiting the chaos. The crisis has resulted in a severe humanitarian
catastrophe, with thousands killed and millions facing starvation and disease. The UN has
declared it the world's worst humanitarian crisis, with ongoing conflict despite numerous
peace efforts, making it one of the most intractable conflicts in the Middle East.

UNSC
 Syrian Civil War
The Syrian civil war is a devastating conflict that has led to a severe humanitarian crisis. It
began in 2011 with protests against President Assad's regime, escalating into a full-scale
war involving multiple international actors. The Syrian government, backed by Russia and
Iran, fights against anti-government rebel groups supported by the U.S. and its allies,
including France, the UK, and regional players like Saudi Arabia and Turkey. The conflict
intensified with the emergence of armed opposition and the involvement of ISIS.
International condemnation followed allegations of the Syrian government using
chemical weapons. The Russian intervention in 2015 further complicated the situation.
Despite attempts at ceasefires, fighting continues, displacing millions and destroying vital
infrastructure. The war remains a tragic example of a complex conflict escalation with
devastating consequences for the Syrian people and the region.
Sudan civil war
Sudan, a country with a rich cultural history, has been deeply scarred by a tumultuous
history marked by internal conflicts and is considered to be one of the poorest countries
in Africa. From 1899 to 1956, Sudan was jointly governed by the British and Egyptians.
After gaining independence, the country faced a struggle for power and resources, with a
significant divide emerging between the Arab-Muslim north and the predominantly
Christian or animist non-Arab south. In the early years of nationhood, Sudan's
governments found it challenging to reconcile the diverse interests of its population. This
struggle led to a series of conflicts and growing dissatisfaction. The roots of the Civil War
in Sudan can be traced back to these formative years, culminating in ongoing struggles
over ethnic, religious, and economic disparities. The First Sudanese Civil War erupted in
1955, as southern regions, feeling marginalized, rebelled against the central government
in Khartoum. This conflict lasted until 1972 and was temporarily halted by the Addis
Ababa Agreement, which granted the South autonomy. However, tensions resurfaced in
1983 when President Gaafar Nimeiry annulled this autonomy and imposed Islamic law,
leading to the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005).
The Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M), led by John Garang, became a
central figure advocating for southern independence. The war was marked by severe
human rights violations, displacement, famine, and involvement from neighboring
countries. In 2005, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) was signed between the
Sudanese government and the SPLA/M, granting the South six years of autonomy
followed by a referendum on independence. This led to the establishment of the semi-
autonomous region of South Sudan. In 2011, South Sudan voted overwhelmingly for
independence, formally becoming the Republic of South Sudan. While this marked the
end of the Second Sudanese Civil War, it also brought new internal conflicts.

UNSC
 Korean Peninsula
Liberation in August 1945 led to division and a predictable war because the US and the Soviet
Union would not allow the Korean people to decide their future. Before 1941, the US had no
vital interest in Korea and was largely indifferent to its fate. However, after Pearl Harbor,
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his advisors acknowledged and advocated a postwar
trusteeship to achieve Korea’s independence. On August 8, Stalin declared war on Japan and
sent the Red Army into Korea, leading to Stalin’s acceptance of Truman’s eleventh-hour proposal
to divide the peninsula into Soviet and American zones of military occupation. In 1950, when the
Northern Korean People's Army invaded South Korea in a coordinated general attack at several
strategic points along the 38th parallel, the line dividing communist North Korea from the non-
communist Republic of Korea in the south. North Korea aimed to militarily conquer South Korea
and therefore unify Korea under the communist North Korean regime. Concerned that the
Soviet Union and Communist China might have encouraged this invasion, President Harry S.
Truman committed United States air, ground, and naval forces to the combined United Nations
forces assisting the Republic of Korea in its defense. President Truman designated General
Douglas MacArthur as the Commanding General of the United Nations Command (UNC).
The initial North Korean attack drove United Nations Command forces to a narrow perimeter
around the port of Pusan in the southern tip of the peninsula. In October, the United Nations,
urged by the United States Government, approved the movement of UN forces across the 38th
parallel into North Korea to unify the country under a non-communist government. Despite
warnings issued by the Chinese Government, the United Nations forces moved toward the Yalu
River, marking the North Korean border with Manchuria. Discounting the significance of initial
Chinese attacks in late October, MacArthur ordered the UNC to launch an offensive, taking the
forces to the Yalu. In late November the Chinese attacked in full strength, pushing the UNC in
disarray south of the 38th parallel with the communist forces seizing the South Korean capital,
Seoul. The US also sent a nuclear-powered submarine to South Korea to underline the message.
North Korea responded by going ahead with another test of a ballistic missile capable of hitting
the US mainland. This escalatory spiral was dramatically demonstrated earlier in the year when
North Korea enshrined nuclear weapons in its constitution in response to deepening nuclear
cooperation between the United States, South Korea, and Japan. North Korea’s leader also said
his country would accelerate the production of nuclear weapons to deter the US. This followed
earlier to destroy Kim’s regime if the North used nuclear weapons.

Myanmar’s ethnic conflicts and Military Junta

Myanmar has been embroiled in ongoing conflict, marked by clashes. The origins of this conflict
can be traced back to the colonial period, during which British rule exacerbated ethnic divisions
within the country. Ethnic groups were treated unequally, and the central government faced
challenges in integrating these diverse populations, resulting in heightened tensions. In response
to these divisions, numerous ethnic armed groups have formed, advocating for independence
and the rights of their communities. These groups engage in protracted struggles against the
central government, seeking greater autonomy, recognition, and freedom for their people.
Between multiple ethnic armed groups and the military junta.

UNSC
 Haiti’s Severe Humanitarian Crisis
Haiti has faced a long history of conflict and severe humanitarian crises. Haiti was the first
independent nation in Latin America and the Caribbean, gaining independence from
France in 1804. However, the legacy of colonialism left deep economic and social scars,
leading to political instability and poverty that have persisted for over two centuries.
Following independence, Haiti experienced a series of dictatorships, coups, and political
disturbances. The Duvalier family, particularly Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier,
ruled with an iron fist from the 1950s to the 1980s, leading to widespread human rights
abuses and corruption. The political instability continued with various governments failing
to address the needs of the population.

Natural Disasters: Haiti is prone to natural disasters, notably the devastating earthquake
in January 2010, which killed over 200,000 people and displaced millions. The earthquake
caused extensive damage to infrastructure and institutions, intensifying existing
vulnerabilities and leading to a prolonged humanitarian crisis. Recovery efforts were
hampered by political instability and corruption. In the years following the earthquake,
Haiti faced further challenges, including political crises, gang violence, and economic
instability.
Humanitarian Crisis in The Democratic Republic of Congo
The crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) began after its independence from
Belgium in 1960, marked by political instability and the assassination of Prime Minister
Patrice Lumumba. The First Congo War (1996) followed the Rwandan Genocide, with
Rwanda and Uganda backing a rebellion to overthrow Mobutu.

The Second Congo War (1998–2003), involving nine countries and multiple militias,
became Africa’s deadliest conflict, causing millions of deaths. Although the war officially
ended, violence persisted, particularly in eastern Congo, with ongoing conflicts involving
armed groups like M23 and the FDLR. The region remained unstable, with millions
displaced and a continued humanitarian crisis.

UNSC
 Current Situation

Russia Ukraine conflict

The conflict continued, marked by intermittent ceasefires and unsuccessful diplomatic
efforts to find a resolution. In 2021-22 two Russian military build-ups along the Ukrainian
border foreshadowed an escalation, one in March and April 2021 and a second in
December 2021 through February 2022. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict is deeply rooted
in historical grievances and geopolitical interests, posing significant implications for both
regional and global stability. The decision of the Russian government to recognize the
independence of the two separatist republics on 21 February 2022 effectively ended the
discussions of Minsk implementation. Three days later, Russia invaded Ukraine, heralding
a new phase of the war with a scope of violence far beyond what is depicted here.

India Pakistan tensions

In recent years, tensions have continued, with incidents along the LOC and diplomatic
efforts often stalling. The revocation of Article 370 in August 2019 by the Indian
government, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, further inflamed
relations. Both countries remain in a state of heightened military preparedness, and the
Kashmir issue remains a flashpoint in their relationship. The India-Pakistan conflict is
deeply rooted in historical injustice, territorial disputes, and national identities, making it
an ongoing complex issue with significant implications for regional stability.

South China Sea Conflict

Currently, the South China Sea conflict remains a highly contentious issue, with ongoing
territorial disputes involving China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and
Taiwan. China continues to assert control over nearly the entire sea, backed by its
extensive military presence and artificial island constructions, despite international
opposition and the 2016 ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which invalidated
China’s claims. Tensions have escalated with frequent naval standoffs, particularly
between China and the United States, which conducts freedom of navigation operations
to challenge China’s dominance. The region’s strategic importance, with its vital shipping
lanes, rich fishing grounds, and potential underwater resources, ensures that the dispute
remains a focal point of geopolitical rivalry, with calls for peaceful resolution remaining
largely unfulfilled.

UNSC
 Israel-Palestine conflict
The alliance government focused on the extension and improvement of Israeli
settlements in the involved West Bank, embraced the oppression of LGBTQ+ individuals
on strict grounds, and cast a ballot to restrict legal oversight of the public authority in
May 2023 after a deferral because of cross-country fights in the Spring. Toward the
beginning of October 2023, war broke out between Israel and Hamas, the aggressor
Islamist bunch that has controlled Gaza starting around 2006, in the main heightening of
the Israeli-Palestinian clash in a very long while. Hamas contenders fired rockets into
Israel and raged southern Israeli urban areas and towns across the line of the Gaza Strip,
killing more than 1,300 Israelis, harming 3,300, and taking many prisoners. The assault
overwhelmed Israel, however, the state immediately mounted a destructive retaliatory
activity.
On one occasion after the October 7 assault, the Israeli bureau officially pronounced
battle against Hamas, trailed by a mandate from the protection clergyman to Israel
Safeguard Powers (IDF) to do a "complete attack" on Gaza. Following the episode of
battle between Israel and Hamas on October 7, 2023, President Joe Biden offered areas of
strength for and of help for Israel. While the UN Security Committee assembled a crisis
conference to examine the reestablished savagery, the individuals neglected to come to
an agreement explanation. In the primary month of battling, around 1,300 Israelis and
10,000 Palestinians were killed. While the US said there was "no immediate proof" that
Iranian knowledge and security powers straightforwardly assisted Hamas with arranging
its October 7 assault, Iran has a deep-rooted support relationship with Hamas and other
fanatic gatherings across the Center East. Israel has traded ordnance fire with Iran-upheld
Hezbollah practically day to day and struck Syrian military targets and air terminals,
provoking worry that the conflict could grow north. Toward the south, Yemen's Houthi
rebels have sent off different rounds of rockets at Israel too. In the meantime, the Islamic
Opposition of Iraq, an alliance of Iranian-supported volunteer armies, has guaranteed
liability regarding many assaults on U.S. military focuses in Iraq and Syria since the
conflict started. On December 3, Israel requested more departures and declared that its
ground hostility had extended to the isolation of the sum of the Gaza Strip. That leaves
2.3 million Gazans, around 80% of whom have previously escaped their homes as per UN
gauges, with no place protected to go.
To date, Israeli strikes have caused monstrous inadvertent blowback. Strikes and an
absence of essential supplies have decreased the quantity of working medical clinics to
just fifteen, twelve of which are in the south, and the World Wellbeing Association has
cautioned of sickness spread as well as mounting regular citizen losses. Israel has
additionally sent off an iron vault which was extraordinarily intended to assist with
combatting simple weapons like the rockets discharged from Gaza.

UNSC
 Iran Israel Conflict
The Iran-Israel conflict remains volatile, with escalating tensions and proxy clashes. Iran's
nuclear advancements, despite international concerns, have prompted Israel to consider
military options. Recent exchanges include Israeli strikes on Iranian targets in Syria and
Iran's retaliatory missile tests. Cyber Warfare and espionage also continue, with reports
of Iranian hacking attempts on Israeli infrastructure. Regional conflicts, such as Yemen
and Iraq, fuel tensions, as Iran supports Shia militias and Israel backs Sunni Arab states.
The US withdrawal from the JCPOA and reimposed sanctions exacerbate tensions.
Diplomatic efforts by the EU, Russia, and China aim to salvage the nuclear deal, but
progress is slow. Israel's normalization agreements with Arab states, particularly the
Abraham Accords, have shifted regional dynamics in Iran. Iran's economy struggles under
sanctions, but its military modernization continues. Hezbollah's influence in Lebanon and
Hamas's control in Gaza remain flashpoints. The conflict's potential consequences,
including regional war, nuclear proliferation, and humanitarian crises, warrant
international attention. Ongoing efforts seek a peaceful resolution, but deep-seated
mistrust, ideological differences, and regional rivalries hinder progress.

Saudi Iran conflict

Before 2023, Iran and Saudi Arabia declared a Chinese-expedited arrangement to
reestablish relations. Following quite a while of hatred and a conventional cutting of ties
in 2016, the rapprochement was promoted as an earth-shattering improvement in the
region. The shocking tranquility between Iran and Saudi Arabia undermined a few Central
Eastern nations, including Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, and Bahrain. Authorities in Tehran
and Riyadh have said the two nations' decaying relations with the US was one of the
principal purposes behind their change in arrangement. Iran's Preeminent Chief Ayatollah
Ali Khamenei needed to end the political and financial disconnection moved by the US
after it pulled out from a milestone bargain controlling Tehran's atomic program, and
considered new relations with Saudi Arabia as a method for doing such, Iranian
authorities have said that Saudi Arabia had, in the meantime, lost trust in any US
obligation to share territorial security concerns and needed to support attaches with
China, which has held great relations with Iran. Since the tranquility, the two nations have
moved towards returning strategic missions in every other nation, and Sovereign
Mohammed has acknowledged a greeting from Amir-Abdollahian to visit Tehran.
Furthermore, these discussions have raised any desire for a political settlement to end
the contention in Yemen. The discussions prompted a leading-edge consent to restore
strategic relations and once again open the two sides' consulates following quite a while
of pressure and aggression. Iran's UN mission said that the arrangement could speed up
endeavors to reestablish the past truce.

UNSC
 Syrian civil war
In October 2019, Kurdish leaders of Rojava, a region within Syria, announced they
had reached a major deal with the government of Syria under Assad. This deal was
enacted in the wake of the U.S. withdrawal from Syria. The Kurdish leaders made
this deal to obtain Syria's help in stopping hostile Turkish forces who were
invading Syria and attacking Kurds.

The civil war had largely subsided, settling into a stalemate, by early 2023. The
United States Institute of Peace said: Twelve years into Syria's devastating civil
war, the conflict appears to have settled into a frozen state. Although roughly
30% of the country is controlled by opposition forces, heavy fighting has largely
ceased and there is a growing regional trend toward normalizing relations with
the regime of Bashar al-Assad.

Over the last decade, the conflict erupted into one of the most complicated in the
world, with a dizzying array of international and regional powers, opposition
groups, proxies, local militias, and extremist groups all playing a role. The Syrian
population has been brutalized, with nearly half a million killed, 12 million fleeing
their homes to find safety elsewhere, and widespread poverty and hunger.
Meanwhile, efforts to broker a political settlement have gone nowhere, leaving the
Assad regime firmly in power. The U.S. Council on Foreign Relations said: The war
whose brutality once dominated headlines has settled into an uncomfortable
stalemate. Hopes for regime change have largely died out, peace talks have been
fruitless, and some regional governments are reconsidering their opposition to
engaging with Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad.

The government has regained control of most of the country, and Assad's hold on
power seems secure. In 2023, the main military conflict was not between the
Syrian government and rebels, but between Turkish forces and factions within
Syria. In late 2023, Turkish forces continued to attack Kurdish forces in the region
of Rojava. Starting on 5 October 2023, the Turkish Armed Forces launched a series
of air and ground strikes targeting the Syrian Democratic Forces In Northeastern
Syria. The airstrikes were launched in response to the 2023 Ankara bombing,
which the Turkish government alleges was carried out by attackers originating
from Northeastern Syria.

UNSC
 Sudan
The Sudan War of 2023 has continued to experience internal conflicts following the
secession of South Sudan. A significant area of concern is the Darfur region in the
west, which has become a focal point for violence and mass displacement. The roots
of the Darfur conflict, which drew international attention in the early 2000s, lie in
disputes concerning resources, ethnic tensions, and political power. The response of
the Sudanese government to various rebel movements in Darfur has escalated into a
severe humanitarian crisis, marked by allegations of genocide, widespread
displacement, and numerous atrocities. Although the dynamics of the Darfur conflict
differ from the historical north-south struggles, it highlights the persistent
challenges of governance, resource distribution, and identity that continue to affect
Sudan. The Sudan Civil War has not unfolded in isolation; rather, regional dynamics
and international involvement have played pivotal roles. Neighboring countries,
including Chad and Ethiopia, have been drawn into the conflict at various points,
either as mediators or as active participants. The international community, including
the United Nations and the African Union, has grappled with the complexities of
peacekeeping, Sudan emergency relief fund, and diplomatic intervention.

Korean Peninsula
North Korea has been testing more and more advanced ballistic missiles and warheads,
some with the range to reach the US, since last year. In April, the US and South Korea
agreed to increase their cooperation in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons.
2023 has already seen the largest US/South Korea joint military exercises involving
nuclear-capable aircraft in recent years and an escalation in nuclear rhetoric with North
Korea repeatedly accusing Washington and Seoul of bringing the countries to the brink
of nuclear war. The exchange of threats between Pyongyang, Washington, and Seoul
comes on top of Russia’s explicit threats to use nuclear weapons in connection with its
invasion of Ukraine, and responses from the US and NATO implying possible retaliation,
and the threat by an Israeli minister to use nuclear weapons in Gaza that are
undermining the decades-long nuclear taboo by normalizing the idea of nuclear
weapons use. Just like them, North Korea repeatedly claims to support nuclear
disarmament and a world free of nuclear weapons, while simultaneously asserting that
security threats require it to rely on nuclear weapons and that nuclear disarmament
cannot be considered until the security situation is resolved. The wide-ranging and
catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons mean that
regardless of who owns them, nuclear weapons threaten the security - and the very
existence - of all states, and all people. The Executive Director of ICAN, Melissa Parke,
said: “North Korea, the US, and South Korea need to show restraint and avoid escalating
tensions further”

.
UNSC
 Myanmar’s ethnic conflicts and Military Junta
Myanmar has experienced military rule for a significant portion of its post-
independence history. The military, known as the Tatmadaw, has implemented
aggressive strategies to suppress dissent and maintain its grip on power, resulting
in numerous human rights violations. The political landscape in Myanmar shifted
dramatically on February 1, 2021, when the military staged a coup that ousted the
democratically elected government led by Aung San Suu Kyi. This coup ignited
widespread protests and movements for civil disobedience, which were met with
violent crackdowns by the military. In the aftermath of the coup, hostilities
between the military and various ethnic armed groups intensified. The Tatmadaw
has conducted airstrikes and ground offensives against these groups, leading to
significant civilian casualties and large- scale displacement. Additionally, the
conflict has witnessed the emergence of local militias and the establishment of the
People's Defense Forces (PDF). The ongoing conflict in Myanmar has resulted in a
severe humanitarian crisis, with thousands of individuals displaced and in urgent
need of assistance. The military's actions have drawn widespread condemnation
from the international community; however, efforts aimed at resolving the conflict
have largely been ineffective. The situation in Myanmar remains complex and fluid,
characterized by deep-seated ethnic tensions, military oppression, and a continued
struggle for democratic governance.

Haiti’s Severe Humanitarian Crisis

The assassination of President Jovenel Moïse in July 2021 created a power vacuum,
leading to increased violence and riots in the country. Gangs have gained
significant control over parts oof Port-au-Prince, engaging in kidnappings,
extortion, and clashes with rival groups. The combination of political instability,
gang violence, and economic hardship has resulted in a severe humanitarian crisis.
Over half of the population faces food insecurity and many lack access to basic
healthcare and education. Displacement due to violence and natural disasters has
further strained resources, leading to dire conditions for many Haitians. The
international community has attempted to provide aid and support, but efforts
have often been complicated by the political situation and security concerns.
Humanitarian organizations continue to work in Haiti, but the scale of the crisis
often outpaces the available resources. The situation in Haiti remains critical, with
ongoing challenges that require urgent attention and comprehensive solutions to
improve the living conditions of its people.

UNSC
 Humanitarian crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Heavy fighting between the Congolese armed forces (FARDC) and the M23
rebel group in the country’s troubled North Kivu province has forced
thousands of civilians to flee their homes in the past two weeks, taking
what little they can. Dozens have been killed and hundreds of thousands
displaced since January. There are fears that the regional capital, Goma –
home to some two million people and about half a million displaced people
seeking refuge there – could soon fall to an advancing M23, a potentially
devastating blow to the Congolese government’s control of the region.

The UN Security Council voiced concern at the “escalating violence” after

M23 shelled Goma airport, damaging Congolese military aircraft. Racked
by conflict for more than 30 years, the DRC’s insecurity is caused by
complex and deep-seated factors, as well as a multitude of actors. Apart
from the M23, numerous other armed groups, Congolese, and foreign
forces are battling for control, mostly in the eastern part of the country.
Some ofKinshasa’s neighbors are also implicated in the crisis.

UNSC
 EXPECTATIONS FROM DELEGATES

Delegates are supposed to know:

Delegates are expected to address the history of conflict escalation and

nuclear proliferation, examining their root causes and focusing on the
current situation. The discussion should begin with a broad examination
of the issues, followed by a more detailed analysis of specific crises. The
resolution must hold accountable the key nations responsible for
escalating these conflicts, committing acts of violence, and violating
international law.

Additionally, it should prioritize providing immediate aid to the victims

of these conflicts. Given the dynamic nature of VETO powers’
involvement, delegates should be prepared for any changes in
participation. As Chair, I sincerely hope that all delegates will approach
this task with thorough preparation, strategic planning, and a
commitment to delivering their best effort.

UNSC
 NOTE FROM THE CHAIR

As we conclude this study guide, I would like to address a few key points.
Firstly, I would advise you to familiarise yourself with working papers and the
format of a resolution. Ensure that your proposals are not just theoretical but
practical and specific.

We're looking forward to compelling GSL (General Speakers' List) speeches.

You should focus on being clear, concise, and specific. Furthermore, to
enhance the flow of debate, the chair has allowed yields not only in GSL
speeches but also in moderated caucuses.

Delegates are also requested to research about their allotted country's

stances and policies if not mentioned in the study guide. Lastly, make sure you
go through the glossary thoroughly to familiarise yourself with essential terms
relevant to the agenda. Remember, complete preparation is the key to
success in this committee

UNSC
 FURTHER STUDY

Delegates are encouraged to explore these sources for in-depth research and a
comprehensive understanding of the topics discussed in the committee.

Academic Articles:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

UNSC