MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Chapter 5
 OVERVIEW: MUSCLE SYSTEM

 The muscles that move the

human skeleton vary greatly
in shape and size and extend
to every part of our bodies.
 The muscular system
contains over 600 skeletal
muscles alone which make
up about 40% of our mass.
 Blood vessels and nerves run
to every muscle helping
control and regulate each
muscle’s function.
 OVERVIEW: MUSCLE SYSTEM

 Skeletal muscles are

connected to the skeleton
either to bone or to
connective tissues such
as ligaments.
 Muscles are always
attached at two or more
places.
▪ When the muscle contracts
– the attachment points
are pulled closer together;
when it relaxes – the
attachment points move
apart.
 OVERVIEW: MUSCLE SYSTEM

 Muscles contract and relax to

move bones.
▪ The elbow joint bends (flexes) when
muscles pull on the radius and ulna
of the arm.
 Muscles contract when messages
travel from nerves to muscles
and trigger chemical reactions.
▪ These reactions change the internal
structures of muscle fiber cells, a
process that shortens the muscle.
▪ The muscle fibers relax when the
nervous system signal is no longer
present, thus reversing the
shortening.
 OVERVIEW: MUSCLE SYSTEM

 Not all muscle tissue is skeletal muscle.

 Smooth muscle tissue is in the walls of
many human body organs and helps those
organs move to facilitate body functions.
 The alimentary canal (esophagus,
stomach, and intestines) includes muscle
tissue that contracts and relaxes to move
nutrients through the digestion process.
 The urinary bladder also includes muscle
tissue that contracts and relaxes to hold
and release urine.
▪ Heartbeats are the result of the contraction
and relaxation of muscle tissue in the heart
wall. Smooth muscles in the walls of arteries
help move blood through the body.
 OVERVIEW: MUSCLE SYSTEM
 Skeletal muscles move happens
when the muscular system and the
nervous system work together:
▪ Somatic signals are sent from the
cerebral cortex to nerves associated with
specific skeletal muscles.
▪ Most signals travel through spinal nerves
that connect with nerves that innervate
skeletal muscles throughout the body.
▪ Flexing an elbow joint when your
cerebral cortex sends a signal through
your spinal nerve to the nerves that
innervate muscles around the elbow
joint. When that signal reaches the
muscle tissue its cells reorganize,
causing a contraction that bends the
elbow joint.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

 Movement of the body

▪ Contraction of skeletal muscle is
responsible for the overall movements of
the body.
 Maintenance of posture
▪ Skeletal muscles constantly maintain tone
which keeps us sitting or standing erect.
 Respiration
▪ Muscles of the thorax carry out the
movements necessary for respiration.
 Production of body heat
▪ When skeletal muscles contract – heat is
given off as a by-product.
▪ This released heat is critical to the
maintenance of body temperature.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

 Communication
▪ Skeletal muscles are involved in all aspects of
communication including speaking, writing,
typing, gesturing and facial expressions.
 Constriction of organs and vessels
▪ Contraction of smooth muscle within the walls
of internal organs and vessels causes those
structures to constrict.
▪ This constriction can help propel and mix food
and water in the digestive tract, propel
secretions from organs, and regulate blood
flow through vessels.
 Contraction of the heart
▪ Contraction of cardia muscle causes the heart
to beat that propels blood to all parts of the
body.
 THREE MAJOR T YPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

1. Skeletal muscle
▪ striated muscle
▪ voluntary muscle

2. Cardiac muscle
▪ striated muscle
▪ involuntary muscle

3. Smooth muscle
▪ voluntary muscle
▪ visceral muscle
THREE MAJOR T YPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

 Skeletal muscle:
▪ Found in biceps,
triceps, postural
muscles, etc.
 Smooth muscle:
▪ Found along our
digestive tract:
used to move
food along.
 Cardiac muscle:
▪ Found in the
heart.
 SKELETAL MUSCLE

 Skeletal muscles attach to

and move bones by
contracting and relaxing in
response to voluntary
messages from the nervous
system.
 Skeletal muscle tissue is
composed of long cells
called muscle fibers that
have a striated appearance.
 Muscle fibers are organized
into bundles supplied by
blood vessels and innervated
by motor neurons.
 SMOOTH MUSCLE

 Smooth muscle is found in the walls

of hollow organs throughout the
body.
 Smooth muscle contractions are
involuntary movements triggered by
impulses that travel through the
autonomic nervous system to the
smooth muscle tissue.
▪ The arrangement of cells within smooth
muscle tissue allows for contraction and
relaxation with great elasticity.
▪ The smooth muscle in the walls of
organs like the urinary bladder and the
uterus allow those organs to expand
and relax as needed.
 SMOOTH MUSCLE

 The smooth muscle of the

alimentary canal (the digestive tract)
facilitates the peristaltic waves that
move swallowed food and nutrients.
 In the eye smooth muscle changes
the shape of the lens to bring
objects into focus. Artery walls
include smooth muscle that relaxes
and contracts to move blood through
the body.
 CARDIAC MUSCLE

 The heart wall is composed of three

layers: Epicardium, Myocardium,
Endocardium
 The middle layer, the myocardium, is
responsible for the heart’s pumping
action.
 Cardiac muscle found only in the
myocardium which contracts in
response to signals from the cardiac
conduction system to make the
heart beat.
 Cardiac muscle is made from cells
called cardiocytes.
 CARDIAC MUSCLE

 Like skeletal muscle cells

cardiocytes have a striated
appearance but their overall
structure is shorter and thicker.
 Cardiocytes are branched allowing
them to connect with several other
cardiocytes forming a network that
facilitates coordinated contraction.
LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL
 MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION

 A skeletal muscle attaches to bone

(or sometimes other muscles or
tissues) at two or more places.
 If the place is a bone that remains
immobile for an action, the
attachment is called an origin.
 If the place is on the bone that
moves during the action, the
attachment is called an insertion.
 The triceps brachii happens to
have four points of
attachment: one inser tion on the
ulna and three origins (two on the
humerus and one on the scapula).
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION
 MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION

 The muscles surrounding synovial joints are

responsible for moving the body in space.
 These muscle actions are often paired, like flexion
and extension or abduction and adduction.
 Flexion and Extension
▪ Are usually movements forward and backward from the
body, such as nodding the head.
▪ Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones
(bending).
▪ Extension: increasing the angle between two bones
(straightening a bend).
 The triceps brachii and anconeus are muscles that extend the
elbow. The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis flex
the elbow.
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION
 MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION

 Abduction and adduction are usually side-to-side

movements, such as moving the arm laterally when
doing jumping jacks.
▪ Abduction: moving away from the body’s midline.
▪ Adduction: moving toward the body’s midline.
 The gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae
latae, and sartorius are muscles that abduct the hip.
 The pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis,
adductor magnus, and gracilis adduct the hip.
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION
 MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION

 Pronation and supination

▪ Describing the rotation of the forearm back and
forth requires special terms.
▪ Spread your fingers out and look at the palms of your
hands and the fingers and then rotate your palms to
look at your nails. Now look at your palms again.
 Pronation: rotating the forearm so the palm is
facing backward or down.
 Supination: rotating the forearm so the palm is
facing forward or up.
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION
 MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION

 Elevation and Depression

▪ Are up-and-down movements such as chewing or
shrugging of the shoulders.
▪ When you move the mandible down to open the
mouth, that’s mandible depression. Move the
mandible back up, that is mandible elevation.
 Elevation: moving a body part up.
 Depression: moving a body part down.
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION
 MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION

 Protraction and Retraction

▪ By moving your jaw back and forth in a jutting
motion.
▪ You are protracting and retracting your mandible.
 Protraction: moving a bone forward without
changing the angle.
 Retraction: moving a bone backward without
changing the angle.
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION
 MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION

 Inversion and Eversion

▪ You invert your foot when you turn it inward to see
what is stuck under your shoe.
▪ You evert your foot to put the sole of your shoe back
on the floor.
 Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward.
 Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward.
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION
 MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION

 Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

▪ You dorsiflex your feet to walk on your heels and
plantar flex them to tiptoe.
 Dorsiflexion: bringing your foot upward toward your
shin.
 Plantar flexion: depressing your foot.
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION
 MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION

 Prime Movers and Antagonist

▪ The prime mover sometimes called the agonist is the muscle that
provides the primary force driving the action.
▪ An antagonist muscle is in opposition to a prime mover in that it
provides some resistance and/or reverses a given movement.
▪ Prime movers and antagonists are often paired up on opposite sides
of a joint, with their prime mover/antagonist roles reversing as the
movement changes direction.
 Synergists: One or more synergists are of ten involved in an
action. Synergists are muscles that assist the prime mover in
its role.
 Stabilizers: Stabilizers act to keep bones immobile when
needed. Your back muscles, for example, are stabilizers when
they are keeping your posture sturdy.
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS AND ACTION
 STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

 Origin
▪ The stationary attachment to bone
 Insertion
▪ The more movable attachment site to bone
 Tendons
▪ Anchor muscles firmly to bones
▪ Made of dense fibrous connective tissue in the shape of heavy cords
 Bursae
▪ Lie in between some tendons and bones beneath them
 Synovial membrane
▪ Secretes a slippery lubricating fluid that fills the bursa
 Tendon sheaths
▪ Enclose some tendons
STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
 Muscle fibers
▪ Specialized contractile cells that are grouped together and
arranged in a highly organized way.
 Thin and thick myofilaments
▪ Thick filaments are composed of myosin.
▪ Thin filaments composed of actin.
 Actin
▪ The smallest components of the cytoskeleton and the internal
protein structure of a cell.
 Myosin
▪ Thick protein structures in muscle cells that are responsible for
muscle contraction.
 Sarcomere
▪ The basic functional or contractile unit of skeletal muscle.
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
 MUSCLE STIMULUS

 What a motor unit is and how it works:

▪ Neuromuscular junction
▪ Specialized point of contact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber
it innervates.
▪ Motor neuron
▪ a specialized nerve that transmits an impulse to a muscle.
 How the process of muscle stimulus works:
▪ When does a muscle fiber fire?
▪ When stimulated a muscle fiber will fire when it has reached its threshold.
▪ When does it not?
▪ If the stimulus is not strong enough the muscle will not fire.
▪ Threshold stimulus
▪ Minimal level of stimulation needed to make a muscle contract.
▪ “All or none” muscle response
▪ Muscles will not partially contract. It will contract or remain the same.
MUSCLE STIMULUS
MUSCLE STIMULUS
MUSCLE STIMULUS
 T YPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
 The dif ference between:
1. A twitch contraction vs. a tetanic contraction
2. An isotonic contraction vs. an isometric contraction
 T YPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
 Twitch contraction
▪ A single motor neuron is activated, causing a weak, distributed
muscle contraction.
 Tetanic contraction
▪ Are sustained and steady contractions caused by a series of
stimuli bombarding the muscle.
▪ Multiple motor neurons are activated, causing a stronger
muscle contraction.
 Isotonic contraction
▪ The muscle changes length while tension remains constant.
 Isometric contraction
▪ The muscle contracts but does not change in length, while
tension increases.
 EXERCISE EFFECTS

 What happens when you do not exercise?

▪ Disuse atrophy
▪ Atrophy is when the muscle fibers become weak
due to lack of stimulation.

 What happens when you do exercise?

▪ Hypertrophy
▪ Hypertrophy is the increased size of a muscle due
to increase of cells.
EXERCISE EFFECTS
 DIFFERENT T YPES OF EXERCISE

Strength training
▪ Exercise involving the contraction of muscle against
heavy resistance.
Endurance training
▪ Increases a muscles ability to sustain moderate
exercise over a long period of time.
▪ Also called “Aerobic training”.
▪ Allows for more efficient delivery of oxygen to
muscles.
 SKELETAL MUSCLE GROUPS

 Muscles of the Head and Neck

▪ Facial muscles
▪ Orbicularis oculi
▪ Orbicularis oris
▪ Zygomaticus
▪ Muscles of Mastication
▪ Masseter
▪ Temporal
▪ Sternocleidomastoid
▪ trapezius
 SKELETAL MUSCLE GROUPS

 Muscles that move the Upper Extremities

▪ Pectoralis major - flexes upper arm
▪ Latissimus dorsi - extends upper arm
▪ Deltoid - abducts upper arm
▪ Biceps brachii -flexes forearm
▪ Triceps brachii - extends forearm
 Muscles of the Trunk
▪ Rectus abdominis
▪ External oblique
▪ Internal oblique
▪ Transversus abdominis
 SKELETAL MUSCLE GROUPS

 Muscles that move the Lower Extremities

▪ Iliopsoas -flexes hip
▪ Gluteus maximus - extends thigh
▪ Adductor magnus - adducts thighs
▪ Hamstrings - flex lower leg
▪ Quadriceps - extends lower leg
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